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Publication information
- Editors: Daniel de la Prida, Jaime Ramis, María Machimbarrena
- ISBN: 978-84-87985-35-5
- ISSN: 3005-7124
WELCOME MESSAGE
Dear colleagues and friends,
On behalf of the organizing committee, it is our great pleasure to welcome you to
Forum Acusticum / Euronoise 2025, the 11th EAA Annual European Conference on
Acoustics and Noise Control Engineering, joint with the XLVI Spanish Acoustic
Conference TECNIACUSTICA 2025, hosted this year in the vibrant and welcoming
city of Málaga.
We are proud to present an extensive technical program that spans all areas of
acoustics, featuring nearly 1,000 contributions organized into approximately 200
structured sessions. The congress also features plenary lectures by distinguished
researchers, who will share insights into some of the most exciting developments
in our field. Alongside the technical sessions, you will find a commercial exhibition,
where leading companies from the acoustics industry will present their latest
innovations and technologies.
To complement the scientific content, we have prepared a social program and a
selection of activities for accompanying persons, designed to foster connections
and create memorable experiences.
Málaga offers an ideal setting for Forum Acusticum / Euronoise 2025. With its
natural beauty, rich historical heritage, renowned Mediterranean cuisine, and
relaxed, welcoming way of life, the city invites you to explore and enjoy its unique
charm.
We sincerely hope that these four days of congress will be not only productive and
inspiring, but also an opportunity to strengthen professional relationships and fully
experience everything that Málaga has to offer.
We look forward to welcoming you and sharing this special event together.
Warm regards.
 |
Antonio Pedrero Chair of the congress |
 |
María Machimbarrena General Secretary |
PEER REVIEW
All papers underwent a mandatory peer review process as a prerequisite for acceptance into the FA2025 conference and publication in the Proceedings. The review was conducted by a panel composed of structured session organizers and main theme organizers. A blind peer review process was adopted, consisting of three stages:
- Stage 1 – Abstract Assessment: The theme/session organizers assessed the technical and scientific content, as well as relevance to the field, assigning a score to determine the initial decision (Accept/Reject).
- Stage 2 – Full Paper Assessment: The theme/session organizers evaluated the full paper's technical and scientific content. A final decision (Accept/Reject) was made based on this evaluation.
- Stage 3 – Formal Review: The organizing committee conducted a formal review of aesthetic and formatting aspects. Where necessary, authors were requested to implement changes to ensure the visual homogeneity of the proceedings.
DISCLAIMER
The material, information, results, opinions and/or views in this publication, as well as
the claim for authorship and originality, are the sole responsibility of the respective
author(s) of each paper, The European Acoustics Association (EAA) or any of their employees,
members, authorities, reviewers or editors.
PRINT VERSION
Please find here a PDF document including all manuscripts (from page 1 to 6614):
ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
Honorary President Antonio Pérez-López (SEA)
Chairman
Antonio Pedrero (SEA)
General Secretary
María Machimbarrena (SEA)
Technical Chairman
Luis A. Azpicueta (UC3M)
Exhibition Chairman
Miguel Ausejo (SEA)
Publications Chairmen
Daniel de la Prida (UPM)
Jaime Ramis (UA)
Forum Laboris Chairmen
Roberto San Millán (URJC)
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Summer School Chairwomen
Belén Casla (SEA)
Mª Ángeles Navacerrada (SEA)
Laura Estévez (ULE)
Volunteer Coordinators
Juan Negreira (Saint Gobain-Ecophon)
Salvador Luna (UMA)
Cristina Quintero (UMA)
Social Media Coordinator
Lucía Schröder (UMA)
Local Committee
Carolina Gijón (UMA)
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Congress Committee
Ariana Astolfi (EAA)
María Campo (UMA)
Jesús Carbajo (UA)
Teresa Carrascal (IETCC-CSIC)
Alexander Díaz-Chyla (UPM)
Ricardo Hernández (UCA)
Ramón Peral (UMH)
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Pedro Poveda (UA)
Samuel Quintana (UCLM)
Carlos Romero (Salford University)
Pedro Salcedo (UMA)
Rosa Mª Alsina (URL)
André Fiebig (EAA)
Fernando Ruiz Vega (UMA)
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International Advisory Board
Jorge Arenas
Francesco Asdrubali
Marion Burgess
Torsten Dau
Kristian Jambrošić
Manfred Kaltenbacher
Catherine Lavandier
Luigi Maffei
Carolina Monterio
Etienne Parizet
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Jorge Patrício
Jean-Dominique Polack
Monika Rychtáriková
Brigitte Schulte-Fortkamp
Michael Taroudakis
Nilda Vechiatti
Michael Vorländer
Jo Webb
Jerzy Wiciak
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Theme Organizers
| AA01 - Active Control of Sound and Vibration |
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| AA02 - Bio-Acoustics |
- Bill Davis
- David Waddington
- Helen Whitehead
- Ester Vidaña Vila
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| AA03 - Building Acoustics |
- Amelia Romero
- Chiara Scrosati
- Teresa Carrascal
- Carolina Monteiro
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| AA04 - Education, Public Outreach and History in Acoustics |
- Montserrat Pàmies-Vilà
- Nuria Campillo-Davó
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| AA05 - Environmental Acoustics |
- Miguel Arana
- Guillermo del Rey
- Judicäel Picaut
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| AA06 - Electro-Acoustics |
- Hervé Lissek
- Libor Rufer
- Petr Honzík
- Vittorio Ferrari
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| AA07 - Flow Acoustics |
- Stefan Becker
- Daniele Ragni
- Roberto Camussi
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| AA08 - Industrial Machinery, Equipment Noise and Vibration |
- Francesco Pompoli
- Jaime Ramis
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| AA09 - Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in Acoustics |
- Dick Botteldooren
- Rosa María Alsina
- Manuel Sobreira
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| AA10 - Materials and Metamaterials |
- Jean-Philippe Groby
- Rubén Picó
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| AA11 - Musical Acoustics |
- Vasileios Chatziioannou
- Michele Ducceschi
- Vincent Debut
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| AA12 - Physical Acoustics and Ultrasound |
- Lynda Chehami
- Óscar Martínez-Graullera
- Noé Jiménez
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| AA13 - Physiological and Audiological Acoustics |
- Deborah Vickers
- Maria Milagros J. Fumero
- Miriam Isabel Marrufo Pérez
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| AA14 - Psychoacoustics |
- Piotr Majdak
- Nicola Prodi
- Philipp Aichinger
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| AA15 - Room Acoustics |
- Monika Rychtáriková
- Ingo Witew
- Mélanie Nolan
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| AA16 - Signal Processing |
- Efrén Fernández Grande
- Boaz Rafaelly
- Frank Zotter
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| AA17 - Soundscape, Environmental Quality, Health and Well-Being |
- André Fiebig
- Jerónimo Vida
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| AA18 - Speech |
- Laureano Moro-Velázquez
- Eugenia San Segundo
- Nick Cummins
- Phillip Aichinger
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| AA19 - Numerical, Computational and Theoretical Acoustics |
- Luis Godinho
- Maarten Hornikx
- Stefan Schoder
- Marcus Mäder
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| AA20 - Transportation Noise and Vibration |
- Stephanos Theodossiades
- Eduardo Latorre
- Ramón Peral
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| AA21 - Sound Quality and Product Design |
- Elif Özcan Vieira
- Patrick Susini
- Georgios Marentakis
- Doriana del Palú
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| AA22 - Underwater Acoustics |
- Dídac Diego-Tortosa
- María Campo
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| AA23 - Vibro-Acoustics |
- Jose Roberto de Franca Arruda
- Robert Arcos
- Arnau Clot
- Oriol Guash
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| AA24 - Virtual Acoustics |
- Brian Katz
- Arcadio Reyes Lecuona
- José Javier López Monfort
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Session Chairs
| Abhayapala T. | - A09.06/A16.03 Machine learning for array processing
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| Aichinger P. | - A14.01 Psychoacoustics - General
- A18.01 Speech - General
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| Alsina-Pagès R.M. | - A08.07/A09.05 Artificial intelligence for industrial applications
- A09.01 Machine learning and artificial intelligence in acoustics - General
- A17.04 Soundscape methods, monitoring and metrics
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| Altinsoy E. | - A14.06 Development of semantic attributes based on psychoacoustic modelling
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| Amado Mendes P. | - A05.07 Outdoor sound propagation
- A10.10/A19.08 Numerical methods for wave propagation in complex media
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| Anda S. | - A08.03 Advances in machinery noise and vibration control
- A20.02 Automotive noise and vibration
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| Andreopoulou A. | - A16.07/A24.11 Processing/individualization/interpolation of HRIRs or BRIRs
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| Antunes S. | - A03.04 Ground borne noise
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| Arana M. | - A05.01 Environmental acoustics - General
- A05.04 Wind turbine noise
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| Arcos R. | - A20.05 Railway noise and vibration
- A23.01 Vibroacoustics
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| Arenas J. | - A08.04/A10.04 Materials and systems for noise and vibration reduction
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| Aspöck L. | - A19.07 Validation and benchmarks in computational acoustics
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| Aspuru Soloaga I. | - A17.04 Soundscape methods, monitoring and metrics
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| Astolfi A. | - A15.02 Speech production and perception in rooms
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| Atamer S. | - A14.06 Development of semantic attributes based on psychoacoustic modelling
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| Aumond P. | - A09.07 Events detection and localization, and acoustic scenes, using ML techniques
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| Ausiello L. | - A11.03 Consistency of musical instrument making
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| Avallone F. | - A07.05/A19.06 Methods for advanced computational aeroacoustics
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| Bai M.R. | - A01.06 Signal processing for active control
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| Barbancho A.M. | - A11.05 Instruments, hyperinstruments and beyond
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| Barros A. | - A05.03 Environmental noise perception
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| Battarra M. | - A08.05 NVH damage detection, condition monitoring, diagnostics of machinery
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| Becker S. | - A07.01 Flow acoustics - General
- A07.04 Fluid structures acoustic coupling
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| Bellows S. | - A16.06 Source directivity: capturing, processing, and evaluating its effects
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| Bellucci P. | - A05.06 Recent advances in noise mitigation methods
- A20.06 Noise barriers and mitigation techniques for road traffic and railway
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| Ben Tahar M. | - A12.02 NDT & SHM Applications
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| Bernardini G. | - A07.05/A19.06 Methods for advanced computational aeroacoustics
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| Berzborn M. | - A15.11/A16.05 Sound field reconstruction in rooms and enclosures
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| Bottalico P. | - A15.02 Speech production and perception in rooms
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| Botteldooren D. | - A09.01 Machine learning and artificial intelligence in acoustics - General
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| Bravo T. | - A01.05/A06.07 Active metamaterials
- A10.08 Modeling acoustic wave propagation in viscothermal structures, including porous materials
|
| Brinkmann F. | - A24.09/A24.13 Motion and rendering
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| Camacho J. | - A12.03 Biomedical ultrasound
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| Campillo-Davo N. | - A04.01 Education, Public outreach and history in acoustics - General
- A04.02 Online resources and simulations for teaching and learning acoustics
- A04.05 Yesterday, today and tomorrow of research in acoustics
- A20.04 Tyre/road noise
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| Campo-Valera M. | - A22.03 Communication, positioning and acoustic sensor systems
- A22.05 Geophysics and Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) capabilities
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| Camussi R. | - A07.01 Flow acoustics - General
- A07.02 Aeroacoustics of aircraft and urban air vehicles
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| Carbajo San Martín J. | - A08.04/A10.04 Materials and systems for noise and vibration reduction
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| Carlosena A. | - A06.06 Acoustic-based sensors, actuators and microsystems for diverse applications
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| Carrascal T. | - A03.01 Building acoustics - General
- A03.02 Acoustic regulations, classification schemes and standards in building acoustics
- A03.08 Reducing neighbour noise by acoustic retrofit in housing
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| Casalino D. | - A07.02 Aeroacoustics of aircraft and urban air vehicles
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| Chatziioannou V. | - A11.01 Musical acoustics - General
- A11.04 Articulated musical instrument modelling
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| Chazot J.-D. | - A19.01 Numerical, computational and theoretical acoustics - General
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| Chehami L. | - A12.02 NDT & SHM Applications
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| Chevillotte F. | - A10.07/A15.07 Characterization of acoustic materials
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| Chmelík V. | - A03.09 Acoustic and thermal retrofit of office building stock in EU
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| Cobos M. | - A09.06/A16.03 Machine learning for array processing
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| Cosarinsky G. | - A12.02 NDT & SHM Applications
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| Cuenca J. | - A10.03 Metamaterials for noise and vibration reduction: novel applications and experimental methods
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| Cummins N. | |
| D'Orazio D. | - A15.03 Modern offices: challenges and solutions
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| Dalmont J.P. | - A11.03 Consistency of musical instrument making
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| Davies B. | - A02.01 Bio-acoustics - General
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| Dazel O. | - A10.06/A19.05 Numerical methods for acoustic materials and metamaterials
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| de la Prida D. | - A14.07 New trends and research for robust and unbiased psychoacoustical experimentation
- A15.10 Modeling and estimation of room impulse responses with machine learning
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| De Marqui Jr C. | - A01.05/A06.07 Active metamaterials
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| Debut V. | - A11.01 Musical acoustics - General
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| Deckers E. | - A10.03 Metamaterials for noise and vibration reduction: novel applications and experimental methods
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| Declercq N. | - A12.01 Physical acoustics and ultrasound - General
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| Del Palú D. | - A21.03 Listening experience in sound-driven design
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| Del Val L. | |
| Delle Monache S. | - A21.04 Methodologies for sound-driven design and education
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| Deng J. | - A10.05/A23.05 Metamaterials and acoustic black holes in vibro-acoustics
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| Díaz A. | - A03.10 Acoustic consultancy projects and BIM
|
| Diego-Tortosa D. | - A22.03 Communication, positioning and acoustic sensor systems
- A22.05 Geophysics and Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) capabilities
|
| Diviacco P. | - A22.04 Traffic ship noises
|
| Ducceschi M. | - A11.01 Musical acoustics - General
|
| Duocastella M. | |
| Dupont S. | |
| Durand S. | - A06.02 Microphones (theory, measurement, applications, MEMS technology, etc.)
|
| Ech-Cherif El-Kettani M. | - A12.02 NDT & SHM Applications
|
| Encina Llamas G. | - A18.04 Speech perception pathologies
|
| Engel M.S. | - A14.06 Development of semantic attributes based on psychoacoustic modelling
- A17.02 Restorative soundscapes - Sound quality, health and well-being
|
| Estévez-Mauriz L. | - A05.05 Urban sound planning
- A20.03 Road traffic noise and vibration
|
| Fernández-Grande E. | - A15.11/A16.05 Sound field reconstruction in rooms and enclosures
|
| Ferrari V. | - A06.06 Acoustic-based sensors, actuators and microsystems for diverse applications
|
| Ferrer E. | - A07.04 Fluid structures acoustic coupling
|
| Ferrer Contreras M. | - A01.07/A08.06 Innovative noise barriers to enhance acoustic comfort
|
| Fiebig A. | - A17.01 Soundscape, environmental quality, health and well-being - General
- A17.02 Restorative soundscapes - Sound quality, health and well-being
- A17.03 Soundscape practice and interventions
|
| Fink N. | - A13.04 Advancements and challenges in military acoustics: physiological and audiological perspectives
|
| Fraga de Frieta E. | |
| Fuente M. | - A03.07 Acoustics of wooden buildings
|
| Fusaro G. | - A03.11/A05.11 Heat pump sounds in residential settings: challenges and solutions
- A03.12 Ventilation noise in dwellings: challenges, measurements, and solutions
|
| Gan W.S. | - A01.06 Signal processing for active control
|
| Garai M. | - A03.05 Structure -borne sound and noise from building services
- A20.06 Noise barriers and mitigation techniques for road traffic and railway
|
| García Gómez J.Ó. | - A15.09 Sound reflections in concert halls
|
| Gautier F. | - A10.05/A23.05 Metamaterials and acoustic black holes in vibro-acoustics
|
| Godinho L. | - A05.07 Outdoor sound propagation
- A10.06/A19.05 Numerical methods for acoustic materials and metamaterials
|
| Gómez-García J.A. | - A18.03 Speech production pathologies
|
| González A. | - A01.07/A08.06 Innovative noise barriers to enhance acoustic comfort
|
| Guasch O. | |
| Guigou Carter C. | - A03.04 Ground borne noise
|
| Guillén S. | - A11.05 Instruments, hyperinstruments and beyond
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| Hampton T. | - A17.07 Hospital soundscape
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| Harvie-Clark J. | - A03.11/A05.11 Heat pump sounds in residential settings: challenges and solutions
- A03.12 Ventilation noise in dwellings: challenges, measurements, and solutions
|
| Hernández-Molina R. | - A18.02 Forensic phonetics and acoustics
|
| Hoeller C. | - A03.05 Structure -borne sound and noise from building services
|
| Hongisto V. | - A15.03 Modern offices: challenges and solutions
|
| Honzík P. | - A06.02 Microphones (theory, measurement, applications, MEMS technology, etc.)
|
| Hopkins C. | - A03.03 Prediction of sound and vibration transmission in buildings
|
| Hornikx M. | - A15.12/A19.09 Numerical methods for room acoustics
- A19.01 Numerical, computational and theoretical acoustics - General
|
| Izquierdo A. | |
| Jacob S. | - A07.06 Modern experimental techniques in aeroacoustics
|
| Jacob M. | - A07.06 Modern experimental techniques in aeroacoustics
|
| Jadoul Y. | - A02.07/A09.03 AI and machine learning in bioacoustics
|
| Jaouen L. | - A10.07/A15.07 Characterization of acoustic materials
- A10.08 Modeling acoustic wave propagation in viscothermal structures, including porous materials
|
| Jeon W. | - A10.05/A23.05 Metamaterials and acoustic black holes in vibro-acoustics
|
| Jiménez N. | - A12.01 Physical acoustics and ultrasound - General
|
| Kang J. | - A01.07/A08.06 Innovative noise barriers to enhance acoustic comfort
- A17.03 Soundscape practice and interventions
|
| Katz B.F.G. | - A15.04/A24.06 Virtual reconstructions in archaeoacoustic research
- A24.01 Virtual acoustics - General
|
| Larrosa-Navarro M. | - A14.07 New trends and research for robust and unbiased psychoacoustical experimentation
|
| Latorre Iglesias E. | - A20.01 Transportation noise and vibration - General
- A20.05 Railway noise and vibration
|
| Lee P.J. | - A17.07 Hospital soundscape
|
| Lenzi S. | - A21.02 Applied sound-driven design
|
| Licitra G. | - A05.06 Recent advances in noise mitigation methods
- A08.07/A09.05 Artificial intelligence for industrial applications
|
| Lissek H. | - A01.05/A06.07 Active metamaterials
|
| López Monfort J.J. | - A24.01 Virtual acoustics - General
|
| López-Espejo I. | - A18.04 Speech perception pathologies
|
| Lostanlen V. | - A02.07/A09.03 AI and machine learning in bioacoustics
- A09.07 Events detection and localization, and acoustic scenes, using ML techniques
|
| Lotinga M. | - A05.10/A14.09 Advanced air mobility noise
|
| Maag T. | - A05.05 Urban sound planning
|
| Maeder M. | - A19.01 Numerical, computational and theoretical acoustics - General
- A19.07 Validation and benchmarks in computational acoustics
|
| Majdak P. | - A14.01 Psychoacoustics - General
- A14.04 Spatial hearing: modeling and applications
|
| Malléjac M. | - A10.02 Acoustic, vibroacoustic and elastic metamaterials
|
| Manvell D. | - A05.08 Advances in noise mapping
|
| Marektakis G. | - A21.03 Listening experience in sound-driven design
|
| Martellotta F. | - A15.04/A24.06 Virtual reconstructions in archaeoacoustic research
|
| Martínez-Graullera O. | - A12.03 Biomedical ultrasound
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| Mastino C.C. | - A03.10 Acoustic consultancy projects and BIM
|
| Masullo M. | - A14.10 Psychological and physiological experiments for noise annoyance, acoustic comfort, and soundscape evaluation
|
| Maury C. | - A10.08 Modeling acoustic wave propagation in viscothermal structures, including porous materials
|
| Mayer-Kahlen N. | - A14.08/A24.05 Virtual acoustics and binaural AR in hearing research: challenges of a new paradigm
|
| Mayhofer D. | - A19.02 Numerical methods for acoustics and vibration
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| Merino-Martínez R. | |
| Miniaci M. | - A10.02 Acoustic, vibroacoustic and elastic metamaterials
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| Misdariis N. | - A21.02 Applied sound-driven design
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| Misol M. | - A01.02/A01.03 Active sound and vibration control
|
| Montano Rodríguez W.A. | - A04.05 Yesterday, today and tomorrow of research in acoustics
|
| Monteiro C. | - A03.01 Building acoustics - General
|
| Moro-Velázquez L. | - A18.01 Speech - General
- A18.05 Speech technologies: diarization, emotion, enhancement
|
| Mucchi E. | - A08.05 NVH damage detection, condition monitoring, diagnostics of machinery
|
| Murphy E. | - A05.08 Advances in noise mapping
|
| Negreira J. | - A15.05 Acoustic comfort in hospitals
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| Neidhardt A. | - A24.09/A24.13 Motion and rendering
|
| Noisternig M. | - A16.06 Source directivity: capturing, processing, and evaluating its effects
|
| Nolan M. | - A10.07/A15.07 Characterization of acoustic materials
- A10.08 Modeling acoustic wave propagation in viscothermal structures, including porous materials
- A15.01 Room acoustics - General
|
| Osses A. | - A14.04 Spatial hearing: modeling and applications
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| Özcan E. | - A17.07 Hospital soundscape
- A21.02 Applied sound-driven design
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| P. B. Reynders E. | - A03.03 Prediction of sound and vibration transmission in buildings
|
| Pàmies-Vilà M. | - A04.01 Education, Public outreach and history in acoustics - General
- A04.02 Online resources and simulations for teaching and learning acoustics
|
| Panagiotopoulos D. | - A19.02 Numerical methods for acoustics and vibration
|
| Pauletto S. | - A21.03 Listening experience in sound-driven design
|
| Pawelczyk M. | - A01.02/A01.03 Active sound and vibration control
- A01.07/A08.06 Innovative noise barriers to enhance acoustic comfort
- A05.01 Environmental acoustics - General
|
| Peral-Orts R. | - A20.01 Transportation noise and vibration - General
- A20.03 Road traffic noise and vibration
|
| Pérez Vargas R. | - A18.02 Forensic phonetics and acoustics
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| Pérez-Liva M. | - A12.03 Biomedical ultrasound
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| Pezzoli M. | - A09.08/A11.02 Artificial intelligence in musical acoustics
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| Piana E. | - A08.03 Advances in machinery noise and vibration control
|
| Picaut J. | - A05.01 Environmental acoustics - General
- A05.04 Wind turbine noise
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| Piñero G. | - A15.10 Modeling and estimation of room impulse responses with machine learning
|
| Plumbley M. | - A09.01 Machine learning and artificial intelligence in acoustics - General
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| Pompoli F. | - A08.04/A10.04 Materials and systems for noise and vibration reduction
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| Poveda Martínez P. | - A02.02/A22.02 Underwater soundscape and noise: modelling, measurements and effects
- A08.05 NVH damage detection, condition monitoring, diagnostics of machinery
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| Prieto A. | - A10.10/A19.08 Numerical methods for wave propagation in complex media
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| Prinn A. | - A19.07 Validation and benchmarks in computational acoustics
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| Prodi N. | - A14.01 Psychoacoustics - General
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| Puglisi G. | - A15.06 Acoustic and multidomain comfort in learning spaces
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| Rafaely B. | - A16.02 Spatial audio signal processing - capture, encoding and enhancement
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| Ragni D. | - A07.01 Flow acoustics - General
- A07.02 Aeroacoustics of aircraft and urban air vehicles
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| Raiola M. | - A07.03 Active and passive noise reduction technologies
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| Ramallo S. | - A24.01 Virtual acoustics - General
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| Ramírez Salado M. | - A18.02 Forensic phonetics and acoustics
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| Ramis-Soriano J. | - A02.02/A22.02 Underwater soundscape and noise: modelling, measurements and effects
- A08.03 Advances in machinery noise and vibration control
|
| Rasmussen B. | - A03.02 Acoustic regulations, classification schemes and standards in building acoustics
- A03.08 Reducing neighbour noise by acoustic retrofit in housing
|
| Reichl C. | - A03.11/A05.11 Heat pump sounds in residential settings: challenges and solutions
- A03.12 Ventilation noise in dwellings: challenges, measurements, and solutions
|
| Reyes-Lecuona A. | - A14.08/A24.05 Virtual acoustics and binaural AR in hearing research: challenges of a new paradigm
- A24.01 Virtual acoustics - General
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| Rodríguez P. | |
| Rodríguez-Montaño V.M. | - A18.02 Forensic phonetics and acoustics
|
| Romero A. | - A03.01 Building acoustics - General
|
| Romero-García V. | - A10.09/A12.10 Acoustic wave propagation in complex media
|
| Rosa González F.L. | - A22.04 Traffic ship noises
|
| Rufer L. | - A06.03 Loudspeakers and headphones (theory, measurement, applications, MEMS technology, etc.)
|
| Rus G. | - A12.03 Biomedical ultrasound
|
| Russo R. | - A09.08/A11.02 Artificial intelligence in musical acoustics
|
| Rychtáriková M. | - A03.09 Acoustic and thermal retrofit of office building stock in EU
- A15.01 Room acoustics - General
|
| San Segundo E. | |
| Sanz Segura R. | - A21.04 Methodologies for sound-driven design and education
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| Sastre J. | - A11.06/A24.07 Networked music performances and virtual environments
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| Schanda U. | - A03.05 Structure -borne sound and noise from building services
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| Schoder S. | - A07.05/A19.06 Methods for advanced computational aeroacoustics
- A19.07 Validation and benchmarks in computational acoustics
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| Schoenwald S. | - A03.07 Acoustics of wooden buildings
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| Schulte-Fortkamp B. | - A17.06 Soundscape and inclusion, from theory to practice
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| Schulz A. | - A07.03 Active and passive noise reduction technologies
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| Scrosati C. | - A03.01 Building acoustics - General
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| Sea E.A. | - A19.01 Numerical, computational and theoretical acoustics - General
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| Secchi S. | - A15.05 Acoustic comfort in hospitals
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| Segura-García J. | - A24.09/A24.13 Motion and rendering
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| Shabalina E. | - A10.03 Metamaterials for noise and vibration reduction: novel applications and experimental methods
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| Siebein K. | - A17.03 Soundscape practice and interventions
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| Širović A. | - A02.02/A22.02 Underwater soundscape and noise: modelling, measurements and effects
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| Slabbekoorn H. | - A02.05 Effects of multimodal stimuli on wildlife
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| Sobreira M. | - A09.01 Machine learning and artificial intelligence in acoustics - General
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| Spagnol S. | - A21.02 Applied sound-driven design
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| Stoppel F. | - A06.03 Loudspeakers and headphones (theory, measurement, applications, MEMS technology, etc.)
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| Susini P. | - A21.04 Methodologies for sound-driven design and education
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| Taghipour A. | - A14.10 Psychological and physiological experiments for noise annoyance, acoustic comfort, and soundscape evaluation
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| Talebzadeh A. | - A17.06 Soundscape and inclusion, from theory to practice
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| Temboury Gutiérrez M. | - A13.06 Audiology diagnostic techniques
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| Thebaud T. | - A18.05 Speech technologies: diarization, emotion, enhancement
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| Theodossiades S. | - A20.01 Transportation noise and vibration - General
- A20.02 Automotive noise and vibration
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| Torija Martínez A. | - A05.10/A14.09 Advanced air mobility noise
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| Torrent D. | - A10.02 Acoustic, vibroacoustic and elastic metamaterials
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| Torresin S. | - A17.05 Indoor soundscapes
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| Undurraga J. | - A13.06 Audiology diagnostic techniques
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| Valier-Brasier T. | - A10.09/A12.10 Acoustic wave propagation in complex media
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| Van Belle L. | - A10.03 Metamaterials for noise and vibration reduction: novel applications and experimental methods
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| Van Damme B. | - A10.02 Acoustic, vibroacoustic and elastic metamaterials
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| Van Renterghem T. | - A02.05 Effects of multimodal stimuli on wildlife
- A05.03 Environmental noise perception
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| Van Walstijn M. | - A11.04 Articulated musical instrument modelling
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| Vanhamel J. | |
| Vida Manzano J. | - A17.01 Soundscape, environmental quality, health and well-being - General
- A17.04 Soundscape methods, monitoring and metrics
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| Vidaña-Vila E. | - A02.01 Bio-acoustics - General
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| Villacorta J.J. | |
| Visentin C. | - A15.03 Modern offices: challenges and solutions
- A15.06 Acoustic and multidomain comfort in learning spaces
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| Waddington D. | - A02.01 Bio-acoustics - General
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| Want W. | - A09.01 Machine learning and artificial intelligence in acoustics - General
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| Weger M. | - A13.04 Advancements and challenges in military acoustics: physiological and audiological perspectives
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| Whitehead H. | - A02.01 Bio-acoustics - General
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| Willemsen S. | - A11.06/A24.07 Networked music performances and virtual environments
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| Williges B. | - A13.05 Asymmetric hearing loss - clinical solutions and functionality
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| Witew I. | - A15.01 Room acoustics - General
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| Wrona S. | - A01.07/A08.06 Innovative noise barriers to enhance acoustic comfort
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| Yorukoglu P.N.D. | - A17.05 Indoor soundscapes
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| Yue Z. | - A18.03 Speech production pathologies
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| Zaffaroni-Caorsi V. | - A02.02/A22.02 Underwater soundscape and noise: modelling, measurements and effects
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| Zambon G. | - A02.02/A22.02 Underwater soundscape and noise: modelling, measurements and effects
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| Zirn S. | - A13.05 Asymmetric hearing loss - clinical solutions and functionality
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| Zotter F. | - A16.02 Spatial audio signal processing - capture, encoding and enhancement
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BROWSE BY SESSION TITLE
A01.02/A01.03 Active sound and vibration control
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 16:40 |
| Room: SM5 - SCHROEDER |
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| 16:40 |
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Topology optimisation of microphone arrays for remote microphone virtual sensing in diffuse sound fields
by A. Kappis, J. Cheer.
Abstract:
Past research has shown that virtual sensing techniques can enhance the performance of active noise control systems by projecting the control points towards remote locations of interest. However, accurate sound field estimation using virtual sensing is critical to the performance of such active control systems and depends on both signal processing and the physical microphone array. Typically, microphone placement is determined by practical considerations such as convenience, spatial constraints and cost, resulting in limited exploration of optimal microphone positioning. The current study employs a genetic algorithm to identify optimal microphone array configurations for accurate estimation of the pressure in a diffuse sound field, utilising the Remote Microphone Technique. The optimality criterion is defined as the estimation performance or the robustness of the derived topologies to practical uncertainties. The resulting optimal configurations are evaluated against a conventional uniform linear microphone array, which consist of sub-array elements capable of utilising both pressure and pressure gradient information for enhanced estimation accuracy.
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| 17:00 |
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Control of Transverse Vibrations in Vertically Installed Rotating Shafts Through Active Bearings
by J. Song, B. Kim.
Abstract:
Machines with vertical shafts, such as generators and electric motors, must address vibration-induced noise and heat. Vertical hydroelectric generators, in particular, are prone to vibrations from water flow and component imbalances, leading to reduced efficiency, early wear, and potential system failure. Controlling shaft vibrations is essential for maintenance and stable operation. This study aims to address these issues by applying active control technology to reduce vibrations in vertical shafts, utilizing active bearings and the NLMS algorithm. To validate the study, simulations were conducted using MATLAB/SIMULINK, and the system was mathematically modeled using the FEM approach. Experiments were conducted at 600 RPM, inspired by the rotational speed of the Porjus U9 generator, and additional analysis was performed across a speed range from 100 RPM to 800 RPM to compare shaft displacement orbits with simulation results. Through this comparison, the reliability of the simulation model was evaluated, and the effectiveness of active control in reducing vibrations was successfully demonstrated. These results suggest that active bearings have the potential to resolve vibration issues in machines with vertical shafts, such as generators and electric motors, thereby extending their operational lifespan.
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| 17:20 |
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Active Structural Acoustic Control (ASAC) for Vibrating Plates with Openings in Vibro-Acoustic Systems
by K. Said Ahmed Maamoun, S. Wrona, M. Pawelczyk, H. R. Karimi.
Abstract:
Active Structural Acoustic Control (ASAC) is a well-established technique for managing noise and vibration in vibro-acoustic systems. This study investigates the application of ASAC to vibrating plates with corner openings, a configuration that presents unique challenges due to localized stress concentrations and complex vibro-acoustic coupling. The placement and configuration of inertial actuators, which are integral to ASAC systems, are experimentally analyzed to optimize performance. Results show that the position of the opening significantly influences the overall system response, making the placement of inertial actuators unique to each configuration. Changing the location of the opening alters the vibrational and acoustic characteristics of the plate, requiring a tailored actuator arrangement for effective control. For fully clamped plates, placing actuators near the edges reduces their effectiveness in suppressing sound due to the high stress concentrations and limited vibrational energy at these regions. Additionally, positioning actuators around the openings introduces greater instability and nonlinearities into the system, further complicating the control dynamics. These findings highlight the necessity of considering both the opening location and actuator placement to optimize performance in vibro-acoustic systems.
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| 17:40 |
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A comparison between spatial interpolation approaches in a head-tracked active headrest system
by C. K. Lai, J. Cheer.
Abstract:
The integration of head-tracking can improve the achievable performance of active noise control headrest systems by allowing the mismatch between the plant model used by the controller and the physical plant response to be reduced. Although previous studies have shown that the performance improvement achieved through head-tracking is limited by the resolution of the tracking system, this limitation can be addressed by either interpolating between plant models obtained at different head positions and then calculating the required controller, or interpolating between a set of pre-computed optimal controllers obtained for different head positions. The differences in performance between the two interpolation strategies, however, have not been explored, despite various interpolation strategies being previously utilised in head-tracked active control systems discussed in the literature. This paper presents a comparison between the two approaches to spatial interpolation for a head-tracked active headrest system. Assuming a tonal disturbance, it is shown through numerical simulations that the performance benefit brought by spatial interpolation differs between the two approaches to interpolation. .
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| 18:00 |
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Stability Analysis of Stepwise Simultaneous Perturbation Stochastic Approximation for Active Noise Control
by C. Liang, F. Ripamonti, H. R. Karimi.
Abstract:
Active noise control (ANC) is particularly effective in mitigating low-frequency noise, with its primary objective being to achieve maximum noise reduction while minimizing both measurement and computational costs. The filtered-x least mean square (FxLMS) algorithm has been widely adopted due to its effective balance between performance, ease of implementation, and computational efficiency. However, FxLMS relies on accurate secondary path estimation, which can be computationally intensive and time consuming. Recently, as a model-free method, the simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (SPSA) algorithm has been successfully applied in broadband, multi-channel, and time-varying environments. Despite its demonstrated effectiveness in noise reduction, the stability of SPSA has received limited attention. Following a recently proposed stepwise SPSA extension, which significantly enhances the stability of classical SPSA, this work investigates its stability characteristics with respect to key algorithmic parameters. The analysis provides insights into the parameter selection process, enabling efficient noise reduction while ensuring stability.
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| 18:20 |
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Spatial Psychoacoustic Analysis of Perceptual Error Shaping in Local Active Noise Control
by C. Blöcher, A. Sontacchi, T. Hatheier.
Abstract:
To address the frequency-dependent nature of human auditory perception, error shaping can be incorporated into traditional feedforward Filtered-Reference Least-MeanSquares (FxLMS) local Active Noise Control (ANC) schemes by applying A-weighting to the LMS input signals. Several publications have compared the psychoacoustic properties of noise residuals produced by such FilteredError LMS (FeLMS) and FxLMS ANC systems at the point of cancellation. This paper expands previous studies by additionally investigating the surrounding sound field. In a co-simulation, both algorithms are evaluated for fullband and bandlimited control for an active headrest system with two built-in loudspeakers and a head and torso simulator (HATS) positioned in front of the headrest. With white, pink, and real-world driving noise as innovation signals, the sound field after adaptation is evaluated for HATS rotations and transitions to the front, utilizing psychoacousticand speech metrics. While the FeLMS algorithm generally produces more coloration for head movements from the reference position than the FxLMS algorithm, performance for synthetic signals is otherwise similar. However, for driving noise, it achieves greater loudness reduction and improved speech intelligibility. The spatial extent of noise control is enlarged for bandlimited compared to fullband ANC systems at the cost of reduced performance near the reference position.
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A01.02/A01.03 Active sound and vibration control (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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Enhancing In-Vehicle Speech Intelligibility: A Study On The Benefits Of Active Road Noise Cancellation System
by T. Botti, M. Olivieri, J. Gino, A. Oliva.
Abstract:
The acoustic quality inside vehicles has become a key factor in the overall evaluation of cars, particularly in luxury models. As a result, improving in-cabin communication and overall acoustic comfort has gained significant attention from the automotive industry. Recently technologies, such as Active Road Noise Cancellation (ARNC), have been extensively explored to reduce unwanted noise, effectively lowering acoustic pressure within the vehicle cabin. Beyond noise reduction, these algorithms have the potential to significantly enhance in-vehicle speech intelligibility. In this study, we investigate the impact of ARNC algorithms on person-to-person speech communication, simulating conversations between passengers. Experimental measurements have been conducted in a fourseat vehicle model equipped with a state-of-the-art ARNC system. Passenger communication has been simulated by convolving reference speech signals with measured acoustic impulse responses within the vehicle cabin. Additionally, we compare different metrics to assess speech intelligibility between front and rear seats, evaluating the effectiveness of the ARNC algorithm. The results demonstrate the potential of ARNC in enhancing in-vehicle speech intelligibility, offering valuable insights for future advancements in automotive audio technology.
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Momentum Algorithm And Its Application To Active Control Of HVAC Compressor Noise In Autonomous Bus
by S. K. Lee, J. Choi, D. Kim, S. Kim.
Abstract:
The compressor is used for a heating, ventilation, and airconditioning (HVAC) system which provide air conditioning for each passenger in autonomous bus. The sound radiated from the compressor of the HVAC system is a high-frequency annoyance noise caused by vibroacoustic noise due to the shell vibration of the compressor. The dominant frequency components of the vibroacoustic noise are harmonics of the rotation frequency of the reciprocating compressor. The HVAC system generates vibroacoustic noise dominantly in the frequen-cy range between 100 and 600 Hz. Such noise is not only distinctly perceptible but also contributes to passenger discomfort and negatively impacts the perceived quality of the vehicle. The aim of this paper is to attenuate the vibroacoustic noise of the HVAC system by developing an active noise control (ANC) system. Generally, the widely recognized filtered-X least mean squared (FXLMS) algorithm has been successfully implemented to active noise control of reciprocating compressor. However, its performance was found lacking outside the peak frequency of compressor operation noise. To address this, the momentum algorithm was employed to enhance ANC performance. The momentum algorithm has a lower residual error and faster convergence rate compared to the FXLMS algorithm. As a consequence, the implementation of the momentum based ANC algorithm resulted in enhanced noise reduction not only at the peak frequencies, which correspond to the compressor operation frequency, but also in frequency ranges outside these peak frequencies.
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Empirical Study on active noise control in uavs
by J. Steiner, F. Hilgemann, P. Jax.
Abstract:
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are known for their characteristic noise emissions, which are inevitable during operation, but often perceived as annoying. Current research on UAV noise mitigation focuses on passive technology, but active noise control (ANC), commonly used in headphones and related applications, might prove to be more effective. However, ANC algorithms require comprehensive knowledge of acoustic transfer paths, across all operational modes of the UAV. Commercially available UAVs lack components such as microphones and loudspeakers as required by ANC applications. The purpose of this work is to investigate the estimation accuracy achievable with a simplified linear time-invariant (LTI) model of the generally non-linear aerodynamic system of UAV sound emission. For this, a prototype UAV-ANC system, which extends a UAV with added microphones and loudspeakers, is considered. Extensive measurements are conducted in a controlled indoors environment to assess the applicability of state-of-art system identification methods for estimating the associated acoustic transfer paths. These transfer path estimates can be used to determine the efficacy of ANC algorithms in the considered application through simulation. They are made available online for research purposes.
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A01.05/A06.07 Active metamaterials
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SM5 - SCHROEDER |
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| T. Bravo |
| H. Lissek |
| C. De Marqui Jr |
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| 14:20 |
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Multi-Channel Acoustic Switch via Activation of Evanescent or Propagation Bloch Wave Modes
by H. P. Lee, K. M. Lim, Y. Li.
Abstract:
Sonic crystals exhibit interesting phenomena, enabling flexible manipulation of acoustic waves. By leveraging the complex band structure, we propose a wave profile decomposition method to quantitatively predict wave propagation behaviors, revealing that acoustic wave attenuation is influenced by the sound source profile. While earlier studies have demonstrated the feasibility of acoustic switches, the realization of an adjustable multi-channel switch remains unexplored. To address this, a unit cell featuring five Helmholtz resonators is designed to modify sound source profiles by adjusting the orientations of the resonators. This unit cell is connected to three one-dimensional sonic crystals with cylindrical cores to form a multichannel acoustic switch. The ON state of a channel is achieved by activating propagating Bloch wave modes, whereas the OFF state corresponds to the activation of evanescent Bloch wave modes. To enable switching functionality across different frequencies, the orientations of the Helmholtz resonators are optimized to produce desired acoustic source profiles at the outputs. Both experimental and numerical investigations confirm the switching mechanism arising from the activation of evanescent and propagating Bloch wave modes, offering a versatile and tunable platform for advanced acoustic control.
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| 14:40 |
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On-Demand Noise Mitigation With Time-Modulated Active Acoustic Metamaterials
by B. Popa.
Abstract:
It is generally accepted that active metamaterials could, in principle, address long-standing challenges in noise mitigation. However, the research of active structures capable to meet these challenges has been slow due to issues of stability and scalability. This work shows that 2D active metamaterials composed of arrangements of sensordriver pairs can be configured to be excellent sound absorbers very well matched to the background fluid and thus scatter-free. The property is achieved by programming the metamaterial effective mass density and bulk modulus to be complex numbers with matching phases. Moreover, the metamaterials can be switched from being opaque absorbers to transparent media on very small time scales by time-modulating their effective material properties without adverse effects such as ensuing instability. Furthermore, the metamaterial unit cells are completely independent of each other thus promoting scalability.
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| 15:00 |
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Robust spatiotemporal wave localization in piezoelectric metamaterials through programmable topological interface states
by B. Alceu Souto, D. Beli, C. De Marqui Jr.
Abstract:
The emergence of topological states in condensed matter physics has provided reliable mechanisms for waveguiding in phononic crystals and metamaterials. This study introduces a strategy for dynamic wave localization using space-time programmable topological interface states in piezoelectric metamaterials. By dynamically tuning inductive shunt circuits, we induce and modulate interface states in space and time without physical changes in the host structure. Due to the modulation of electrical properties, the topological interface can be dynamically relocated along the beam, allowing efficient energy transfer. The numerical results clarify the effects of modulation smoothness on wave localization for cases with and without structural damping, identifying the optimal conditions for robust energy transfer. .
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| 15:20 |
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Active Noise Reduction in Passenger Vehicles with Plasmacoustic Transducers
by S. Sergeev, M. Donaldson, H. Lissek.
Abstract:
Low-frequency noise in commercial passenger vehicles is difficult to mitigate, as conventional methods often rely on heavy, bulky materials with limited effectiveness at these frequencies. This study investigates the application of plasmacoustic metalayer-enabled transducers for in-cabin noise control. The system employs ten 18x18 cm transducers, strategically distributed within the cabin, and evaluated under static conditions. The transducers, using the corona discharge mechanism, employ active impedance control to regulate the acoustics, enabling direct sound field management through interaction between ionized air and surrounding air particles. These transducers are lightweight and feature a slim form factor, achieving inertia-free operation and an extended bandwidth of sound control. Experimental results demonstrate broadband global noise reduction exceeding 3 dB across an operating frequency range of up to 700 Hz, effectively suppressing low-frequency resonant peaks and attenuating direct sound when transducers are placed along noise propagation paths. These findings highlight the potential for side panels and rear benches integrated with plasmacoustic technology to provide scalable and efficient global noise control solutions in passenger vehicles, reducing weight and eliminating the use of unsustainable materials.
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| 15:40 |
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Towards plasmacoustic metamaterials
by H. Miao, S. Sergeev, R. Vesal, H. Lissek.
Abstract:
The ”plasmacoustic metalayer” concept relies on the use of a Corona Discharge Transducer (CDT), transparent towards fluid flows and to light. When used as an actuator within an active control system, it allows manipulating sound waves in transmission/reflection/absorption without resorting to a membrane or any other mechanical intermediate, contrarily to conventional loudspeakers. Moreover, owing to its non-resonant nature, the CDT is an obvious candidate for the development of broadband active acoustic metamaterials, especially since it is transparent to sound in a ”passive” mode. This presentation aims to showcase some examples of active plasmacoustic metamaterials concepts, through numerical simulations and experimental validations, at the unit-cell level. These preliminary results will allow drawing conclusions on the applicability of the CDT to achieve broadband active acoustic metamaterials, and identifying routes for further development of the concept.
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| 16:00 |
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Control of a nonlinear electroacoustic resonator: real-time selection of the equilibrium point
by M. Morell, E. De Bono, E. Gourdon, M. Collet, A. Ture Savadkoohi, C.-H. Lamarque.
Abstract:
To tackle the issue of adaptability to in-situ conditions while providing efficient acoustic absorption in a large frequency bandwidth, impedance control of loudspeakers has been brought as a solution. To control the impedance of a loudspeaker, one should place microphones collocated to the loudspeaker, supplied with a processor that calculates the needed electrical current to send to the loudspeaker’s coil to target a specific impedance. This concept has long been considered in the framework of linear dynamics, however the extension to nonlinear dynamics is a current subject of interest. In this study, nonlinear dynamics are enforced through a feedforward control tracking a setpoint defined by a numeric exosystem. The use of the exosystem allows to synthesize uncommon behaviors such as nonpolynomial nonlinear restoring forces. However, nonlinear resonators may present many stable equilibrium points for a single frequency, which may be targeted via the choice of the initial conditions. The choice of the initial conditions in electroacoustics is challenging and would permit better sound absorption. In this study, a method for targeting the equilibrium point of a nonlinear dynamical system in the framework of electroacoustic resonators is presented, and its experimental implementation is demonstrated, leading to many potential acoustic applications.
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A01.06 Signal processing for active control
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 11:40 |
| Room: SM6 - HELMHOLTZ |
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| 11:40 |
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Deep observation filter for virtual sensing in local active noise control
by F. Holzmüller, A. Sontacchi.
Abstract:
Local active noise control (ANC) algorithms are often based on adaptive filters, requiring an error signal to operate. For optimal performance, this error signal should be captured at a position as close as possible to the desired point of cancellation. However, in many situations, this is not feasible without invading the listener’s space. In such cases, virtual sensing algorithms such as the remote microphone technique (RMT) can be employed to estimate the signal using nearby sensors and domain knowledge. The RMT relies on filters, calculated in a training phase based on recorded scenarios. To ensure sufficient performance under varied acoustic conditions and geometrical configurations, a suitable filter set must be selected during operation from a pre-calculated database encompassing all potential scenarios. This paper proposes a novel approach for an online estimation of the observation filter in the RMT, based on a convolutional neural network. By providing correlation metrics and coordinates as input features, efficient asynchronous computation on external processing units is possible. Handling various acoustic scenarios with variable virtual error microphone position, this approach renders the use of any filter selection logic obsolete.
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| 12:00 |
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Active Noise Control with Extended Quiet Zones using Time-Domain Underdetermined Multichannel Inverse Filters and Kernel Interpolation
by M. Anthony, M. R. Bai.
Abstract:
This paper proposes a novel Active Noise Control (ANC) framework that exploits time-domain underdetermined multichannel inverse filters (TUMIF) with kernel-based sound field interpolation to enhance the spatial coverage of noise suppression. While TUMIF is effective in reducing noise at the measured control points, its performance degrades elsewhere, limiting its application in extended spatial regions. To solve this problem, a kernel ridge regression method is used to interpolate the Acoustic Transfer Functions (ATFs) of the secondary loudspeakers and the unmeasured control points, based on the Helmholtz equation. The interpolated control points enable the creation of extended quiet zones with a limited number of measured control points. The simulation results showed that the proposed approach achieved significant broadband noise reduction in an extended control region.
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A01.06 Signal processing for active control (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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Spatially Selective Active Noise Control for Open-fitting Hearables with Acausal Optimization
by T. Xiao, S. Doclo.
Abstract:
Recent advances in active noise control have enabled the development of hearables with spatial selectivity, which actively suppress undesired noise while preserving desired sound from specific directions. In this work, we propose an improved approach to spatially selective active noise control that incorporates acausal relative impulse responses into the optimization process, resulting in significantly improved performance over the causal design. We evaluate the system through simulations using a pair of open-fitting hearables with spatially localized speech and noise sources in an anechoic environment. Performance is evaluated in terms of speech distortion, noise reduction, and signal-tonoise ratio improvement across different delays and degrees of acausality. Results show that the proposed acausal optimization consistently outperforms the causal approach across all metrics and scenarios, as acausal filters more effectively characterize the response of the desired source.
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Using the masking curve of a masker signal to approximate the spectral shape of target speech signal
by P. Laffitte, S. Subhra Bhattacharjee, J. Rindom Jensen, M. Græsbøll Christensen.
Abstract:
This work attempts to provide a novel look at speech privacy preservation, by proposing a solution based on sound masking as an alternative or a complement to traditional sound control and noise cancellation methods. We propose a framework for generating a masker signal whose masking curve approximates the spectral shape of the target speech to be masked. The approximation is done by Gradient Descent-based optimization, to minimize the distance between the magnitude spectrum of the target speech and the masker. The results show that the proposed algorithm exhibits the desired effect, reducing the measured annoyance when other metrics are kept constant. Although proper implementation in a real-world system is out of the scope of this paper, it serves to validate the theoretical background proposed here.
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A01.07/A08.06 Innovative noise barriers to enhance acoustic comfort
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: SC1-4 - SABINE |
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| M. Pawelczyk |
| J. Kang |
| A. González |
| S. Wrona |
| M. Ferrer |
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| 9:00 |
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Development of ANC secondary source wall arrays assisting with noise barriers
by Y. Kwon, S. Jung, H. Kim, J. Kang.
Abstract:
Outdoor noise outstanding at the boundaries of residential areas are perceived disagreeably and therefore managed strictly in accordance with the national or local noise ordinances. In many cases around high density urban areas, large scale solid noise barriers along residential boundaries are to intervene to lessen noise pollution downstream of road traffic, industrial facilities, or in particular, construction sites. Noise barriers are also required for power plants whose noise sources present across a broad site of plant facilities, even though they reside in suburban or low density remote areas. This study explored active noise control (ANC) against propagation of such environmental noise pollution and a way to shorten height and/or length of or even entirely replace desired physical noise barriers. A total of 4 arrays of anti-phase signal generating secondary sources in 6 test cases atop or around a 3-meter high temporary noise barrier were designed and investigated. Up to 12 secondary sources were engaged in those arrays. Noise reduction performance of their ANC schemes was evaluated at 8 locations along a distance of 20m. Multirow arrays either on top of or lay on the barrier was found best among others. Their performance attained up to 5.6dB reduction on average.
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| 9:20 |
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Emergence Of Indoor Soundscape Studies Focusing On Noise Mitigation: A Bibliometric Review
by Z. Rachman, F. Aletta, J. Kang.
Abstract:
Soundscape methodologies are increasingly recognised as effective approaches to address noise-related challenges. This study presents a bibliometric analysis of soundscape research focusing on the emerging domain of indoor soundscapes. Data were retrieved from the Scopus database using the keywords: “noise” AND (“noise barrier*” OR “noise control*” OR “noise reduction”) AND “soundscape”. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 188 documents were selected for analysis, which included trend analysis, keyword co-occurrence mapping using VOSviewer (v1.16.19), and distribution analysis of indoor soundscape studies across different settings. Results show a notable growth in publication activity beginning in 2010. The highest number of studies was recorded in 2014 (n = 16), and citations peaked in 2016 (n = 518). Keyword analysis reveals that indoor soundscape remains an emerging topic, represented in only three papers (5.4%), mostly linked to terms such as “health” and “well-being” without a direct connection to “soundscape” as the central term. Further analysis identified 23 studies directly addressing indoor soundscapes, with open-plan offices being the most underrepresented setting, with only one study, followed by commercial spaces (e.g., retail shops, restaurants, cafes), with two studies.
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| 9:40 |
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Real-Time Implementation of a User-Selective Active Sound Control Seat Based on Auditory Scene Analysis
by T. Islam, J. Garcia, M. J. Garzón Vargas, M. Ferrer, M. De Diego, L. Fuster, A. González.
Abstract:
Environmental noise can harm people’s health, leading to issues such as hearing loss, increased stress levels, and reduced overall well-being. This noise pollution is a growing concern in urban environments, where constant exposure to sounds from traffic, construction, and other sources can create an uncomfortable living situation. We can implement active sound control techniques to address these challenges, which offer a promising solution to reduce unwanted noise. This method uses loudspeakers to change the sound in an area and create a specific sound field. However, real-time active sound control is challenging. There are limitations based on where we place microphones and loudspeakers and how we select sound sources to create a comfortable environment for users. This paper presents a user-selective active sound seat that addresses these design challenges. This seating solution combines the principles of active sound control with advanced techniques derived from the Auditory Scene Analysis framework. These techniques help separate individual sound sources from a mix by analyzing the position and characteristics of different sounds in a room. As a result, users of the active sound seat can selectively mask unwanted sounds in their vicinity.
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| 10:00 |
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Numerical Study Of A Stepped Directional Barrier For Urban Noise Control
by N. Campillo-Davo, M. Fabra-Rodriguez, H. Campello-Vicente, D. Abellan-Lopez, E. M. Mora-Saura, D. Clar-Garcia, R. Peral-Orts.
Abstract:
Acoustic barriers are structures used to block or reduce noise propagation, improving people’s quality of life. Barriers installed to mitigate traffic noise traditionally consist of continuously installed acoustic panels. In contrast, this work proposes the development of a directional barrier consisting of discrete cylindrical elements of stepped height distributed in the form of a sonic crystal. The barrier is designed to suppress transversely especially the frequency of 1000 Hz, the frequency at which the sound peak of rolling noise occurs. In order to test the sound effect of this barrier, numerical simulations of acoustic propagation are performed using FEM/BEM. The final objective aims to develop a sound barrier for application in urban environments that fulfils a dual application: mitigating noise pollution, but allowing a certain directivity of the noise from the transit of a vehicle to act as an acoustic warning element for pedestrians.
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| 10:20 |
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Optimizing In-Cabin Acoustic Comfort: Psychoacoustic Evaluation of Engine Sound Profiles
by M. J. Garzón Vargas, Z. A. Rachman, M. De Diego, A. González, M. Ferrer, J. Kang, F. Aletta, J. Kirchhof.
Abstract:
Achieving acoustic comfort inside the vehicle cabin typically requires a combination of Passive and Active Noise Control techniques, methods that have been effective at modifying the resulting sound field in a closed enclosure. [1] From a subjective point of view, not all noise sources are equally disturbing to passengers, and engine and road noise are often perceived as the most unpleasant noise sources, due to the presence of low-frequency components. This paper presents a subjective evaluation test designed to determine the most effective filter configuration that could improve the perception of engine noise inside a vehicle. Filtered engine noise samples are rated using the Bradley-Terry pairwise comparison method, allowing participants to express their preference between the original sound and three filtered versions of it. Recordings were captured under different operating conditions, including: driving state, gear shift and engine RPM configuration. Three perceptual attributes were chosen along with preference by default: pleasantness, power and naturality. This work aims to contribute to the development of Sound Quality Evaluation strategies that improve in-cabin acoustic comfort.
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| 10:40 |
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Sound attenuation of louvered noise barriers for industrial equipment
by N. Kanev, A. Dolger.
Abstract:
Industrial equipment can be a significant source of noise in urban areas, disrupting people’s daily activities. To reduce noise levels, barriers are often installed around the equipment. However, these barriers can interfere with normal operation, blocking airflow, for example. Therefore, it is important to ensure that the barrier provides both significant sound attenuation and adequate ventilation. Louvered noise barriers are commonly used to protect residential areas and other sensitive spaces. These barriers have louvre blades that allow air to pass through, reducing sound. The paper studies the sound attenuation performance of these barriers, depending on the distance between blades and their acoustic properties. Hard blades are less effective at reducing sound, as sound energy can penetrate through them. Dissipative louvre blades, on the other hand, are more effective at reducing noise. In both cases, it is best to keep the gap between louvre blades as small as possible in order to achieve maximum sound attenuation. To reduce the low-frequency noise, the blade length should be approximately 1 meter.
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A01.07/A08.06 Innovative noise barriers to enhance acoustic comfort (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| M. Pawelczyk |
| J. Kang |
| A. González |
| S. Wrona |
| M. Ferrer |
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Acoustic Properties of a Louvered Noise Barrier with Tire Rubber Granulate Infill
by E. Strazdas, T. Januševičius.
Abstract:
To ensure comfortable working and living conditions, various systems such as heating, ventilation, heat pumps, and generators are employed, all of which require high air permeability for optimal performance. Consequently, conventional noise barriers are often unsuitable in these contexts. This study aims to design a louvered noise barrier with high air permeability by incorporating recycled tire rubber granulate as the sound-absorbing material. This approach supports the principles of the circular economy and sustainability by promoting the reuse of secondary materials. The barrier’s acoustic performance was evaluated in a semi-anechoic noise reduction chamber. The influence of the number of louvers and their inclination angles on sound attenuation was investigated. Experimental measurements were used to determine the sound reduction index (R’), sound insertion loss (IL), and equivalent sound level loss (LAeq). The structure achieved a maximum weighted sound reduction index (R’w) of 4.0 dB. The apparent sound reduction index reached up to 10.2 dB at high frequencies (4000 Hz). The highest recorded sound insertion loss was 12.63 dB at 2500 Hz, while the maximum equivalent sound level loss (LAeq) was 9.4 dB(A).
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A02.01 Bio-acoustics - General (1)
| Monday 23 June 2025 - 12:00 |
| Room: SC1-4 - SABINE |
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| B. Davies |
| D. Waddington |
| H. Whitehead |
| E. Vidaña-Vila |
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| 12:00 |
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Bioacustics of ecosystems: insights from multi-component observing stations in Italy and Mozambique
by P. F. Moretti, G. Masciandaro, S. Doni, E. Peruzzi, M. Scatena, D. Piccinini, M. Polizzi.
Abstract:
Human activities impact the environment, prompting science to help create policies for responsible use of natural resources. Environmental sustainability, biodiversity, and ecology are interconnected and crucial for healthy ecosystems. This means we need to study the ecosystems as a whole, not just as an integration of individual parts. Sound is present in all environments and can help us understand the relationship between biodiversity and environmental conditions. Scientists usually study sounds in the air, focusing on how living organisms behave in different situations. However, the biosphere includes air, soil, and water, each requiring different methods based on available technology. We investigated the potential of an instrumental set-up to simultaneously record sounds in air, soil, and water in two ecosystems: mangroves in Mozambique and a humid forest in Italy. Preliminary results allowed to identify common traits and differences between the different components, and suggest we should move beyond traditional methods that only analyze frequencies or acoustic indicators.
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| 12:20 |
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When The Lab Gets Loud: Testing Noise Effect Of Plants
by V. Zaffaroni-Caorsi, S. Caronni, S. Rocca, E. Asnaghi, A. Comotti, L. Assunta Quaglini, F. Angelini, S. Citterio, G. Zambon.
Abstract:
Noise pollution is increasing in both scope and intensity due to the growth of the human population and urban development, significantly impacting terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Anthropogenic noise is pervasive in nature and has been shown to affect a wide range of animal taxa. Recent studies, however, reveal that noise and vibrations can also influence plants, altering their morphological, physiological, and genetic traits. This suggests that noise pollution may exert effects on ecosystems at more complex levels than previously understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of broadband noise (pink noise) on two plant species (one herbaceous and one tree species) to explore its potential impact on vegetation. Laboratory experiments were conducted under controlled conditions at the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy. Seeds were planted in soil-filled pots and placed within two phytotrons -one designated as the treatment chamber, where pink noise was continuously emitted through a speaker, and the other as the control chamber, with no noise exposure. We assessed whether noise influenced germination rates, growth and survival of plants. Preliminary results show an effect on germination and development of the herbaceous species.
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| 12:40 |
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Enhanced Birdsong Detection Using Multidirectional Beamforming and Automated Source Selection in Low SNR Soundscapes
by R. Ikhwanuddin, E. D'Olne, S. S. Sethi, L. Picinali.
Abstract:
In forest ecosystems, detecting birdcalls is hindered by high environmental noise and multiple sound sources, complicating species identification. Beamforming techniques can enhance signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by focusing on specific directions but face challenges with numerous, unpredictably located sources. This study proposes a novel methodology integrating multidirectional beamforming with automated source selection to address these issues. Our approach sequentially scans multiple directions and employs BirdNET (a machine learning-based platform for bird recognition) confidence scores to identify optimal detection sectors, improving accuracy. Using a Multichannel Acoustic Autonomous Recording Unit (MAARU), experiments were conducted in a controlled virtual sound environment with simulated Eurasian Blue Tit calls under varying SNR conditions (+30dB to -30dB). Results demonstrate a significant enhancement in species detection accuracy compared to single-channel recordings, especially at low signal-to-noise ratio, with beamforming achieving up to 588% improvement in detection counts at -20 dB (p < 0.0001) and consistently higher confidence scores (p < 0.05). The findings highlight the potential of combining multidirectional beamforming with AI-based detection for biodiversity monitoring in challenging acoustic environments. Future work will extend these methods to field deployments to validate their effectiveness in real-world conditions.
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| 13:00 |
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Insights from Deploying Multichannel Acoustic Autonomous Recording Units in Borneo and the UK
by N. Le Penru, B. Heath, R. Ewers, S. S. Sethi, L. Picinali.
Abstract:
Multichannel acoustic monitoring uses recorders with multiple microphones to capture the spatial distribution of sounds, potentially providing an enhanced understanding of ecosystems. However, due to practical barriers such as high power demands, large data needs, and ingress protection challenges, there have been few, long-term deployments of autonomous multichannel recorders (i.e., without manual intervention). Here, we describe new, 2 to 22 week long deployments of the Multichannel Acoustic Autonomous Recording Unit (MAARU) in temperate (UK) and tropical (Borneo) environments. MAARU is a custom six-microphone recorder that uses solar power and 4G data transmission for fully autonomous monitoring. We first outline updates to MAARU’s weatherproofing and field installation, including a redesigned enclosure with improved robustness to insect ingress, and share lessons for future deployments. In particular, we found that the membranes that seal microphone holes in the recorder casing fail under heavy rain if not sheltered and that 3Dprinted polymer parts with a low glass transition temperature may warp due to heat from the electronics. We also discuss MAARU’s capacity to amplify sounds from target directions via beamforming, and consider its application to distinguishing bird communities in neighbouring areas of different land use. In all, we hope these insights advance the successful adoption of this powerful technology.
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A02.01 Bio-acoustics - General (2)
| Thursday 26 June 2025 - 12:00 |
| Room: SM3 - BERANEK |
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| B. Davies |
| D. Waddington |
| H. Whitehead |
| E. Vidaña-Vila |
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| 12:00 |
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A Review On The Potential Interaction Of Vibroacoustic And Electrostatic Plant-Pollinator Communication
by I. Sili, A. R. Mohapatra, A. Simona, C. Nerse, D. Navarro-Payá, F. Barbero, G. Pizzio, J. Echeverria, L. Bianco, L. P. Casacci, M. R. Tucci, T. M. José, S. Oberst.
Abstract:
Pollinators, like bees, use various cues to locate flowers with rewards such as nectar and pollen. While most research focuses on olfactory and optical signals, vibroacoustic and electrostatic cues may be more critical in pollination. Studies on honeybees, bumblebees, and hoverflies indicate that the electrical charges insects accumulate assist in navigating, identifying, and potentially communicating with flowers rich in nectar or pollen. Vibroacoustic signals and cues, such as buzzing, further enhance pollen extraction. However, the interplay between vibroacoustic and electrical signals in bees, including wild bees and eusocial Australian stingless bees, remains poorly understood. Additionally, the impact of insect morphology on their ability to acquire charge through triboelectric interactions with air and plants is unclear. This study examines vibroacoustic and electrostatic communication between plants and pollinators, with a focus on analysing existing literature. We hypothesise that Australian stingless bees have evolved a mechanism like honeybees for obtaining an electrical charge, though likely smaller due to their morphology. The review aims to facilitate the first experimental measurement of electrical charge in stingless bees.
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A02.01 Bio-acoustics - General (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| B. Davies |
| D. Waddington |
| H. Whitehead |
| E. Vidaña-Vila |
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Classification of Biological Sounds Using Spatial Directivity
by J. Prezelj, L. Čurović, J. Murovec, A. Hvastja.
Abstract:
Bioacoustic methods for biodiversity monitoring face limitations, particularly when relying on single-channel recordings, that lack spatial context. To address this, we tested a novel approach that incorporates spatial directivity into biological sound classification using a network of microphone arrays. Each array, comprising of four microphones, estimates the Direction Of sound Arrival (DOA), attributing spatial features to sound events. By combining these spatial features with conventional acoustic features, in combination with unconventional use of Kmeans clustering, we developed a methodology for classifying biological sound events. Our approach employs iterative adjustment of the number of clusters to refine classification, filter out noise (e.g., traffic), and reveal treelike class structures that separate between species and even individuals within same species. Experimental data from a multi-day field recording using synchronized 8-channel microphone systems demonstrates the method’s ability to separate sound events and identify individual organisms. The results highlight the potential of spatially informed acoustic analysis to overcome some limitations of bioacousticaly based diversity assessment.
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A02.05 Effects of multimodal stimuli on wildlife
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 10:40 |
| Room: SC1-4 - SABINE |
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| T. Van Renterghem |
| H. Slabbekoorn |
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| 10:40 |
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'You talking to me!?': The role of visual-acoustic cues in anemonefish social behaviour
by L. Yllan, T. Rueger.
Abstract:
Acoustic communication is integral to the social dynamics of many animal species, yet fish remain underrepresented in bioacoustics research despite their ecological diversity and environmental importance. This study investigates the vocalisations and associated behaviours of anemonefish, focusing on the orange clownfish (Amphiprion percula). Through in situ audiovideo recordings of wild populations in Papua New Guinea, we documented a diverse repertoire of sounds and their behavioural contexts, highlighting their critical role in social hierarchy maintenance, group cohesion, and territorial interactions. To understand how anemonefish integrate sensory information, we conducted a visualacoustic cue manipulation experiment, showing the reliance on multisensory cues for social behaviours. Our findings reveal the diversity and functional significance of fish vocalisations while highlighting potential vulnerabilities to underwater noise pollution. By combining behavioural ecology and experimental manipulation this work provides new perspectives on sensory ecology in marine systems and emphasizes the need for conservation strategies in increasingly noisy underwater environments.
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| 11:00 |
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Towards Large-Scale Environmental Noise Mapping in Europe's Natural Areas
by S. Rangaswamy Chandrashekar, T. Van Renterghem, D. Botteldooren.
Abstract:
Sound propagation outdoors involves complex physics, posing significant challenges for accurate computational modelling and environmental noise mapping in natural areas. This study uses the advanced Harmonoise point-to-point sound propagation model, which incorporates key features for natural environments, such as acoustically soft surfaces, terrain variations, meteorological effects, and their interactions. Considering the model requirements, the study leverages remotely sensed data featuring high spatial and temporal resolution. Relevant datasets such as elevation, land use and meteorological parameters are integrated into the modelling framework, allowing to produce detailed exposure level maps. Standard noise emission spectra for anthropogenic traffic sources such as roads, railways and aircrafts, together with wind turbine and mining activities, are of interest. By utilizing open input data only, the study ensures applicability over various countries to arrive at the challenging task of producing anthropogenic noise exposure maps in all of Europe’s natural areas. In this paper, focus is on road traffic noise, where traffic parameters are based on road categorization, and an update of the progress is reported. .
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| 11:20 |
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Low-Frequency Continuous Noise Within The Posidonia Oceanica Key Coastal Ecosystem: Preliminary Results From The North-Western Mediterranean
by M. Mulas, S. Ferri, L. Pini, F. Rossi, E. Maggi, F. Caruso.
Abstract:
Coastal marine ecosystems are increasingly exposed to sensory pollutants such as anthropogenic noise and artificial light at night. Within the AquaPLAN project framework, in summer 2024 we characterized the noise pollution levels within shallow Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows. Sampling occurred at an urbanized light-polluted site (port) as well as at three naturally dark sites at different level of protection within marine protected areas (MPAs), along the Tuscan coastline (Italy). Acoustic data were recorded up to 192 kHz sampling frequency applying a 16% duty cycle (5 mins recording every 30 mins) by passive acoustic monitoring. Here, we present some preliminary results of a subset of data (96 files) from recordings of 3 days, considering 2 recordings each per 4 parts of the day (nighttime; dawn; daytime; dusk), per day (N=3), per site (N=4). These were processed focusing on the lowfrequency continuous noise. Noise was louder and more frequent within the meadow situated close to the port of Capraia, while meadows within MPAs exhibited variable noise pollution levels. These findings provide critical baselines for long-term initiatives assessing noise pollution exposure along with quantitatively measured light pollution levels and then developing mitigation strategies for key-habitats.
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| 11:40 |
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Anthropogenic Noise And Artificial Light At Night: Additive And Interactive Effects On Activity Level And Spatial Behaviour
by H. Slabbekoorn, C. May, L. Dörner, D. Crowley, K. Te Velde, C. Tudorache.
Abstract:
Visual and auditory sensory capacities play an important role in the animal kingdom in communication and orientation. For most animals, sound and light are most prominent in relatively long-range signaling and in gathering information about their local and more distant environments. Natural conditions for each modality have therefore continuous impact on general activity level and on spatial decisions to get closer, go further away, or stay put. Insight into these fundamental processes is critical to understand the potential effects of pollution from anthropogenic noise throughout the day and artificial light at night. The impact of sound and light on animal responsiveness roughly follows the same principles and the effects may add up or show interactive effects. We will address fundamental and applied insights into the potential effects of noise and light pollution, by themselves and in concert, and we present an early case study on Lake Victoria cichlids with experimental exposure to elevated intensity levels of both sound and light. We conclude with addressing the specific conditions of migratory fish, and we argue that it is critical to study them for potentially negative consequences of short- and long-term effects of anthropogenic noise and artificial light at night.
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| 12:00 |
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Sound communication interference weighting for terrestrial animals
by D. Botteldooren, T. Van Renterghem, M. Wood, D. Waddington, B. Davies, C. Palhares Teixeira, R. Klenke.
Abstract:
In epidemiological research on the effects of noise on terrestrial animals (primarily birds and mammals), A-weighted sound levels are often used for convenience. However, A-weighting is based on human loudness perception and is not well-suited for this purpose. The plan-B project explored alternatives, as assessing perceived loudness across multiple species is impractical. Two alternatives used in humans are hearing level weighting and communication interference weighting. These could also be applied for terrestrial animals. The former is a conservative approach covering all sound uses, while the latter can be easily extracted from the vast database of recorded animal communications. Different weightings were applied to two-week recordings at 50 suburban and urban locations, where traffic is the dominant noise source. The Spearman correlation between 15-minute equivalent levels with different weightings was very high. Thus, for a Europe-wide assessment, the specific weighting applied may not be critical. However, for specific locations, sources, or particular (endangered) species, the chosen weighting may affect conclusions.
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A03.01 Building acoustics - General (1)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 11:00 |
| Room: SC1-1 - EULER |
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| A. Romero |
| C. Scrosati |
| T. Carrascal |
| C. Monteiro |
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| 11:00 |
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Towards a simplified periodic testing of tapping machines
by V. Wittstock, S. Stange-Koelling, K. Picker, H. Bietz.
Abstract:
ISO-tapping machines are used as a standardised excitation when measuring impact noise. It is required that 5 hammers with a mass of 500 g each impact the floor at a velocity of 886 mm/s at time intervals of 0.1 s. There are several other requirements like the distance between the hammers, the hammer diameter and the radius of the impact surface of the hammer. These requirements are today defined in different international standards but there is an activity ongoing to develop a new standard ISO/PWI 21791 “Acoustics – Sound sources for building acoustics” which shall also cover the testing of tapping machines.The current standards prescribe that some of the parameters have to be measured only once like the distance between the hammers whereas other parameters shall be checked regularly like the velocity at impact and time between impacts. The contribution introduces an alternative periodic test of ISO tapping machines which is based on a simultaneous measurement of the acting force at each of the five hammer positions. Results of test measurements are presented and conclusions with respect to the applicability of such a method are derived.
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| 11:20 |
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Testing the heavy soft impact source at PTB: setup, calibration and uncertainty
by K. Picker, V. Wittstock, M. Kobusch.
Abstract:
The heavy soft impact source is a rubber ball with a mass of 2.5 kg which is used as a standard device to excite floor constructions. This device is dropped from a height of 1 m in the source room, and the maximum sound pressure level is measured inside the receiving room either in one-third octave bands from 50 Hz to 630 Hz or in octave bands between 63 Hz and 500 Hz. The A-weighted sum of these values together with some corrections for reverberation time and room volume is finally used to assess the acoustic insulation against impact noise.From a metrological point of view, the rubber ball is an absolute standard. Its properties are defined mainly by the force exerted on a hard receiver in octave bands between 31.5 Hz and 500 Hz. At PTB, a new facility for testing rubber balls was set up to measure this force. In the contribution, the setup is described, the calibration of the force sensor by a calibrated impact hammer is explained and a first estimate of the measurement uncertainty is derived.
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| 11:40 |
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Impact noise from one storey to the next storey – from slab on the ground and slab between floors
by B. M. Larsen.
Abstract:
There are few studies or little information in the literature about impact noise from one storey to the next storey above. The issue is important when designing shopping centres or other facilities below apartments, when deciding the flooring to be used above the concrete slab. Measurement from apartment building in Kristiansand in Norway shows L’n,w 26 dB to the floor above (from one storey to the next storey above) when a 150 mm thick slab is used on the ground with gap to walls and columns. When slab on ground is in contact with concrete wall (no gap), L’n,w of 51-54 dB is measured to the floor above from a 90 mm slab on ground. Between floors with a main construction of 250-260 mm concrete, L’n,w of 61-65 dB is measured to the floor above. The measured impact level is higher from slab between floors than from ground, and no contact between wall and slab reduces the impact level significantly.
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| 12:00 |
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On the influence of sampling size in the assessment of uncertainty and repeatability of field measurements of impact sound insulation in various floor scenarios
by R. San Millán-Castillo, J. Trujillo, A. Romero-Fernández.
Abstract:
One of the most widely used standards for field measurements of impact sound insulation is ISO 16283-2: 2020. The assessment of the standard deviation of repeatability must comply with ISO 12999-1, as repeatability is a crucial factor in ensuring reliable test performance. However, in some cases, the frequency band results do not comply with the maximum standard deviation limits for repeatability. These deviations raise concerns about the adequacy of the current repeatability limits and the testing procedures outlined in the ISO standard. This study compares the maximum standard deviation of repeatability between impact sound insulation tests conducted with four and six sound source positions, as well as the limits specified in ISO 12999-1, regarding the one-third octave bands of interest in various typical floor scenarios in Spain. Furthermore, these tests study the effect of increasing the number of tapping machine positions on global uncertainty.
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A03.01 Building acoustics - General (2)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SC1-1 - EULER |
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| A. Romero |
| C. Scrosati |
| T. Carrascal |
| C. Monteiro |
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| 14:20 |
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Acoustic properties of biomass bottom ash in different types of recycled concrete
by J. Rosales, M. Rosales, M. Cabrera, A. J. Cubero-Atienza, F. Agrela, M. D. Redel-Macías.
Abstract:
In Andalusia, the second-largest autonomous community in Spain, energy production through biomass combustion is emerging as one of the most promising alternatives to fossil fuels.This biomass can be incorporated into construction materials. Analyzing the acoustic properties of these new, more sustainable materials is essential. It could contribute to the search for quieter spaces, as noise reduction is key to enhancing comfort in buildings. A wide range of thermal insulating materials, such as rock wool boards, cellulose boards, and wood fibers, are commonly used for acoustic insulation in walls, floors, doors, ceilings, ducts, enclosures, and building installations. Currently, conventional insulating materials dominate the market, while innovative natural and recycled insulating materials are either minimally marketed or not yet commercially available. However, materials like rock wool and glass wool, derived from natural processes, are highly energy-intensive to produce. Additionally, porous materials made from synthetic petrochemicals are widely used as acoustic insulation but pose potential risks to human health and the environment. As a result, there is an increasing demand for environmentally friendly insulation materials to meet noise reduction needs. This study focuses on analyzing the potential of innovative construction materials to enhance sound quality and acoustic insulation.
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| 14:40 |
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Acoustic performance of raw earth construction systems: State of the art and preliminary results
by C. Guigou Carter, P. Glé, T. Blinet, M. Ziapkoff, M. Romagné, L. Le Guen, S. Tochon-Danguy, A. Clément, A. Marcom.
Abstract:
The main objective of the CarAc’Terre project is to remove regulatory and normative obstacles to raw earth construction techniques relative to acoustics. A multi-scale methodology for characterizing the acoustic performance of raw earth construction systems is proposed using both a performance-based and a perceptual approach. A state-of-the-art review on earth-based walls and floors has been conducted as a means of proposing a large experimental design in response to the identified gaps. Measurements are planned at the material, wall as well as building scale, such that contributions from materials formulation, walls composition, system type, and the construction implementation can be investigated. This paper describes the general outline of the CarAc’Terre project and discusses the preliminary sound insulation results obtained on different types of walls. Measurements to determine material characteristics are described; these material characteristics are subsequently used as input data to numerical models. Comparison between predicted and measured acoustic performance, in terms of sound insulation, is also examined.
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| 15:00 |
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Acoustic performance of the junction between façades with ETICS and the joinery
by L. De Geetere.
Abstract:
Due to the use of lightweight and often rigid insulation materials in External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS), the risk of sound leaks at the junction with the external joinery is real. However, detailed knowledge of the acoustic performance of common connection methods is lacking. Therefore, an acoustic measurement campaign was set up in the acoustic laboratory of Buildwise in Belgium to measure the acoustic insulation performance of the junction Rs,Atr (= Rs,w + Ctr) (defined in ISO 10140-1, Annex J) for a large number of common connection methods. From this dataset, interesting trends are observed and guidelines for the applicability of the different connection methods with respect to the required façade sound insulation are deduced.
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| 15:20 |
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Uniformity of sound fields in large room volumes for the measurement of façade sound insulation
by C. Scrosati, F. Bianco, C. Hopkins, A. Nora, L. Barbaresi.
Abstract:
In some countries, it is necessary to measure sound insulation with large receiving rooms that are currently outside the scope of ISO 16283-3. Façade sound insulation needs to be measured in schools, universities and offices, which often have room volumes greater than 250 m3 . In this paper, grid measurements of the sound pressure level are made in a receiving room of about 470 m3 with a nonuniform absorption distribution. This allows an assessment of the spatial variation of sound pressure level when measuring the façade sound insulation, where the façade includes windows with relatively low sound insulation. The results show high sound pressure levels near the windows. This results in standard deviations for the spatial variation in the mid and high-frequency range that are higher than would be expected due to the direct field from these windows.
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| 15:40 |
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Proposal for a methodology and calculation to apply in the sound insulation measurement of corner façades using ISO 16283-3 standard
by J. Trujillo, A. Romero-Fernández.
Abstract:
The measurement methodology described in ISO 16283-3:2015 for façade sound insulation allows using a loudspeaker as a substitute for real noise sources (road, railway, or aircraft traffic). Using this source, the sound insulation tests of multi-wall façades are conducted wall by wall. The method requires positioning the loudspeaker at an angle of sound incidence of 45°, which, for ground-floor façades necessitates placing the sound source off-center, toward one of the two lateral edges of the wall under test. This situation becomes particularly critical for corner façades with two walls, where the side to which the sound source is shifted may lead to significantly different results due to potential indirect noise transmission into the interior space via the opposite wall. Furthermore, the mathematical approach used to calculate the final sound insulation value does not accurately reflect a real situation. This study proposes a more appropriate positioning and calculation method to achieve repeatable and representative results under realistic conditions, demonstrated through an example in a real scenario.
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| 16:20 |
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Advanced monitoring for heritage conservation: Technological innovation in preventive maintenance of historic buildings
by A. Izquierdo, J. J. Villacorta, L. Del Val, J. Retortillo, A. Lorenzana.
Abstract:
Preventive maintenance of historical buildings through continuous structural monitoring is essential for the preservation of cultural heritage. It enables efficient management of the physical interaction between tourism and architecture and supports early detection of structural anomalies, facilitating data-driven decision-making. The University of Valladolid has established a multidisciplinary research team composed of architects, mechanical engineers, and telecommunication engineers. This team has developed an innovative, reconfigurable, scalable, and low-cost technological platform based on MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) sensors. These sensors allow real-time and synchronous monitoring of vibrations, mechanical stresses, inclinations, temperature, humidity, and crack evolution in structural elements. The system integrates local and cloud-based data processing and storage using open-source technologies. Advanced signal processing, statistical analysis, and artificial intelligence techniques—including modal analysis and machine learning algorithms—enable the early identification of potential structural issues, reducing the need for costly corrective interventions and ensuring the longevity of historic structures. A case study of the 45-meter-high tower of the Monastery of San Jerónimo in Granada is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed monitoring solution in a realworld heritage setting.
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| 16:40 |
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Double-leaf system sound insulation improvement through embedding resonant elements in the steel studs
by J. Idczak, K. Chojnacka.
Abstract:
Lightweight partitions, consisting of two parallel plates connected by steel studs, are commonly used in buildings. While these structures offer clear advantages over heavyweight alternatives, as extensively documented in the literature, they also have drawbacks, notably the reduced sound transmission loss in high frequency range due to the steel studs acting as sound bridges between the two layers. Various solutions have been proposed in the literature to reduce sound transmission through the studs, such as optimizing their shape. This study introduces an innovative approach to achieve high sound insulation in multilayer structures by incorporating resonant elements into the steel junctions. Thorough numerical analysis was performed in COMSOL Multiphysics software. The results highlight the differences in vibroacoustic parameters, especially focus on transmission loss, between structures with standard junctions and those with resonant elements, underscoring the significant potential of new, proposed in this work structures.
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| 17:00 |
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Acoustic design of two film sound stages near a train line
by J. Sanz Soriano, M. Dunn.
Abstract:
The Auckland Film Studios (New Zealand) site has recently expanded its facilities with the construction of the Te Pūtahi building. This includes two large sound stages (2,000m2 each) which provide a word class facility for film production. The project location, situated in an industrial area and near a train line, required careful acoustic consideration of the constructions to ensure a low background noise. While precast concrete walls typically used in soundstages would provide the required sound insulation performance to control airborne noise ingress, reradiated noise from the vibration generated by train pass bys was identified to exceed the design specification with this construction. A simple and robust alternative design, with a double layer construction, was developed to reduce reradiated noise, but still provide adequate airborne sound insulation and reduce the risk of construction errors. Furthermore, an auralisation demonstration of train pass bys was also prepared during the design process to assist the design team and client to understand the effects of building materials in the audibility of trains in the studios. This paper outlines the design process and technical solutions developed to achieve the required design specification.
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| 17:20 |
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Shaker-excited LDV measurements of ETFE membranes and cushions: acoustic response to raindrop impacts
by M. Lavasani, V. Chmelík, M. Rychtáriková, C. Glorieux.
Abstract:
The elastic properties of ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) membranes are of importance for the features of their distinct drum-like acoustic response when subjected to rainfall, which in turn can affect acoustic comfort, speech intelligibility, and cognitive task performance. This study presents a comparison between the elastic characterization of single-layer ETFE membranes and multi-layer ETFE cushions, using shaker-excited, scanning laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV)-detected guided wave measurements. The dispersion relation of bending waves running along ETFE membranes was determined, enabling the extraction of the applied tension and the Young’s modulus of the membrane. These parameters were employed to theorize the spectral characteristics of rain noise caused by droplet impacts on single-layer membranes and multi-layer cushions. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the acoustic behavior of ETFE systems during rainfall and their implications for architectural design.
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| 17:40 |
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The effectiveness of Plenums in Room Acoustic Conditioning
by A. E. Espinel Valdivieso, A. Arenaz Gombau, J. I. Riesco García, A. Mena Moreno, J. Gonzalez Nieto, P. Camblor Iglesias.
Abstract:
The same absorbent material behaves differently depending on whether it is installed directly on a surface or if there is a plenum - an air chamber - between the supporting surface and the material. This fact is particularly relevant in cases where these materials are used with or without a plenum in the acoustic conditioning of rooms, as the acoustic quality of a room can vary considerably depending on this factor. AUDIOTEC has developed a study in which, in a first phase, was characterized in a reverberation chamber the variation of the sound absorption coefficient of different materials as a function of the plenum used in the tests. Based on this information, simulations were carried out using ODEON Room Acoustic Software to calculate various room acoustic quality parameters (reverberation time, definition, clarity, STI) as a function of the plenum used. This study concludes that in the project phase of room acoustic conditioning, the correct definition of the plenum to be used is fundamental, as depending on it, the acoustic quality of these rooms can be significantly improved.
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| 18:00 |
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Investigating Positional Effects of the Perimeter Frame in Sound Absorption Measurements
by G. V. Holøyen.
Abstract:
When measuring the sound absorption coefficient according to ISO 354:2003, the standard commonly requires the use of a reflective frame around the perimeter of the test specimen, to keep the edges from absorbing sound. Logically, this is most important at high and medium frequencies, but previous studies have shown a significant impact also at lower frequencies. At this end of the spectrum, the frame seems to have a positive effect on the measurement results – an effect that persists even when the test specimen is only partially covered by a frame. To get closer to the cause of this phenomenon, reverberation room measurements have been carried out on a partially framed test specimen. Several different configurations of a partial frame have been tested, with a view to observe whether the position of the partial frame relative to the test specimen is of any importance to the measurement results. The results from these measurements are presented and discussed in this paper.
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| 18:20 |
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Practical Validation Of The Local Plane Wave Method Using A Spherical Microphone Array
by D. Borja-Fernández, E. García-Calderón, Y. Wijnant, R. San Millán-Castillo.
Abstract:
The Local Plane Wave (LPW) model enables the in-situ results to be obtained as if the tests were conducted under ideal laboratory conditions, using an eight-microphone spherical array. The LPW method estimates the incident and reflected sound waves without assumptions about the global sound field, in most environments. This work compares the results of standardised ISO tests and the LPW tests in some practical cases for airborne sound insulation, sound power, and acoustic absorption. The first step for validation consists of performing laboratory measurements for all the target applications, in reverberant or anechoic rooms, according to the corresponding ISO standards. Subsequently, the same samples are tested with the LPW method in regular rooms. The outcomes of the LPW method show a reasonable agreement with ISO procedures while simplifying the testing requirements.
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A03.01 Building acoustics - General (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| A. Romero |
| C. Scrosati |
| T. Carrascal |
| C. Monteiro |
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Sound insulation properties of walls equipped with energy storage devices
by G. Baldinelli, S. Beozzo, M. Ricci, F. Scrucca, P. Sdringola, G. Murtaza.
Abstract:
The integration of electrical energy storage in buildings is a transformative solution for enhancing the efficiency and reliability of the power grid. By installing battery systems, households can store excess energy generated from renewable sources, such as solar panels, during periods of low demand. This stored energy can then be utilized during peak hours, reducing the strain on the grid and mitigating the risk of outages. Energy storage also promotes better utilization of renewable resources by addressing their intermittent nature, ensuring a more stable supply of green energy. A wall equipped with energy storage systems is proposed, to be installed in the external envelope; beyond structural and thermal properties analyses, not described in this research, the acoustic properties of the solution are evaluated, in comparison with an equivalent traditional light-weight wall. In more detail, the airborne sound insulation of these walls has been measured in coupled reverberating rooms, showing a certain improvement respect to light-weight walls, especially at low frequencies. A large space for improvement emerges also as one of the main results.
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A03.02 Acoustic regulations, classification schemes and standards in building acoustics (1)
| Monday 23 June 2025 - 12:00 |
| Room: SC1-1 - EULER |
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| B. Rasmussen |
| T. Carrascal |
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| 12:00 |
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The legislative leap forward towards regulating the acoustics in buildings in Croatia
by M. Horvat, Z. Veršić, K. Jambrošić.
Abstract:
For a long time, acoustics in buildings in Croatia has been poorly regulated in terms of appropriate legislative documents. The future of this field has been brightened by the recent development and completion of a comprehensive technical regulation on the subject matter. This document addresses the aspects of acoustics in buildings that concern room acoustics, building acoustics, and noise, providing a set of requirements for the architects and other involved experts to adhere to, thus facilitating better building design in terms of acoustics in buildings. The aim of this paper is to present the key provisions of this document that will help achieve this goal. Details will be given on the stipulated requirements on sound insulation and permitted noise levels in buildings that are considered acoustically sensitive, such as residential buildings, office buildings, buildings used for accommodation, buildings used for activities on all levels of education, and healthcare buildings. The requirements on the design for optimal room acoustics will be given for rooms used for music, speech, education, and sports, as well as requirements on room acoustics in noise-sensitive spaces focused on reducing excessive reverberance and excessive noise that stems from it.
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| 12:20 |
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Revising a national standard on residential acoustic design: science, embedded practices, hearts and minds
by B. Fenech, J. Harvie-Clark.
Abstract:
In 2024, Harvie-Clark and Fenech published a set of proposals for updating a British Standard widely used for its residential acoustic design guidance. The proposals suggested a shift from the current approach targeting fixed averaged internal sound levels, irrespective of the sound source. The proposals put stronger emphasis on external sound levels, by assigning facades into sound exposure categories (SEC), informed by the synthesis of epidemiological evidence gathered over the past two decades. The building envelope is then designed with equivalent levels of sound insulation corresponding to equivalent adverse effects from noise, and a holistic consideration of indoor environmental quality. The proposals were accompanied by an extensive programme of dissemination events in the UK. This paper gives an overview of the feedback gathered from these events - with a particular focus on the aspects that were least and most contentious. Some of the areas covered include: differences between the WHO 1999 vs 2018 Guidelines, the relevance of external sound levels to population health, the additional value and underpinning evidence associated with criteria for noise events, specifying a facade acoustic performance vs internal levels, and setting criteria for noise sources other than transport.
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| 12:40 |
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Acoustic Comfort In Buildings, Saint-Gobain Barometer 2024. Tools For Designing Acoustic Comfort In Buildings
by P. González De La Peña, P. Belenguer Rubio.
Abstract:
Does the current Technical Building Code (DB HR) provide the acoustic comfort required by users? In 2024, the 2nd Saint-Gobain Housing Barometer was carried out to answer the many questions that arise about the situation of main residences in Spain and the immediate future expectations of those who live in them. More than 1,000 people between the ages of 18 and 70 were interviewed in five major urban centers and smaller towns, with the help of CAWI methodology, which guarantees a 95.5% confidence interval. Among the concerns of the users, acoustic insulation concerns half of the respondents and it’s linked with the sustainability of the building. In this paper, we will discuss the survey carried out, the current requirements of the DB HR and its future planned modification, and the Acoustic Classification of Buildings standard, as well as the Saint-Gobain Acustic software, which helps to select construction solutions that meet user requirements, both for renovation and new construction.
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| 13:00 |
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Suggestions For The Potential Revision Of The Basic Document On Protection Against Noise Of Spanish Building Code
by A. Romero-Fernández, B. Casla-Herguedas, T. Carrascal.
Abstract:
In Spain, the Basic Document DB HR Protection Against Noise, part of the Building Code (CTE), regulates the acoustic conditions in buildings. This regulation, in force since 2009, has accumulated 16 years of implementation and experience, during which maintenance tasks and continuous studies have been conducted to explore potential improvements. As a result, steps are being taken towards a possible new version of the document, which may address the deficiencies identified over the years and expand its content to include aspects previously not considered. This paper presents some of the proposals currently under study. For instance, updates to the requirements are being considered, including a slight increase in the performance levels for airborne and impact sound insulation, as well as a review of the sound insulation descriptors currently in use. Additionally, new content is being evaluated, such as criteria for applying the DB HR to existing buildings, construction solutions for wooden buildings, noise from building services, and mandatory field acoustic measurements to verify compliance with the requirements.
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A03.02 Acoustic regulations, classification schemes and standards in building acoustics (2)
| Monday 23 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SC1-1 - EULER |
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| B. Rasmussen |
| T. Carrascal |
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| 14:20 |
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Technical Specification For Standardized Graphical Presentation Of Acoustic Requirements In Sweden
by B. Gärdhagen, N. Jakobsson.
Abstract:
Ten Swedish acoustic consultant companies sent their experts to standardize the graphical presentation of acoustical requirements for buildings, now published as SIS/TS 25261. The need for a standardized method became quite urgent when the latest Swedish sound classification scheme for healthcare, educational and business premises were published in 2023, which introduced a new approach to defining sound requirements. In the new SS 25268:2023 the requirements are based on the needs of noise control and speech intelligibility that come from the intended usage of the rooms, instead of the designation of the room. To furthermore express requirements based on the need for noise control, the values of sound reduction are presented in a matrix with level differences, DnT,w, not reduction indexes, R’w. SIS/TS 25261 specifies a working order from acoustical needs analysis, via measurable quantities, to acoustical specifications for building elements. It presents colours, line types and symbols to use, and layout for tables. This unified approach will simplify for architects, property developers, contractors and consultants, and eliminates the need for each acoustic consultant to use their own individual method, leading to misunderstandings and ad hoc solutions.
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| 14:40 |
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A Look into the Low Frequency Deficiencies of ISO 717-2
by G. V. Holøyen.
Abstract:
As the world of building acoustics is moving towards a stronger emphasis on low frequency sounds, certain standards are lagging behind. In particular, the lack of low frequency spectra for the calculation of the weighted improvement of impact sound insulation, ∆Lw, in ISO 717-2 might soon prove to be a significant issue as countries are moving in the direction of including the low frequency spectrum adaption term Ci,50-2500 in their building legislation. However, it is no straightforward task to find a functional solution to this problem, and a simple extension of the spectra given in the standard today, may not alone be enough. In the work leading to this paper, potential solutions for the heavyweight reference floor have been investigated and assessed. The results are presented and discussed below.
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| 15:00 |
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The construction of a standardized acoustic testing room fosters innovative solutions meeting future market technical demands
by A. Martinez De Marcos.
Abstract:
The construction of a standardized acoustic testing room is a key development in fostering innovative solutions that meet the current technical demands of the market. This presentation details the design and construction process of a specialized facility that provides controlled conditions for the precise evaluation of acoustic technologies. The room enables the research and enhancement of materials and technologies that improve acoustic comfort and soundproofing, contributing to the advancement of acoustic engineering in key sectors such as construction. Additionally, the presentation highlights how this infrastructure serves as a crucial tool for complying with technical standards and addressing the growing market demands. It also emphasizes the important role manufacturers play in promoting initiatives from technical committees, working closely with governments to ensure that acoustic solutions improve the quality of life for the population. Through this approach, the collaboration between industry and authorities is key to creating healthier and more comfortable living conditions, contributing to the continuous improvement of urban and residential environments.
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| 15:20 |
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Spatial Variation Of The Sound Pressure Levels Due To HVAC Systems And The Assessment Of Noise
by T. Carrascal, A. Romero-Fernández, B. Casla-Herguedas.
Abstract:
Regulations in many countries establish limits on noise produced by building services and equipment and refer to international standards such as ISO 16032 and ISO 10052 or to national procedures for the verification of such requirements. This study analyses the distribution of sound produced by HVAC equipment in an office building. For that purpose, systematic measurements were conducted at multiple locations within a room to determine spatial variations in sound pressure levels produced by internal units. Factors influencing noise assessments such as room geometry, spatial sampling, HVAC equipment settings and the presence of background noise are also examined. The ultimate aim of this work is to study how variations of sound pressure levels affect the assessment of LAeq and to propose practical recommendations to assess noise from building services to fulfil regulatory requirements.
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| 15:40 |
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A Survey and Evaluation Method for Speech Intelligibility of Firefighting Radios Considering the Environment of the Fire Site
by J. Jeong, I. Yeom.
Abstract:
In a firefighting site, the firefighter’s radio plays a very important role in not only responding to the situation quickly but also in maintaining the life of the firefighter. In order for firefighters to communicate smoothly using the radio, they must be able to clearly deliver their voices and deliver them to the firefighters. However, there are various noise sources at the firefighting site, as well as the influence of the main firefighting water, making it difficult to communicate using the radio. In this study, we conducted a survey on the level of speech transmission of radios used at firefighting sites and on-site noise. Firefighters mainly used radios and handy microphones, and responded that it was difficult to hear speech due to various noises at firefighting sites and howling phenomena of several radios in the same place. The main sources of noise at the site were the sirens of fire trucks and equipment noise such as pump cars. The siren sound transmitted into the interior of fire trucks was investigated to be very high at about 83 to 93 dB. In addition, it was investigated that the radio speech sound was affected by the main water supply for firefighting. .
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A03.02 Acoustic regulations, classification schemes and standards in building acoustics (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| B. Rasmussen |
| T. Carrascal |
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Facade Sound Insulation Of Buildings vs Noise Map In Pamplona, Spain
by M. Arana.
Abstract:
The Spanish Technical Building Code requires minimum insulation of facades according to the acoustic zone in which the building is located. Thus, the airborne sound insulation, D2m,nT,Atr between a protected enclosure (living room/bedroom) and the exterior varies from 30 to 47 dBA. The daytime noise index value, Ld, can be obtained by consulting the strategic noise maps. The urban agglomeration of the Pamplona Region (Spain) has carried out the strategic noise maps in its four phases (2007-2012- 2017 and 2022) as well as their associated action plans against noise. NASUVINSA is the public housing and urban planning company of the Government of Navarre in charge of the management of social housing in the region of Navarre. Over the last decade, numerous protected housing developments have been delivered in the agglomeration of the Pamplona region. Although not exhaustively, it has been possible to access to results of the acoustic insulation of facades since 2011. The overall results of the insulation obtained are presented in this work, as well as the correlation between such insulation and the daytime levels, Ld, obtained from the noise map in force at the date of the building project.
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A03.03 Prediction of sound and vibration transmission in buildings
| Monday 23 June 2025 - 16:20 |
| Room: SC1-1 - EULER |
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| C. Hopkins |
| E. P. B. Reynders |
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| 16:20 |
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Finite Element Analysis of Airborne Sound Transmission in Stud-Coupled Lightweight Wall Systems
by P. Ayyobi, D. Gomes Andrade, L. Simões Da Silva, L. Godinho.
Abstract:
Lightweight wall systems, widely used in aerospace and construction, offer advantages such as weight efficiency, rapid construction, and ease of replacement. However, the presence of flexible or rigid studs within these systems complicates their acoustic performance, particularly in terms of airborne sound insulation. This study employs an efficient finite element approach to accurately predict the sound transmission loss of stud-coupled double-leaf lightweight walls. This approach offers a cost-effective and time-efficient alternative to experimental and analytical methods while maintaining acceptable precision. A parametric study was conducted to investigate the sensitivity of sound insulation to various parameters, including panel thickness and stud stiffness. The results provide insights into the influence of effective parameters on the acoustic performance of lightweight coupled wall systems, facilitating the design of more acoustically effective solutions for noise-sensitive environments.
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| 16:40 |
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Possibility of modelling the receiving room in FEM calculations
by A. Lahdensivu, L. Talus, J. Lietzén, M. Kylliäinen.
Abstract:
Timber partition floors have problems with their impact sound insulation (ISI) at low frequencies under 100 Hz. The Finnish Government has sought to increase construction from timber in recent years, which causes ISI to play an important role in the structural design process of timber floors. Literature indicates the receiving room plays a significant role in the verifiable impact sound insulation of a timber joist floor. There are very few analytical calculation methods for ISI of timber floors, and their solutions are only valid for specific cases. The most common assumptions in analytical equations are about the diffusivity of the sound field and completely rigid room boundaries. This study revisits the theory of a modal sound field in a receiving room and coupling between a simply supported floor and the sound field of a receiving room. The possibility of modelling the receiving room in FEM calculations of ISI is discussed.
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| 17:00 |
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Accurate and efficient prediction of sound insulation in multilayer structures: a robust method validated with glazing examples
by J. Vastiau, B. Van De Velde, E. P. B. Reynders.
Abstract:
Engineering offices and manufacturers of acoustic building systems or materials often rely on measurement data to determine the adequacy of solutions for specific situations. This typically involves numerous costly and time-consuming laboratory measurements, making it difficult to efficiently explore and optimize various design configurations. In this paper, a prediction method is presented to predict the sound insulation of multilayered structures with cavities. The prediction method accounts for arbitrary layering, finite dimensions, boundary conditions and resulting modal behavior, as well as frequency- and temperature-dependent material properties. Nevertheless, the method is computationally fast as it does not depend on spatial numerical discretization, but rather makes use of a spectral formulation involving an exact solution through the thickness of each elastic material layer, combined with a modal model of the sound field in each cavity. Extensive validation has been conducted using numerous examples with a specific focus on laminated insulating glass units. When default material values are employed, an accuracy of 3 dB in single number ratings is generally achieved A better accuracy is achieved when the uncertainty on the material properties is reduced e.g. by means of small sample testing.
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| 17:20 |
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Bayesian analysis of the Rw based on a parametrized physical model according to EN ISO 12354-1
by M. Parzinger, U. Schanda.
Abstract:
The EN ISO 12354-1 standard provides a physical model for the sound reduction index R. The results of this model can be used to calculate the weighted sound reduction index for different scenarios, which itself plays an important role in the design of a building element. This raises the question of how well this physical model actually reflects reality. In this work, the physical model is first optimized based on Bayesian inference. The optimized model can then in turn be used to simulate the sound reduction index taking into account uncertainties. These simulations then can provide an analysis of the construction in order to decide whether the minimum requirements on sound insulation will be met with a certain probability. For example, it is checked how thick a calcium silicate brick wall must be so that the weighted sound reduction index is at least 53 dB with a probability of 95 %. This is relevant as, in the best-case scenario, building elements can be optimized concerning the economization of material, which enables a cost-effective and sustainable construction.
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| 17:40 |
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Wave-Based Analysis Of Flanking Sound Transmission Across Junctions With Metamaterial Treatment Using Effective Medium Theory
by S. Becuwe, S. Moons, D. Giannini, E. P. B. Reynders.
Abstract:
Reducing flanking sound transmission in buildings is challenging, with current options limited to mass increase and structural decoupling. This study explores an alternative approach using resonant metamaterial treatments, where small resonators are added on a subwavelength scale to the building elements connected via the junction. These offer a promising lightweight approach to achieve vibroacoustic attenuation, by creating wave propagation bandgaps that inhibit free-traveling waves within targeted frequency ranges. Wave propagation through the junctions is modeled using an analytical wave approach, in which thin isotropic semi-infinite plates are considered, and equilibrium and compatibility equations are imposed along the junction line. The metamaterial treatment is introduced in a computationally efficient way through effective medium theory, which locally employs homogenized material properties in the connected plates to capture the essential effects of subwavelength resonators. Results show that the structural transmission loss exhibits a significant increase close to the frequency of local resonance. To explore the achievable performance of the proposed treatments, various scenarios are analyzed, by varying the extent of the metamaterial treatment, from a narrow strip close to the junction to the full receiver plate, as well as the local resonator mass and multiple local resonances to address broader band effectiveness.
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| 18:00 |
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Acoustic performance of prefabricated reinforced concrete walls for modular constructions
by R. Mohammadi-Firouz, A. Neves E Sousa.
Abstract:
Modular construction is being promoted as a solution to the problem of housing crisis as the demand for new construction continues to rise. However, the performance of this construction approach must be competitive with conventional construction methods. Therefore, beyond structural performance and safety features, indoor comfort qualities such as thermal and acoustic insulation should be considered. Acoustic transmission loss phenomena are generally governed by mass, and reinforced concrete (RC) walls are considered massive elements compared to other conventional building materials. However, it is still necessary to enhance such elements with insulation materials. In this study, the acoustic performance of doublelayer prefabricated RC wall elements with embedded insulation layers is assessed under different configurations. A 3D harmonic acoustic finite element (FE) numerical model is developed and verified to evaluate the sound reduction capability of the prefabricated double-layered concrete walls with different thicknesses. The effect of using various insulation materials is also discussed.
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| 18:20 |
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A statistical regression framework for evaluating noise exposure through outdoor-to-indoor sound propagation models
by M. E. Terzakis, C. Van Hoorickx, M. Hornikx.
Abstract:
Urban noise exposure has been shown to have significant adverse effects on human health. Studies based on outdoor noise levels, rather than indoor levels, risk introducing bias when identifying an exposure-response relationship with health outcomes. This bias is of particular concern for vulnerable groups (e.g., children) who spend most of their time indoors. This highlights the need for a comprehensive approach to modelling outdoor-to-indoor sound propagation for the estimation of indoor noise levels. For both outdoor and indoor propagation, energetic approaches are used, while the facade sound insulation is modeled via the Transfer Matrix Method, incorporating the facade element size and bridge connections. Validation of this modelling approach against sound insulation measurements has revealed good agreement. The employment of the developed models resulted in the generation of datasets, facilitating the implementation of statistical learning (random forest) models for estimating (equivalent) indoor noise levels using predictors associated with outdoor levels and factors related to the indoor and outdoor environment, and facade structure. The proposed approach has the potential to estimate indoor levels for entire cities from predicted outdoor noise levels (noise maps) and built environment characteristics.
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A03.04 Ground borne noise
| Monday 23 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SC1-2 - CHLADNI |
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| C. Guigou Carter |
| S. Antunes |
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| 14:20 |
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Effect of measurement positions on structure-borne noise levels in buildings subject to railway vibrations
by C. Guigou Carter, P. Ropars.
Abstract:
In order to improve the comfort and even the health of occupants of buildings close to railway lines, it is appropriate to predict and measure vibration levels and structure -borne noise levels in order to limit them, particularly in housing. In this work, the effect of the measurement position for both vibration levels and structure -borne noise is studied on the basis of numerical modeling. Concerning vibrations, a measurement at mid-span of the floor is generally considered; however, this position can be difficult to determine or access, especially when the floor supports several rooms, so a measurement in the center of a room is often carried out. The vibration levels can then be used to predict structure-borne sound levels. To set an acceptable threshold for occupants, it is necessary to specify one or more easily identifiable and accessible measurement positions and to adapt the limit threshold to this measurement configuration. The same problem exists for structure-borne noise measurements. Based on the results obtained, proposals concerning the measurement and prediction positions for vibrations and structure-borne noise are formulated.
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| 14:40 |
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Methodology for assessing structural noise annoyance in buildings caused by rail traffic. Comparative analysis between Portugal and Spain
by S. Antunes, J. Patricio.
Abstract:
In recent years, the development of new construction materials and the publication of standards associated with new construction processes and evaluations have made it possible to construct buildings with high acoustic comfort. Alongside the construction of buildings with high sound insulation requirements, other aspects, such as structural noise, are becoming more important. This paper presents the evolution of the vibration and structural noise descriptors in environmental impact studies derived from rail traffic in Portugal. However, these criteria are not regulated, but good practice guidelines are implemented by the management entities in order to contribute to the reduction of annoyance and, consequently, complaints from the nearby residents. In this context, a comparative analysis is carried out between the criteria used to assess low-frequency noise annoyance in two neighboring countries (Portugal and Spain), to encourage the drafting of possible Portuguese regulations in this area.
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| 15:00 |
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Building Base Isolation Design: Quantification Of Vibration Transmission Using Power Flow Analysis
by H. Masoumi, J. Talbot.
Abstract:
This paper reports on ongoing work aimed at developing practical guidance for designing BBI solutions. This includes examining the mechanisms by which groundborne vibrations from railway activities are transmitted into buildings, in particular, the soil-structure interaction (coupling loss), the role of the isolation system and the influence of structural elements within the building using power flow analysis. Power flow analysis provides valuable insight into the vibration transmission through the system, offering an effective basis for isolation design. This analysis requires estimating the mobility of the substructure (foundation and ground), the isolation system and that of the superstructure. The paper presents a series of experimental measurements of these essential parameters, made at various stages of construction in a recent BBI project. The mobility of the substructure was measured using hammer impact, and vibration levels due to train passages were recorded both at the beginning of construction, before the construction of the superstructure and after the completion of the building. Since the mobility of the superstructure cannot be measured directly, this was estimated by numerical simulation. The characteristics of the isolation system were determined by laboratory tests under loading conditions representative of the operating state of the building.
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| 15:20 |
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Mitigating ground-borne vibrations with a box-in-box solution: feasibility and challenges in a real case study
by I. Arana Goenaga, P. V. Rodríguez, A. Isnardo Iglesias, S. F. Frasson Quaresma, H. Masoumi.
Abstract:
When addressing ground-borne vibration issues, such as those caused by railways, the state-of-the-art for new building projects typically includes various Building Base Isolation (BBI) solutions. However, some projects face constraints that complicate the implementation of such systems. Specifically, when isolation measures are introduced late in the planning phase, a Box-in-Box (BiB) isolation system can be a practical alternative to achieve the required vibration reduction. This paper discussesthe mitigation of ground-borne vibrations in a building near a metro line using a BiB system. It emphasizes the importance of detailed design and rigorous quality control during construction to ensure the system’s success. The case study also demonstrates the feasibility of BiB systems as a practical alternative to BBI in constrained situations, while offering recommendations on decoupling details to achieve promised performance in vibration isolation projects. This study highlights challenges posed by the acoustic bridges, which led to performance deficiencies in some areas. In contrast, sections where decoupling measures were carefully followed achieved the expected performance, as verified through in-situ measurements.
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| 15:40 |
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Impact noise horizontally with 80 mm concrete slab and upper 80 mm polystyrene splitted with continuous polystyrene beneath
by B. M. Larsen.
Abstract:
Measurement of impact noise horizontally for slab on ground has been done between different rooms in a residence building. The construction is with vinyl coating fastened with adhesive Casco Proff Extra on concrete. The thickness of the splitted concrete slab is 80 mm on 3 mm continuous thick tar coating. In administration part of the building the upper layer of 80 mm polystyrene is splitted, and the two lower layers of polystyrene beneath (total thickness 160 mm) are continuous. Corrected for the damping of the flooring (2 dB for vinyl coating with adhesive) and to receiving room volume of 100 m3, the measurement shows 62 dB horizontally for impact noise without any flooring on the concrete. Between living room and common room the situation is with splitted concrete slab, continuous 3 mm thick tar coating and all three layers of polystyrene splitted and L’n,w sideways of 53-55 dB. The comparison shows that continuous tar coating does not transmit significantly impact noise horizontally or limits impact noise through the polystyrene, but that the transmission to neighbour room is through continuous layers of polystyrene.
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A03.05 Structure -borne sound and noise from building services
| Thursday 26 June 2025 - 11:20 |
| Room: SC1-1 - EULER |
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| U. Schanda |
| C. Hoeller |
| M. Garai |
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| 11:20 |
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Preparatory Work Toward Experimental Estimation Of Water Excitation Terms In Wastewater Systems
by Y. Aoki, S. Öhler, B. Kaltbeitzel.
Abstract:
Structure-borne sound generated by wastewater pipe systems often dominates noise emissions from sanitary installations in buildings. This paper presents a preparatory investigation aimed at estimation of the water excitation terms by the inverse method. The experimental setup followed EN 14366-1:2023 and the vibration response of the pipe was quantified in terms of the blocked force at the wall fixing points. Noise from wastewater systems is generated by turbulent annular flow and the impact of water at the inlets, tees, and bends. These excitation terms were estimated through a methodical, stepwise approach. First, a customized impact-free inlet was installed to the pipe to eliminate water inlet effects, and thus the annular flow served as the primary excitation source in a straight pipe configuration. Subsequently, the impact of the flow turning elements was evaluated. The numerical model of the drainpipe was then introduced and experimentally verified. Using this model, the inverse method was tested to indirectly identify the applied force acting on the pipe. These presented results serve as the essential basis toward the development of a mathematical model of the stochastic water loads applied to the pipes.
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| 11:40 |
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FH-IPTOOLS: Predicting wastewater noise in timber construction – a project introduction
by T. Kruse, A. Mayr, U. Schanda, F. Schöpfer.
Abstract:
The research project FH-IPTOOLS is ajoint project between Technincal University of Applied Sciences Rosenheim (THRo) and the University of Applied Sciences Döpfer (HSD) in collaboration with industrial partners and timber construction associations. The aim is to develop prediction tools for sound insulation, focusing on acoustic comfort and the perception of nois from technical service equipment. The project focuses on wastewater systems in timber and lightweight constructions. Concepts need to be developed to ensure that acoustic comfort is taken into account in the design process. HSD is working on the psychoacoustic aspects. Signal detection theory will be used to formulate suitable evaluation methods to assess noise from building service equipment. Listening tests and field measurements will be used to develop criteria for sound insulation in timber construction to improve acoustic comfort. As part of the project, structure-borne sound characterisation will be carried out at THRo on a reception plate test rig. Therefore a reception plate with similar properties to timber stud structures will be used. The aim is to develop methods for the direct measurement of structure-borne sound power in timber and lightweight constructions, while also determining airborne sound power. Initial results will be presented in the paper.
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| 12:00 |
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From Classification to Prediction: Applying EN14366-1 to Freshwater Systems
by L. Däuble, J. Scheck, B. Zeitler.
Abstract:
Sound emission of plumbing systems is currently standardized with different approaches for waste water and fresh water applications. While EN 14366 provides characterization methods for waste water systems that deliver essential input data for the prediction of sound levels in buildings, DIN EN ISO 3822 focuses solely on the classification of individual water appliances, which are the predominant acoustic sources in fresh water installations. However, the methodology outlined in DIN EN ISO 3822 exhibits significant limitations, leading to inconsistencies between different laboratories and focusing solely on classification rather than prediction purposes. This research explores the potential application of EN 14366 characterization methods to freshwater systems by experimentally investigating complete installations—including appliances, pipes, and pipe clamps—to assess the necessity of developing a new standard that characterizes entire systems based on the approach used in EN 14366.
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A03.05 Structure -borne sound and noise from building services (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| U. Schanda |
| C. Hoeller |
| M. Garai |
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On-Site Application of Noise Reduction Technologies for Bathroom Drainage in Apartment Buildings
by G.-G. Song, J.-Y. Chung, A.-H. Jo.
Abstract:
In Korea, most apartment bathrooms use an under-slab-piping method, causing drainage to occur through the ceiling of the lower floor when the upper floor bathroom is used, inevitably leading to drainage noise issues. Especially in older apartment buildings, noise reduction measures have not been considered, resulting in significant harm to residents. This study aims to apply noise reduction technology to older apartment buildings vulnerable to bathroom drainage noise and verify its effectiveness. The target site is an apartment built in 1997, with a exclusive area of 84 m². The existing PVC drainage pipes, asbestos slate ceiling material, and wooden doors were replaced with low-noise PVC pipes, sound-absorbing ABS ceiling material, and ABS doors. The noise reduction performance was evaluated at maximum noise levels during toilet, sink, and bathtub drainage. Measurement results in the main bathroom showed a reduction of 22.9 dB(A) for toilet drainage noise and 16.6 dB(A) for sink drainage noise. In the family bathroom, reductions were 10.1 dB(A) for toilet drainage noise, 5.9 dB(A) for sink drainage noise, and 12.0 dB(A) for bathtub drainage noise. Applying this technology is expected to reduce living noise issues between neighbors in apartment buildings.
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A03.07 Acoustics of wooden buildings
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SC1-1 - EULER |
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| 14:20 |
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Improvement of the airborne and impact sound insulation of a timber stud wall
by J. Scheck, U. Schüttler, C. Fichtel, B. Zeitler.
Abstract:
The airborne and impact sound insulation in wooden buildings is often poor, in particular at low frequencies. For a German manufacturer of prefabricated houses, the sound insulation of a separating wall was investigated and improved in the laboratory. By constructive measures such as using a planning filled with silica sand that provides a high internal damping and the partial separation of the wooden studs a considerable improvement of the airborne sound insulation could be achieved. In a next step the impact sound insulation of a standard wooden stair was successfully optimized by isolation measures at the contacts of stair and wall.
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| 14:40 |
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Sound insulation performance of timber floors with elastically mounted and suspended layers
by J. Lietzén, L. Talus, A. Lahdensivu, A. Lopetegi, A. Aldalur.
Abstract:
Massive timber buildings are often equipped with concrete or cement screed floors to increase the mass of the structures and to improve the sound insulation between rooms. However, the use of concrete is more and more often seen as an unfavourable option due to the increasing need to decrease the carbon dioxide emissions of the construction sector. A recent field study performed in a mock-up CLT-framed building showed that the sound insulation can drastically be improved without concrete by mounting the upper layers of the floor and the suspended ceiling elastically to the load-bearing timber slabs. In comparison with the conventional screed solution, the vertical airborne and impact sound insulation was improved with the elastically mounted floor up to 13 and 20 dB in terms of the single-number quantities DnT,w and L’nT,w. This study aims to investigate the sound insulation performance of the conventional and elastically supported floors by conducting computational assessments which were compared with the field measurement results. Furthermore, the assessments were broadened to study the sound insulation between rooms in the horizontal direction. These computations based on FEM and parametric models reveal the superior performance of the elastically mounted floor both in horizontal and vertical directions.
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| 15:00 |
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Impact Sound Insulation of CLT Floors: Evaluation of Small Scale Specimens and Correlation with Large Scale Systems
by M. Puljizevic, T. Poljansek, M. Grasic.
Abstract:
CLT has emerged as widely adopted material in modern construction, due to its versatility and environmental benefits. However, achieving suitable impact sound insulation for CLT floor systems is challenging, especially in real-life projects where construction conditions are less controlled than in laboratory environments. Laboratory tests of impact sound insulation present an invaluable source of information for design teams, but they are time consuming due to the sample size (10-20 m2) and complexity of installation. Performing impact sound insulation tests on small samples offers operational advantages and provides an attractive testing option for comparative purposes and design decisions. This study provides a systematic analysis of impact sound insulation measurements conducted on a variety of small and large-scale specimens utilizing CLT reference floor. Unlike concrete reference floors, CLT exhibits significant contribution of airborne sound component induced by the tapping machine. This phenomenon necessitates careful consideration when employing small-scale specimens for impact sound insulation analysis. Study highlights the advantages and limitations of conducting impact sound insulation tests on small-scale specimens, emphasizing their practicality for comparative analyses and design decision-making. Furthermore, it points to certain constraints when extrapolating these findings to large-scale systems, offering insights into refining testing protocols for CLT-based constructions.
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| 15:20 |
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Influence of gravel on flanking transmission in CLT buildings
by A. Dijckmans, C. Crispin.
Abstract:
Gravel layers are sometimes used to improve the airborne and impact sound insulation of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) floor constructions. The gravel increases the mass and damping of the bare CLT floor and will also improve the efficiency of a floating floor. It is generally assumed that additions like linings and floating floors do not influence the vibration damping in junctions. While this is usually a reasonable assumption, the effect of the gravel on the vibration damping in CLT junctions cannot be neglected. This paper presents laboratory measurement results for the vibration reduction index of a rigid CLT junction with and without gravel. The influence of the gravel layer on the flanking transmission paths is investigated by means of the simplified SEA model of ISO 12354. SEA simulations, incorporating the effect of the gravel layer, are validated with in situ measurements.
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| 15:40 |
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Prediction of flanking sound transmission across periodic cross-laminated timber junctions with area couplings
by S. Moons, R. Lanoye, E. P. B. Reynders.
Abstract:
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) has gained popularity as a lightweight, carbon-neutral alternative for concrete bearing walls and floors. However, its poor acoustic performance poses a crucial challenge to its further adoption. A critical factor is flanking sound, where vibrational energy is transmitted between two walls across a common junction. Typically, this transmission is analyzed with models based on plate or shell theory, but their accuracy at high frequencies is limited as the wavelength of deformation is often small with respect to the wall thickness. While full-scale finite element analysis is possible, its computational cost at high frequencies is prohibitive as very fine element meshes are required. In the current study, an approach is presented which exploits the spatial periodicity often exhibited by CLT junctions. This allows the use of Bloch-Floquet analysis of the junction itself and the connected walls, leading to diffuse transmission coefficients between all wave types in the junction. The junction is treated as an elastic solid as opposed to the conventional shell modelling which results in a line coupling. Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) is employed to compute the vibration reduction indices of the junction from these coefficients. The prediction model is applied to rigidly connected CLT junctions. .
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| 16:20 |
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Experimental Modal Analysis of a Cross-Laminated Timber L-Junction with a View Towards Predicting Flanking Sound Transmission
by S. Vallely, A. Esposito, S. Schoenwald.
Abstract:
The trend towards engineered wood and, as a result, lightweight constructions has led to noise and vibration design challenges. One such challenge that is currently an active research topic is flanking sound transmission through connected building elements. Mass timber buildings are typically formed by connecting cross-laminated timber panels, whereby the type and number of joints used to form a connection can vary depending on the design and purpose of the building. The variety of connector types and implementations poses challenges for the prediction process. Moreover, the connection of the simpler panel subsystems gives rise to emergent behaviour, resulting in a complex dynamic system. As a first step, to better predict flanking sound transmission and to correctly simulate the junction mechanics in vibroacoustic numerical models, it is important to understand the emergent dynamic behaviour due to the connection of these structural elements. This contribution presents a detailed experimental modal analysis of a scaled cross-laminated timber Ljunction structure. The mock-up is considered representative of a cross-section that would be encountered in the practice. The experimental modal analysis examines three different L-junction configurations to deduce the contribution of both the brackets and the resulting contacting panel interfaces to the system’s dynamic behaviour.
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| 16:40 |
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Load effects in flanking transmission of CLT structures with resilient interlayer
by V. Pettoni Possenti, C. Crispin, A. Dijckmans, L. Barbaresi.
Abstract:
With the increasing construction of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) buildings, the demand for enhanced acoustic performance is also rising. To improve the sound insulation, resilient interlayers are inserted in the structure, which decreases the flanking transmission. These interlayers are generally placed between the floor and the wall and are under a static load, which depends on the relative floor. Interlayers are usually viscoelastic materials with non-linear behaviour. This is why the vibroacoustic behaviour under different loading conditions is investigated in this paper. Through a fullscale mockup, the vibration reduction index Kij of some resilient material with different elastic modulus is measured by placing various static loads over the junction to evaluate different performances. The results reveal significant differences depending on the load applied to the junction. In particular, in the mid-high frequencies, the higher the load, the lower the Kij due to the increase in the dynamic stiffness of the resilient layer in the compression. This supports the importance of choosing the proper resilient material in the design step and carrying out laboratory measurements of Kij with the test conditions as close as possible to the actual conditions of use.
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| 17:00 |
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Modelling Cross-Laminated Timber Plate Connections: A Numerical Investigation On Flanking Sound Transmission Through Angle Brackets
by A. Esposito, S. Vallely, S. Schoenwald.
Abstract:
In recent years, interest has grown in numerical models to predict flanking sound transmission through CrossLaminated Timber (CLT) junctions. The panels are typically connected with screwed metal brackets, which are differently shaped depending on the junction geometry and structural requirements. To predict the Vibration Reduction Index Kij , available models rely either on empirical formulae or simplified junctions with idealized connection. In this contribution, a numerical investigation on the dynamics of a CLT L-junction is presented, starting from a detailed representation of an angle bracket. This was modelled in FEM and validated with vibrometry measurements. It was then integrated into the model of a CLT L-junction mock-up and compared to experimental datasets from two different configurations, where CLT plates were either in direct contact or separated by an air gap. Validation in the modal domain showed a good agreement of the model with both experimental configurations. The comparison with experimental Kij showed a better correlation with the latter configuration, whereas larger deviations were observed above 1 kHz in the former case. This provided some insights on the modelling of bracket fastening and highlighted the need of introducing constraint conditions at the interface between CLT plates to simulate the effects of direct contact.
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| 17:20 |
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Suggestion for a round robin test on the measurement of vibration reduction indices on CLT junctions
by F. Schöpfer, U. Schanda, C. Chateauvieux-Hellwig.
Abstract:
Prediction methods for sound insulation require input data for the vibration reduction indices. For heavy buildings, ISO 12354-1 provides methods based on the mass ratio of elements. The same holds for solid timber. However, these data are based on a small number of measurements in buildings without the effect of additional loads or elastic interlayers, highlighting the essential need for additional measured data. ISO 10848-1 [1] describes methods to measure the vibration reduction index. But there is room for interpretation of the guidelines given in this standard. For example previous research showed that the choice of sampling points is crucial [2]. To quantify the measurement uncertainty, this paper suggests a concept for a round robin test for discussion. This could be carried out in the laboratory at the Technical University of Applied Sciences in Rosenheim. This laboratory provides a mock-up that allows to set up either a L-junction or a Tjunction formed by CLT (cross laminated timber) panels that can be reconfigured quickly with an overhead crane. The possibility to apply additional loads which can be monitored and controlled with load cells as well as the application of elastic interlayers is given. The mock-up can stay in place to have enough time for several institutions to measure.
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| 17:40 |
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Detailed analysis of different software for sound insulation calculations of various structures
by K. Hagberg, E. Nilsson, D. Bard.
Abstract:
Easily accessible engineering software to calculate the airborne and impact sound insulation of structural components are a shortage, which hinders the development of new efficient building systems and the inclusion of new environmentally friendly building materials. There are some good possibilities today to calculate field values using commercial programs following the series ISO 12354. However, these standards need to be fed with lab measurements or calculations of each product combination, and all possible product combinations can never be measured. Therefore, calculation tools for various floor and wall configurations are the key for the future development of new building systems and the verification of new materials in the structural components. Few software are available to calculate sound insulation for walls and floors in buildings. Stora Enso offers the CLT software “Calculatis”, Marshall Day Acoustics provides “INSUL 10” and the company Sonusoft provides the software “Acoulatis”. The three software have slightly different approaches, and so is their capability to calculate various wall and floor structures for CLT. In this paper, a detailed comparative analysis between the software is carried out, based on CLT combinations. The results presented also include comparisons to measured lab values in third octaves, single numbers, and spectrum adaptation terms.
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| 18:00 |
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Rainfall sound insulation of (lightweight) wooden roof constructions
by A. Stenitzer, B. Nusser, C. Lux, H. Müllner.
Abstract:
Rain can lead to increased noise levels in the building, especially in lightweight structures with metal roofs. To evaluate the rainfall sound insulation of roofs in the laboratory, the heavy rain simulation method according to EN ISO 10140-5:2021 Annex H is used. In this study, the rainfall sound insulation of timber roofs was determined, optimised and compared with the corresponding airborne sound insulation. The paper first presents the development of the test stand to measure both airborne and rainfall sound insulation on the same test element. The results of the measurements on different types of timber roofs are then discussed. In addition to the substructure of the roofs (exposed rafters, cross-laminated timber) and the roofing itself (concrete tiles, sheet metal, FPO membrane), the type of insulation placed on the substructure (PUR/EPS/mineral wool/wood fibre) was varied. The article shows that the roof covering has the most significant influence on the rainfall sound insulation and that there is only a limited correlation between the airborne sound insulation and the rainfall sound insulation of the roofs studied.
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| 18:20 |
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Acoustic Comfort Of Lightweight Timber Walls: Correlation Between Subjective Evaluations And Objective Measurements
by F. Morandi, A. Speranza, P. Brugnara, F. Cappelletti, A. Gasparella.
Abstract:
Sound insulation of timber frame walls has been the object of several studies over the past 30 years. Most concerns related to acoustic comfort can be traced back to the poor sound insulation that lightweight partitions in general guarantee at low frequencies, while at higher frequencies sound insulation usually exceeds the performance of traditional heavy weight structures. It has been established that perceived comfort concerning sound insulation is strongly affected by the perception of low frequencies. This study investigates comfort levels experienced by subjects that are asked to listen to audio tracks reproducing the sound insulation of several lightweight timber frame walls, previously tested in laboratory conditions, and to rate the annoyance. The subjective rating is then correlated to the single number ratings associated to the measurement and spectral adaptation constants that improve such correlations are identified.
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A03.07 Acoustics of wooden buildings (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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Initial Results of the Research Project Sound and Vibration Protection for Long Span Timber Floors
by M. Schneider, J. Ruf, M. Marxt, B. Zeitler.
Abstract:
Long-span timber ceilings are usually designed with regard to the permissible deflection and/or the position of the first natural frequency due to the required structural analysis. Acoustically, additional weighting of the construction is often required to ensure sufficient impact sound insulation. In the research project, acoustic tests are carried out on ceilings, both during construction (without floating floors) and after completion, to accompany the vibration tests. The focus is on the low-frequency airborne and impact sound transmission of the ceilings. In addition to classic building acoustics measurements, the influence of edge restraints on the eigenmodes is to be clarified with the help of modal analyses of the ceilings. The first results of the research project will be reported.
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A03.08 Reducing neighbour noise by acoustic retrofit in housing
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: SC1-1 - EULER |
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| B. Rasmussen |
| T. Carrascal |
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| 9:00 |
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Improving sound insulation of old timber floor constructions 1917/1937 in multi-storey housing – Field case study & perspectives
by B. Rasmussen.
Abstract:
In Denmark, the first national requirements for sound insulation in housing were published in 1961. Most complaints about neighbour noises are from people in multi-storey housing (MSH) and relate to impact sound from both children and adults, although also annoyance due to airborne sounds are common. A mapping of the housing stock timeline and construction types showed that more than half of the MSH dwellings were built before 1961 and that most housing is brick-built with timber floor constructions. In a project investigating air particle transfer vertically between dwellings, we had the opportunity to make a case study with test of airborne and impact sound insulation before and after mounting a new independent ceiling below the existing construction. Measurements were made for eight floor constructions in housing built 1917/1937. The acoustic classification standard DS 490 has six classes A-F with Class C being the building code requirement for new housing. Before renovation, the airborne sound classes were D-E and impact sound F. After mounting of new ceilings, R’w values were improved ∼6 dB and L’n,w ∼12 dB, implying that all results became Class C, thus complying with limits for new-build. The paper will describe experiences from the case study and the perspectives concerning preparation of acoustic regulations for renovated dwellings and mandatory acoustic labelling.
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| 9:20 |
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Acoustic Insulation in plasterboard systems with Mineral Wool
by P. Belenguer Rubio, P. González De La Peña.
Abstract:
One of the most important features in plasterboard systems with mineral wool (MW) is the acoustic insulation they provide between different rooms, with minimal space and weight requirements. When designing this type of system, there are several factors that can influence the acoustic insulation: the number and type of boards, the spacing between the profiles, the bracing of the structure, the thickness of the system... But are they all equally important? What is the influence of the density of mineral wool in this type of system? The paper analyses the acoustic behavior of plasterboard systems with mineral wool, and the influence of system parameters on acoustic insulation, in order to help designers to configure systems to reduce the noise between neighbors through acoustic retrofitting in residential buildings.
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| 9:40 |
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In-situ evaluation of concrete interlayer adhesion by vibration in garaje floors
by D. Caballol Bartolomé, A. Pérez Raposo, F. Gil Carrillo.
Abstract:
A new practice in the construction of garage floors of residential and office buildings in Spain, is to build the concrete slab in two steps: one thick layer at the beginning of the work (≈ 12-35 cm) and a second thin layer (≈ 8 cm) at the end of it. This procedure creates a cold joint between the two layers that may eventually get loose or even split and produce noise when driving over it. We have designed a nondestructive test to perform in situ measurements to determine the level of fixation of two layers of any concrete slab that causes noise emission problems. The test is independent of the characteristics of the slab thanks to statistical tools applied to the data. Vibration induced by a source, the passage of a car, was measured at several locations, with loose and well-fixed layers. The vibration was recorded with a vibrometer. The test can be applied, and the results are compatible with the known state of the slab: we obtain 77.0% sensitivity and 54.5% specificity, while there are only 1.0% false positives and no false negatives. The only drawback of the test is its high number of undecidable cases, which amounts to 24.1%.
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A03.08 Reducing neighbour noise by acoustic retrofit in housing (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| B. Rasmussen |
| T. Carrascal |
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Noise Reduction Mat Performance of Apartment Houses according to Slab Conditions
by J.-Y. Chung, G.-G. Song, A. Cho, S. Jeong.
Abstract:
The floor impact sound problem, which is a living noise that can easily occur in apartment houses, is serious. In particular, Korea has a unique panel heating system called Ondol, which installs heating pipes on concrete slabs. Because of this heating system, Korea has a culture of taking off shoes in the living room, and this is the cause of floor impact sound problems. Reduction mats, which are widely used to solve floor impact sound in Korea, are made of various thicknesses and materials. Requirements for confirming the noise performance of the floor impact sound reduction mat are presented in the relevant standard(ISO 10140-5). The base floor is presented as a homogeneous reinforced concrete slab with a thickness of 100 to 160 mm. But, there is a big difference in floor mat noise performance between slabs including ondol structure and single slabs. Most floor in Korea are structures in which an ondol layer is installed on 210mm slab. In this study, the mat reduction performance according to the presence or absence of an ondol layer and the slab thickness was compared. Through this, it is intended to provide noise performance that can be referred to when consumers select floor mats.
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Communication between Caregivers and Children Regarding Inter-floor Noise in Multi-family Housing: A Korean Study
by M. Kwon, W. Yang.
Abstract:
Inter-floor noise in multi-family housing has become a significant social issue leading to neighborly conflicts and legal disputes, with children’s footsteps and running being major sources. This study examined whether caregiver-child communication could help mitigate inter-floor noise problems caused by children in Korean multi-family housing. An online survey was conducted among 323 caregivers (119 male, 204 female) with minor children, using a 7-point Likert scale across three components: the Highly Sensitive Person Scale (27 items), neighbor communication survey (15 items), and inter-floor noise-related questions (5 items). Results indicated that female caregivers, more sensitive caregivers, and those with better neighbor communication skills were more proactive in conveying noise reduction messages to their children. The findings suggest that sensitive caregivers are more likely to recognize and address inter-floor noise issues with their children, while those with better neighbor communication skills demonstrate improved social consideration. The study concludes that caregivers in multi-family housing should actively engage in communication with their children about inter-floor noise to reduce disturbances through effective parent-child interactions.
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A03.09 Acoustic and thermal retrofit of office building stock in EU
| Thursday 26 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Auditorium |
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| M. Rychtáriková |
| V. Chmelík |
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| 9:00 |
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ActaReBuild MSCA-DN project - Acoustic and Thermal Retrofit of Office Building Stock in EU
by V. Chmelík, M. Rychtáriková.
Abstract:
MSCA Doctoral Network projects are essential in fostering international collaboration and developing interdisciplinary, innovative solutions. The Horizon MSCA-DN project “ActaReBuild” advances sustainable retrofitting solutions for office buildings in Europe. The unique feature of this project is that it addresses both the acoustic and thermal performance of buildings in their conversion to other uses. The project consists of ten Individual Research Projects performed by ten Doctoral Candidates (DCs) under joint PhD supervision. Research within “ActaReBuild” includes developing innovative materials such as customisable mycelium biocomposites, recycled plastic composites, bio-based materials optimised for acoustic and thermal performance and metamaterials. It addresses novel solutions to improve lowfrequency airborne sound insulation in lightweight constructions and refines descriptors for airborne sound insulation of facades, addressing spectral and temporal noise features. In the framework of the project, advanced measurement techniques for remote in-situ measurements for building facades are developed. It explores the balance between airtightness, energy efficiency, and acoustic performance and application on biotic materials for lightweight building envelopes, which significantly reduce embodied carbon and support circular economy principles.
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| 9:20 |
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Mycelium composites combining different waste sources for sustainable acoustic solutions
by T. S. Gomez, L. M. Garcia, N. Escobar, M. D. L. A. Navacerrada, C. Glorieux.
Abstract:
Mycelium is a biological material that consists of filamentous fungi, forming intricate networks of hyphal micro-filaments that naturally bind organic matter. This unique way of growing offers promising potential for developing innovative materials, including acoustic absorbers. A lot of variety is possible, since mycomaterial properties are highly dependent on the substrate used. The presented research reports on the development and acoustic characterization of mycelium composites derived from diverse substrates. These include the fungal strain Pleurotus Pulmonarius, combined with leaves and grass clippings with textile waste. 3 distinct material combinations were made. For each material combination, the density and porosity were obtained by the gas pycnometer method. The sound absorption of the samples was determined using an impedance tube, in compliance with the ISO-10534-2 standard, spanning frequencies from 200 Hz to 5000 Hz. The microstructure of the samples was characterized by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mycomaterials exhibited sound absorption values exceeding 50% across frequencies ranging from 1500 Hz to 4000 Hz.
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| 9:40 |
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Exploration of use of Membrane-Type Metamaterial Layer for Application in Building Acoustics
by R. Zeng, E. Deckers, C. Glorieux, D. Urbán, B. Chmielewski.
Abstract:
This study investigates the sound transmission loss (STL) and absorption performance of a membrane-type metamaterial layer through a series of controlled experiments. Measurements were conducted in an impedance tube to independently characterize the STL and absorption properties of the metamaterial layer. Based on the results of numerical simulations and impedance tube measurements, a larger-scale prototype layer was designed and tested in a transmission room configuration, for verifying the potential for application as part of acoustic insulation solutions in retrofitting applications.
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| 10:00 |
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Effect of Load Plate Mass on Dynamic Stiffness Determination
by D. Urbán, M. Neusser.
Abstract:
This study investigates the effect of load plate mass on the dynamic stiffness determination of resilient materials used in acoustic applications, specifically through the single mass method outlined in ISO 9052-1. The standard method, primarily designed for materials under floating floor conditions, may not be applicable for acoustic material stiffness determination in constructions used in wall linings or heavy machinery foundations, due to differing load conditions. The study aims to assess how varying load plate masses influence the apparent dynamic stiffness of several resilient materials, including EPS, mineral wool, wood fibre, and PU elastomers. Experiments were conducted using load plates of different masses. The results show a significant reduction in dynamic stiffness when the material is subjected to lower loads. Notably, for lighter load plates, non-linearities and contact disruptions between the load plate and the material were observed, impacting the accuracy of dynamic stiffness measurements. This study highlights the importance of considering load conditions when interpreting dynamic stiffness values in acoustic applications, especially in structures like sandwich panels, where load and deformation conditions differ from those prescribed in ISO 9052-1.
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| 10:40 |
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Evaluating Recycled PET Filaments As A Sustainable Sound Absorbing Material For Building Retrofitting
by J. Garcia, D. Tonetti, E. A. Piana, O. Jiricek.
Abstract:
The development of sound absorbers made from PET fibres from recycled PET bottles presents a cheap and attractive solution for building retrofit applications. PET fibres of about 2-4 mm width are processed into a structure through random compaction and heat treatment, resulting in a sample that retains its shape. The normal incidence sound absorption coefficient of the samples was derived through measurements in an impedance tube, exhibiting potential effectiveness as a sound absorber. An innovative application of this material is the creation of transparent devices. This unique feature allows for sound attenuation without sacrificing natural light infiltration, addressing the common conflict between acoustic treatment and daylight access in architectural design. These items can serve as transparent partitions, sound absorbers, or design gadgets for lighting in areas near windows. Furthermore, using recycled PET fibres not only contributes to waste reduction but also promotes sustainability in construction, aligning the research’s aim with contemporary environmental goals. By offering functional aesthetic solutions that enhance both acoustic comfort and visual appeal, these PET fibre-based sound absorbers hold potential for improving the habitability of retrofitted spaces.
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| 11:00 |
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Building Envelope Assessment of Airtightness Using an Acoustic Camera: A Case Study in Valladolid, Spain
by A. Elsaei, M. Machimbarrena, A. Meiss, S. Herguedas.
Abstract:
Assessment of the building envelope quality in terms of airtightness and sound insulation is a critical factor to properly design an optimal retrofitting action plan. Therefore, the development of reliable and non-destructive measurement techniques for assessing these factors pre- and post-retrofitting is a crucial milestone, impacting costs, precision, and time efficiency. This study explores the use of an acoustic camera in evaluating airtightness performance in residential buildings. A measurement campaign was conducted across two houses in Valladolid, Spain, integrating blower door tests, smoke generator, and acoustic camera methods to assess air leakage and its interplay with sound transmission. The main goal of this research case study is to better understand the interplay between airtightness and acoustic performance within a real building façade.
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| 11:20 |
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Development of acoustic resonators using recycled plastics
by J. Potocar, M. Maaroufi, S. Uncik, C. Glorieux, M. Rychtáriková.
Abstract:
In this contribution, we discuss preliminary research results obtained within the framework of one of the ten individual research projects of the EU-MSCA-DN, “ActaReBuild”, which focuses on the development of acoustic resonators based on lightweight concrete using recycled aggregates. In particular, we examine using loose granules of flo-pak plastic as material to fill and absorb sound in the resonator cavity. The sound absorption of the granules was measured in a reverberant room and compared with the sound absorption properties of melamine foam, a common porous material of the same thickness. Also the absorption of a wooden resonator (1) filled with melamine and (2) filled with loose plastics was determined and compared to that of (3) an empty resonator. The results show that adding granules in the cavity leads to an increase in resonance frequency, likely due to their closed pores reducing the effective cavity volume and increasing stiffness. Also broadening of the absorption peak is observed.
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A03.09 Acoustic and thermal retrofit of office building stock in EU (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| M. Rychtáriková |
| V. Chmelík |
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Rethinking material cycles: Combining mycelium and paper waste for the development of sound absorbers
by A. M. Kubiak, T. S. Gomez, C. Glorieux, M. D. L. A. Navacerrada, N. Vasileva Nicheva, D. Sanz Arauz.
Abstract:
Due to different environmental challenges, using sustainable materials has become increasingly important. Mycelium-based materials show promising potential in many applications within architecture, such as sustainable acoustic absorbers. Here we present results on the acoustic and thermal performance of mycelium panels that use paper waste as substrate for the growth of Pleurotus Ostreatus. Regarding the substrate choice, the potential application of the widely accessible residue material in combination with acoustic application was examined. Mycelium-based materials show a sustainable life cycle, which is amplified by using residual materials as a base. The panels were created using different growing times and mixtures of inoculated and non-inoculated substrate and dried in convection ovens to deactivate the fungi and remove the moisture excess. Samples were tested using an in-situ method with a PressureParticle velocity probe (PU probe). The acoustic absorption turns out to be highly dependent on the processing method, growing time and mixture use, though overall maximum absorption is found around 1kHz. The thermal conductivity was found to be around 0.07 W/(m.K).
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A03.10 Acoustic consultancy projects and BIM
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: SM2 - MORSE |
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| 9:00 |
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IFC Open BIM for noise emission evaluation of the HVAC systems
by C. C. Mastino, A. Di Bella, J. Vaičiūnas, P. Raffaello, M. Zavari, M. Piga.
Abstract:
The European Community has introduced several directives and initiatives to promote the digitalization of buildings, aiming to improve enviromental efficiency and reduce carbon emissions. The obligation of BIM (Building Information Modeling) in Europe is regulated by Directive 2014/24/EU on public procurement, which promotes the use of BIM to improve efficiency and transparency in public projects. In several European countries the law require the use of open and interoperable formats, such as IFC (Industry Foundation Classes), to ensure of read the data for many years. The evaluation of noise emitted by HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) systems using BIM models in open IFC format represents an innovative and precise approach. BIM models allow the integration of acoustic data directly into the project, facilitating noise analysis at different stages. The use of the IFC format ensures interoperability between different software, enhancing collaboration among professionals. This approach helps identify and mitigate noise sources, optimizing the acoustic comfort of buildings and complying with current regulations. In summary, the integration of IFC-BIM in HVAC noise evaluation offers an efficient and collaborative solution. This work analyzes all the information managed by the IFC format on HVAC system noise emission, highlighting deficiencies and proposing improvements.
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| 9:20 |
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Building Information Modeling: Example of use IDS file and bSDD data base for acoustic evaluation
by C. C. Mastino, A. Di Bella, A. Sygulska, P. Raffaello, A. Frattolillo, M. Zavari, V. Da Pos.
Abstract:
The obligation of BIM (Building Information Modeling) in Europe is regulated by Directive 2014/24/EU on public procurement, promoting its use to improve efficiency and transparency in public projects. In Italy, the New Procurement Code (Legislative Decree 36/2023) mandates BIM for public works above a certain value starting January 1, 2025. In contrast, Poland does not currently mandate BIM, with its implementation driven by the private sector on a voluntary basis. However, the Ministry of Infrastructure and Construction in Poland is working to integrate BIM into public procurement contracts to achieve significant savings for the State Treasury. The use of BIM is growing, with many technical standards requiring open and interoperable formats like IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) defined by an ISO standard to ensure collaboration among stakeholders. This work analyzes the information managed by the IFC format for acoustic purposes with an automated verification approach through an IDS (Information Delivery Specification) file. Additionally, it defines the main variables provided by reference standards and not present by default in the IFC file through the use of the bSDD (building SMART data Dictionary), where all variables should be described in geometric and physical terms.
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| 9:40 |
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Acoustic calculations and workflow based on list of acoustically distinguishable spaces
by A. Fürjes.
Abstract:
Acoustic consulting often requires to make decisions and do calculations based on simplified data, such as list of rooms to support other relevant fields involved in the design of buildings. In general, a list of rooms contains a summary of data sheet for each room. For acoustic calculations basic geometry (floor area, height), comfort category, number and type of noise sources, exposure to adjacent disturbances, sound absorbing surfaces and objects etc. are useful. The paper provides an overview on what types of acoustically important aspects can be derived from such simple descriptions, using database relations, including room acoustics, sound isolation, MEP noise and electroacoustics. The aim is to create a simple to use integrated tool to increase efficiency and accuracy of the work of acousticians.
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A03.10 Acoustic consultancy projects and BIM (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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Introduction of a Grasshopper workflow for the integration of the acoustic analysis in a multi-domain BIM model
by A. Gerbotto, L. Shtrepi, F. Favoino, A. Astolfi.
Abstract:
The growing demand for sustainable, energy-efficient buildings underscores the need for integrated modelling and simulation tools that support informed decision-making during early design stages. Among these, simulation of building physics performance, particularly acoustic analysis, has emerged as a critical focus area. Addressing multi-domain perspectives poses challenges, primarily due to interoperability issues and the varied data management approaches across specialized tools. This paper presents a workflow for integrating acoustic performance calculations within a BIM (Building Information Modeling) model. It details the development of an acoustic assessment tool in Grasshopper, utilising Rhino.Inside Revit, for preliminary evaluations of facade acoustic insulation. The tool supports the selection of transparent and opaque elements while accounting for potential conflicts with other performance criteria, such as thermal and lighting properties. Developed as part of the iclimabuilt project, this workflow aims to advance decision-making through seamless interoperability, enhancing efficiency, sustainability, and architectural performance outcomes.
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A03.11/A05.11 Heat pump sounds in residential settings: challenges and solutions (1)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 11:00 |
| Room: SC1-1 - EULER |
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| J. Harvie-Clark |
| C. Reichl |
| G. Fusaro |
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| 11:00 |
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Machine Learning-Based Prediction of Air Source Heat Pump Noise Annoyance
by V. Acun, S. Graetzer, A. Torija Martinez.
Abstract:
Air Source Heat Pumps (ASHPs) are pivotal in decarbonising domestic heating and air conditioning, yet noise emissions remain a significant barrier to their wider adoption. This paper presents a machine learningbased approach to predicting annoyance caused by ASHP noise emissions to address the complexity of human perception of noise by integrating psychoacoustic metrics, emotional responses, and demographic factors. Seven predictive models were evaluated, including treebased methods (Gradient Boosting and Random Forest) and traditional regression approaches (Support Vector Machine, Lasso, Linear Regression, Ridge, and ElasticNet). Among these, the Gradient Boosting method demonstrated superior performance (test R² = 0.846, RMSE = 0.910) compared to linear methods, highlighting the non-linear nature of annoyance response. Feature importance analysis revealed emotional responses (Arousal and Valence) as the dominant predictors, collectively accounting for 92.3% of the model’s predictive capability, while Zwicker’s Psychoacoustic Annoyance (PA) and Tonality showed moderate correlations with these emotional factors, suggesting indirect influence and mediation effect. Despite limitations in available training data that did not allow full implementation of neural network approaches, the current model provides a robust foundation for predicting annoyance caused by ASHP noise emissions and highlighting the impact of subjective perception.
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| 11:20 |
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Characterisation and control of aero-acoustical inflow noise sources of the evaporator fan in Heat Pumps
by F. Lörcher, S. Hub.
Abstract:
Recent heat pump fans are nowadays often optimized towards a very low self-noise level. Still less effort is expended in the field of additional noise sources generated by spatially and temporally inhomogeneous inflow to the fan, in particular the tonal unsteady loading noise and the broadband turbulence ingestion noise, which depend mainly on the upstream installation conditions and are therefore called “inflow noise”. It is shown for a state-of-the art airto-water heat pump with 12 kW rated capacity and an evaporator heat exchanger in L-form that the inflow noise exceeds the self-noise of the fan given by the fan supplier. The conclusion is that the optimisation potential considering the inflow noise is more promising than considering a further self-noise optimisation of the fan. For the considered device, the inflow noise is analysed and characterized along with the causal inhomogeneous inflow conditions to the fan. Both numerical and experimental results are presented. Some optimizing approaches to reduce the inflow noise are investigated, considering both the fan design and installation arrangement. The A-rated total noise emission can be reduced, but, more important, the annoying tonal character of the noise can be attenuated significantly.
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| 11:40 |
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Improve heat pump placement considering frequency resolved acoustic directivity data: creation of an open database
by C. Reichl, F. Bessac, G. Klein, L. Stöckl, M. Czuka.
Abstract:
Heat pumps are becoming increasingly popular due to their efficiency, carbon neutrality and use of renewable energy resources. Air-to-water heat pumps are often chosen because of their low cost and ease of installation. However, optimal placement to minimise acoustic emissions is mandatory for a barrier-free deployment. At present, the assessment of noise propagation for outdoor units suffers from a lack of information on the frequency content, and particularly the directivity of the sound source. During heat pump certification, standardised test procedures using the sound intensity measurement technique provide frequency-resolved partial sound power levels for the five different surfaces surrounding the heat pump. This gives the basic directivity information needed for optimised placement recommendations. In the framework of IEA HPT Annex 63, an anonymous database has been designed that combines dimensions, operating conditions and a generic description of each of the 5 sides (fan(s), heat exchanger, blind sides) with their corresponding frequency spectrums. Initially, about 30 heat pumps measured at CETIAT and AIT will be included in the database and a first exploitation will be presented. The database will be enriched by the authors during the year 2025 with the possibility of contributions from other interested laboratories during this period.
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| 12:00 |
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The role of measurement locations in low-frequency noise assessment
by L. Čurović, J. Prezelj.
Abstract:
With the increasing use of heat pumps as a sustainable solution for heating and cooling, their acoustic impact on the environment has become of crucial importance. Heat pumps are acoustically complex sources that can be controlled by smart algorithms and have specific low-frequency characteristics that differ from well-studied sources. An accurate noise assessment of heat pumps requires careful consideration of the measurement locations, as these have a direct influence on the characterization of noise emissions and their potential impact on the environment. In this study, the influence of the measurement locations on the low-frequency noise levels is investigated, including the positions in front of the façade, on the façade and in the free field. A loudspeaker and a custom-built low-frequency sound source are used to generate the low-frequency sound. The results show significant differences in the measured sound pressure levels depending on the position of the receiving point in relation to the low-frequency sound source. By emphasizing the importance of selecting appropriate measurement locations, this work is intended to assist acoustics professionals and policy makers in establishing robust standards for the assessment of heat pump noise.
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A03.11/A05.11 Heat pump sounds in residential settings: challenges and solutions (2)
| Thursday 26 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: SC2-2 - KIRCHER |
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| J. Harvie-Clark |
| C. Reichl |
| G. Fusaro |
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| 9:00 |
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In-Situ Transfer Path Analysis of a Roof Mounted Air Source Heat Pump
by L. Barton, J. Hargreaves, V. Acun, A. Torija Martinez, S. Graetzer, D. Waddington.
Abstract:
To combat carbon emissions and move towards Net Zero, many EU countries have begun phasing out fossil fuel domestic heating in favour air source heat pumps. The UK government has set a target of installing 600,000 air source heat pumps per year from 2028.Though restrictive installation guidelines for air source heat pumps have been revised, this does not negate the issue of suitable unit placement for retrofit in existing UK housing stock. In many cases, the existing homes are attached, terraced homes with little outdoor space to accommodate a heat pump. An option is to mount the heat pump in the attic space, by attaching it to the roof. This provides a reasonable alternative to using up potentially limited outdoor space. This approach presents its own challenges, however, notably the potential for structure-borne noise transmission to the dwelling and adjoining homes, due to the attachment to the roof, and potentially airborne noise transmission, due to proximity to bedrooms. With the aim of better understanding – and therefore mitigating – these potential issues, this paper explores the benefits of In-Situ Transfer Path Analysis – a method normally utilised for vehicles and mechanical structures – for this application.
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| 9:20 |
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Simulation-based analysis of the sound emissions of decentral air-to-water heat pumps in renovated multi-family buildings
by W. Monteleone, F. Ochs.
Abstract:
To decarbonize Europe’s building stock by 2050, renovation rates must rise, and fossil-based heating systems must be phased out. Heat pumps (HPs) are central to this effort, but their installation in multi-family buildings presents challenges like space limitations, noise, and invasive infrastructure work. As part of the “PhaseOut” research project, seven multi-family buildings in Vienna will undergo renovations. Each will use a centralized, speed-controlled monobloc air-to-water HP for space heating. The feasibility of decentralized, façade-integrated mini-split air-to-water HPs for domestic hot water will also be explored. To support this, 3D simulation models of a single façade-integrated HP will be created using COMSOL and CadnaA, a commercial acoustic modeling tool. Both platforms will then be used to assess the acoustic impact of multiple HP units installed on façades, highlighting differences in modeling approaches. Simulations in CadnaA will also evaluate the environmental sound pressure levels on the renovation site. Preliminary findings show that sound emissions from decentralized HP units remain within legal limits at the property boundary. However, while tools like CadnaA effectively estimate sound levels across broad areas, they struggle to model near-field acoustics and complex interactions from multiple noise sources with high precision.
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| 9:40 |
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A Risk-Based Framework For Acoustic Assessment Of ASHPS - From Domestic To Commercial Applications
by J. Harvie-Clark, J. Hill, N. Dobinson, R. Hinton.
Abstract:
Air Source Heat Pumps (ASHPs) are critical for decarbonising building heating across Europe, but their widespread deployment may be hindered by inefficient, inconsistent acoustic assessment methodologies. Through detailed acoustic modelling of realistic scenarios, we demonstrate that the UK’s national calculation methodology for permitted development rights (MCS 020) can consistently predict sound levels 5-7 dB higher than calculations to ISO 9613-2. We propose a hierarchical assessment framework where evaluation complexity aligns with installation risk: from simplified MCS-based screening for domestic and commercial installations to more detailed evaluation where necessary. Our analysis addresses both domestic and non-domestic contexts, examining specific challenges around source characterisation, operational patterns, and cumulative impacts. For non-domestic installations, we identify particular issues regarding lowfrequency emissions and night-time operation. Critical areas for further research include validation of propagation models, systematic post-installation studies, and standardised approaches to character corrections in the absence of data at the design stage. This framework could significantly reduce barriers to ASHP adoption by making assessments more efficient and consistent while ensuring appropriate acoustic protection as deployment scales up to meet decarbonisation targets.
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A03.12 Ventilation noise in dwellings: challenges, measurements, and solutions
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 10:00 |
| Room: SC1-1 - EULER |
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| J. Harvie-Clark |
| C. Reichl |
| G. Fusaro |
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| 10:00 |
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Scalability of Ventilation and Noise Insulation methods for assessing a full-scale Metawindow
by G. Fusaro, L. Barbaresi, M. Garai.
Abstract:
Natural ventilation in homes often compromises indoor acoustic comfort by allowing outdoor noise to enter. Recent advancements in acoustic metamaterials (AMMs) have enabled the development of innovative solutions, such as integrating AMMs into windows, to provide effective natural ventilation while maintaining sound insulation. However, European standards for evaluating façade insulation properties primarily focus on closed systems, limiting their applicability to AMM-based windows (AMWs). This study addresses this gap by using the ISO 10140 measurement method to evaluate a full-scale acoustic metawindow (AMW) capable of simultaneous noise insulation and ventilation when open. The sound reduction index (R) was used to measure its noise insulation performance, showing an R in between 13 and 34 dB in the 100-3150 Hz frequency range combined with a more elevated flow rate than the AMW unit. Indeed, additionally, laboratory tests on airflow performance (adapted ISO 9972) across a pressure range of 10-80 Pa demonstrated that the metamaterial acoustic filter does not significantly affect airflow, making this solution versatile and practical. These findings underscore the potential of the AMW for multi-domain comfort with a more sustainable approach and scalable technology.
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| 10:20 |
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A Silencer Design for a Mechanical Heat Recovery Unit
by D. Mullally, J. Kennedy.
Abstract:
Modern homes require energy efficient airtight designs using controlled ventilation systems to retain the heat energy. Mechanical Ventilation Heat Recovery (MVHR) units help to maintain air circulation between the building and the outdoors, while not compromising energy efficiency. A significant challenge to implementation and continuous use of these devices is the noise emission. Noise from MVHRs can cause indoor noise levels to exceed the recommended levels, with respect to the Noise Rating (NR) guidelines. The noise has a frequency content below 500 Hz, which many conventional sound absorbers struggle to attenuate without large space requirements. This research develops a compact silencer suitable for a domestic MVHR unit with a large duct diameter. The design consists of stacked Helmholtz resonators with embedded necks and relatively large cavity volumes. The proposed design achieved >8dB transmission loss for frequencies 250 Hz, 300 Hz and 350 Hz. These were compared with data from an MVHR and the NR guideline and was found to reduce the MVHR SPL to below NR35 for the octave bands 250 Hz and 500 Hz.
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A03.12 Ventilation noise in dwellings: challenges, measurements, and solutions (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| J. Harvie-Clark |
| C. Reichl |
| G. Fusaro |
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Evaluation of Acoustic Performance in Smart Ventilated Windows with Integrated Heat Storage
by A. Gerbotto, L. Shtrepi, F. Favoino, A. Astolfi.
Abstract:
Windows are essential façade components that balance multiple functions, including daylighting, natural ventilation, and thermal regulation. However, conventional windows often suffer from significant energy losses and inadequate air exchange, even with regular ventilation. To address these challenges, the iclimabuilt project has developed a smart ventilated window that integrates advanced technologies such as PCM (phase-change material) heat storage, triple glazing with air-filled chambers for thermal insulation, and 3D-printed components for noise reduction and air purification. These innovations minimise energy losses, enhance thermal management, and promote occupant health and well-being. This study focuses on evaluating the acoustic performance of the three operational modes of the fans integrated into the window of a Living Lab environment. Noise measurements have been conducted following EN ISO 16032:24, with and without an acoustic filter installed in the PCM box and air filtration unit. Data were collected from three microphone positions: a corner and two reverberant field points. The analysis reveals that noise levels generated by the fans are in the 35 – 45 dB range, above standard limits. Moreover, the findings highlight the need to further optimise noise control strategies in smart windows design while maintaining their energy efficiency and indoor air quality benefits.
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A04.01 Education, Public outreach and history in acoustics - General
| Thursday 26 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: SM1 - BÉKÉSY |
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| M. Pàmies-Vilà |
| N. Campillo-Davo |
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| 9:00 |
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The teaching of acoustics at the higher technical school of architecture of Madrid in 1855
by A. Díaz Chyla.
Abstract:
The Madrid “Escuela Especial preparatoria de Arquitectura” was created in 1844, with a holistic educational model, which required the reinforcement of technical training to achieve an appropriate balance with the artistic part of the curriculum. In 1848, with the creation of the Preparatory School for Civil Engineers, Mining Engineers and Architects, the scientific-technical training for architectural studies was reinforced. In 1855 a new curriculum was approved for the Architecture degree program, which among its novelties introduced the subject: Notions of acoustics, optics and hygiene applied to architecture. This communication shows the program of this subject, 170 years after the beginning of teaching acoustics in the Higher Technical School of Architecture of Madrid.
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| 9:40 |
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Acoustics in music education: Empowering Music Teachers as STEM Ambassadors
by M. Pàmies-Vilà.
Abstract:
Whether formally at music universities or informally in everyday conversations, it is common for acousticians to discuss acoustics-related topics with musicians or music educators. While few University programmes offer joint studies in acoustics and music, many conservatories and music universities require music students to take courses in acoustics and/or organology. At the University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna, for instance, students in both music and music education programmes can enrol in musical acoustics courses. At a time when STEM education (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics — or STEAM when including the Arts) gains increasing importance, music educators have a key role to play at the intersection of music and science. They can make a difference by stimulating their pupils’ curiosity about musical instruments and the science of sound, while strengthening critical thinking. To provide music educators with the necessary tools, the acoustics lecture should not only cover essential acoustic concepts, but also include strategies for conveying this knowledge. This paper proposes practical examples and discusses their applicability beyond the acoustics laboratory. This approach not only motivates future teachers while learning acoustics, but also expands their pedagogical resources for introducing STEM concepts into their music classes.
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| 10:00 |
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From sounds to architectural design: Acousmatic Spaces
by A. Sentop Dumen, Y. Celiker-Cenger.
Abstract:
Acousmatic sounds are those that one hears without identifying their origin. Originating from musique concrète of Pierre Schaeffer, acousmatic music detaches the sounds from the individuals, instruments, and visual elements, to focus on the act of ‘pure listening’. Implementing this notion on architecture, one can generate acousmatic spaces by detaching sounds from visual references of a space and re-compose them to design an experience. A 10-day workshop was conducted that questioned the sound environment’s potential in design by introducing it as the main element for design ideation while introducing acoustics as a building physics subject. 20 students of Faculty of Architecture in Istanbul Bilgi University participated in this workshop. Through a sequence of listening exercises, soundwalks, seminars and discussions, the students were trained about the main concepts of acoustics, structure-form-sound-perception continuum. A re-design problem was given that started with a blind walk for enabling ‘pure listening’ and data was collected with soundscape assessment questionnaires and voice recordings. A spatial narrative was created by ‘sketching’ sounds (sound-editing) and used in the regeneration of the spatial structures. The study showed that introducing systematic steps and experience-based teaching can encourage students to utilize auditory information in design and enable active learning in acoustics.
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A04.01 Education, Public outreach and history in acoustics - General (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| M. Pàmies-Vilà |
| N. Campillo-Davo |
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Acoustic multi-component monitoring of ecosystems: training for mangroves’ conservation in Africa
by C. Nhancale, Z. Valgi Macheve, A. Rapino, A. J. Nhampossa, M. Polizzi, P. F. Moretti.
Abstract:
Mangrove ecosystems are critical habitats that provide a diversity of ecological services. Societal and economic sustainability of populations living with mangroves rely on health of those ecosystems, through fishing activities and extraction of firewood, material to build houses, furniture and fishing gear. A knowledge-based support to policy decisions and identification of appropriate interventions for conservation and restoration of ecosystems is needed, including education and training of young generations. We describe the experience of a training course for the installation and management of an observing station for the monitoring of the soundscape. For the first time, a system for monitoring the acoustic field in air, soil, and water has been installed in Inhaca (Mozambique) to provide clues on the mangroves’ ecosystems. The potential of operational acoustic measurements, as well as protocols for training and managing observing stations for conservation and protection of the environment, are provided. By integrating acoustic measurements into conservation efforts, the station not only advances ecological monitoring but also acts as a key resource for local communities and schools, fostering environmental education and empowering stakeholders in the protection and sustainable management of mangroves. The experience highlights both the potential and challenges of leveraging soundscape data for environmental stewardship.
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A04.02 Online resources and simulations for teaching and learning acoustics
| Thursday 26 June 2025 - 10:40 |
| Room: SM1 - BÉKÉSY |
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| A. Ernoult |
| M. Pàmies-Vilà |
| L. Aspöck |
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| 10:40 |
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MOOCs for introductory courses in acoustics at the University of Le Mans: assessment and prospects
by J.-P. Dalmont.
Abstract:
The University of Le Mans and is acoustic laboratory have initiated a series of MOOCs in French (Massive Open Online Courses) for an introduction to acoustics. The first, ” Les bases de l’acoustique - la voix dans tous ses états ”, is aimed primarily at high school students and physics teachers. Open since 2018, it has more than 20,000 registered students and has been used in particular in several speech therapy schools. The second, ” Théorie pour un son – l’acoustique au service musicien ”, is aimed at musicians and the curious with the aim of creating a generation of acoustically informed musicians. Each chapter begins with a video scenario and offers animations, interactive resources, expert interviews, activities with Audacity and quizzes. Opened in 2024, it has already attracted more than 5,000 registered students. Le Mans University is now working on developing a MOOC on the construction and physics of musical instruments. In collaboration with Itemm (Institut Technologique Européen des Métiers de la Musique), this evolving MOOC, after providing the basics of instrument physics, will detail a certain number of instruments, including the voice. The opening is planned for 2026.
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| 11:00 |
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Interactive simulation apps for teaching acoustical phenomena and vibration effects
by M. Maeder, M. Buba, M. Dogu, M. T. Bárány, T. Breitkreutz, L. Heggemann, L. E. Roca Paz, S. Kersten, J. D. Schmid.
Abstract:
Teaching acoustical phenomena, such as the propagation of acoustic waves through different environments, poses many comprehension challenges for pupils and students due to their abstract nature. Therefore, technical aids play a crucial role in teaching by making acoustics comprehensible and understandable while ensuring learning success. Our solution overcomes these difficulties using interactive simulation apps that visualize acoustic phenomena and vibrations in essential application areas. These apps enable the students to validate the results of hands-on experiments by numerical simulations. The visualization and adaptation of simulation parameters significantly facilitate understanding physical principles. The interactive apps were initially developed at the Technical University of Munich and employ the multi-physics software COMSOL to visualize acoustic phenomena in various fields. During an interdisciplinary cooperation project of the German Acoustical Society (DEGA), students from several universities worked together to create apps related to their respective areas of study, such as noise control and hearing acoustics. The apps can be accessed by students and lecturers via the website of the Chair of Vibroacoustics of Vehicles and Machines at the Technical University of Munich (https://apps.vib.ed.tum.de). They are freely available for academic use without licensing requirements and provide an opportunity to explore acoustical phenomena.
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| 11:20 |
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Open Educational Resources For Acoustics And Audio Signal Processing Using Jupyter Notebooks And Pyfar
by F. Brinkmann, M. Berzborn, A. Heimes, A. Hoyer, X. Karakonstantis, S. Kersten, T. Lübeck, P. Palenda, C. Andrade, J. M. Arend, N. Hahn, T. Jüterbock, N. Meyer-Kahlen, A. Paskiewicz, S. J. Schlecht, F. Schultz, S. Weinzierl.
Abstract:
Many universities offer courses on acoustics and audio signal processing, often with overlapping content. Nevertheless, the lectures and teaching material have typically been developed independently. We present a growing collection of programming exercises in the form of Jupyter notebooks that allow to interactively write and execute code including in-line graphical output such as figures. They can also contain text, equations, and multimedia content. Solutions can optionally be checked automatically using the nbgrader package, making notebooks a suitable tool for code-related assignments. Our notebooks are hosted on pyfar.org and are often based on the Python packages for acoustics research (pyfar). Pyfar provides functions for signal processing tasks, as well as for reading, writing, and visualizing audio data. By providing such functionality, it allows the content of the notebooks to focus on core concepts and didactics. Solutions to all exercises will be made available to teachers upon request. We hope that this initiative will foster cross-university collaboration, reduce the workload for educators, improve the quality of assignments through peer review, harmonize the content and didactics of courses across universities, and increase the number of available assignments. We will present sample assignments, the infrastructure behind the collection, and how to contribute.
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| 11:40 |
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Application of room acoustics simulation software in university teaching
by L. Aspöck, P. Palenda, J. Fels, M. Vorländer.
Abstract:
Room acoustics simulation software has become an established tool for researchers and consultants. Although such software applications are often regarded as expert tools, they can be effectively integrated into university courses focused on room acoustics and simulation techniques. At RWTH Aachen University, the RAVEN software environment — a C -based simulation that utilizes a hybrid approach that combines the image source model with an efficient ray tracing algorithm — was initiated over 15 years ago. Today, RAVEN is employed in various teaching and research activities and features multiple interfaces, including a MATLAB interface that enables script-based configuration of simulations. Its integration with the 3D modeling software SketchUp creates an interactive environment where students can immediately experience the effects of changes to room designs. This interface allows students to quickly access their first room simulation and auralization, facilitating the incorporation of the software into courses. Currently, it is used in block courses, laboratory sessions, and as a demonstration tool during lectures—not only in Aachen but also at several other universities worldwide. This work summarizes the challenges and opportunities associated with the application of RAVEN in an educational context.
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A04.05 Yesterday, today and tomorrow of research in acoustics
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SM1 - BÉKÉSY |
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| W. A. Montano Rodríguez |
| N. Campillo-Davo |
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| 14:20 |
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Al-Ándalus. Spreading acoustic knowledge from Spain to Western Europe
by W. A. Montano Rodríguez.
Abstract:
During the Early Middle Ages, while in Western Europe science was almost forbidden, in al-Ándalus scientific knowledge flourished, not only for translating Greek philosophers into Arabic, but also for being free to practice art and technology. The first transference from there was the ten digits numeral system adopted in the 11th century, and the milestone is the translation from Arabic to Latin of Euclid’s Elements book. In those years the study of sound waves was embedded in music or mathematics, it was not a separate discipline, then to understand their achievements in acoustics a closer look at their writings is needed, of which the few that survived are in the library of El Escorial. In alÁndalus, there were several schools of music, and some of the teachers were craftsmen who made musical instruments, many of them required skills and acoustic knowledge to be designed. The list of scientific contributions made by Moorish Spain to the West is almost endless, and this paper will focus on how they interpreted the translations of the Greeks and their learning and development of the sound wave physics, which became part of the acoustical knowledge.
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| 14:40 |
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Music studies in 1254 at the University of Salamanca. An al-Ándalus legacy
by W. A. Montano Rodríguez.
Abstract:
The first university in Spain, the fourth in Europe, was founded in Salamanca in 1254, and among the persons mentioned in its Royal Charter to teach, one of them was an “organo teacher” (“maestro en organo”) this was a uniqueness because in the 13th century music was taught only in churches and monasteries. Its existence is not a coincidence, because this novel university replicated the way of learning in al-Ándalus, where music was taught and played outside religious life. That fact was worldwide known in 1720 when The history of Spain was published and since then, some have debated whether it was a “chair of music” and whether the “organo teacher” taught theory. Considering that in the Quadrivium the physics of sound was not independent, it could be inferred that principles of acoustics was taught there in 1254. In this paper it will be demonstrated that it is not a semantic question of interpreting words, but of interpreting them in the historical context that was written, then it can be assured that it was a professorship, and by the counterfactual in this chair of music was taught the theory of sound/music, just as it was done in al-Ándalus.
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| 15:00 |
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20 years of research on acoustics and vibrations at Miguel Hernandez University of Elche
by R. Peral-Orts, N. Campillo-Davo, H. Campello-Vicente, M. Fabra-Rodriguez, D. Abellan-Lopez, D. Clar-Garcia, E. Velasco-Sanchez.
Abstract:
The Miguel Hernandez University of Elche (UMH) is a public and young university located in Alicante province, in the southeast of Spain, founded in December 1996 and which started its academic activities in the course 1997/1998. In the earliest beginnings of the UMH, a very small group of researchers of the Mechanical Engineering teaching area had the motivation of creating a working line focused on research on acoustics and vibrations. That fact led, in 2005, to the foundation of the Acoustic Engineering and Vibrations Laboratory of the UMH (LIAV-UMH). Since then, the members of the LIAV-UMH group focus their research lines mainly in the field of sound emissions and vibrations of road traffic and environmental acoustics, which results have naturally led to the knowledge transfer and collaboration with different entities and companies. In the current year, 2025, the LIAV-UMH celebrates its 20 years of research. This is why this paper summarizes the scientific trajectory followed by the group from its creation to the present days, showing the different working lines, developed research projects and knowledge transfer activities.
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| 15:20 |
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Psychoacoustics, the long way to be considered into international standards
by K. Genuit.
Abstract:
For several decades, the A-weighted sound pressure level has been used to evaluate sound. The sound character is determined by the spectral composition and temporal patterns. For this reason, the psychoacoustics was established, to provide more differentiated analyses describing the character of sound. With the help of psychoacoustic parameters such as loudness, sharpness, tonality, roughness, fluctuation and impulsivity, the auditory impression of sound events can be viewed in a more differentiated way. The first standards were developed in Germany for loudness DIN 45632 and sharpness DIN 45692 and internationally with ISO 532 for loudness. Furthermore, standards within ECMA-418-2 (European association for standardizing information and communication systems) are known, which describe various psychoacoustic parameters based on a hearing model, such as tonality, roughness and fluctuation. The international standard ISO 12913 ”Soundscape” describes the ratio of perceived sound quality, taking into account the context, and considering that there are usually several spatially distributed sound sources that determine the entire sound event. The recording of a complex sound event for the purpose of psychoacoustic analysis and auditory assessment is normatively based on the use of binaural measurement technology. This paper describes the efforts to integrate psychoacoustic aspects into international standardization.
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| 15:40 |
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A historical overview of Higini Arau’s proposal for calculating reverberation time (1988)
by J. Álvarez, R. Graus, H. Martín-Nieva.
Abstract:
In 1988, Barcelona physicist Higini Arau-Puchades published in international journal Acustica an alternative to Sabine’s classical formula for reverberation time. This was the result of reflections that had begun in 1985, when Arau came into contact with Lothar Cremer during the acoustic renovation of the Palau de la Música Catalana in Barcelona, which architect Oscar Tusquets was restoring. Arau proposed a formula that took into account the non-uniform distribution of absorbing material in a concert hall, and consequently quantified the decay rate of sound in the three directions X, Z and Y, refining the insight into Fitzroy’s formula. Of course, Arau then used his formula in the auditorium designs that he undertook in the 1990s. He developed it in a second paper published in 1998, while his first paper cut a path in the scientific field. During the 2000s, several articles comparing his formula with other known formulae led to his formula being incorporated in the statistical calculation section of some of the most highly regarded computer programmes on international acoustic design. We propose analysing the impact of Arau’s proposal in international academic publications to date.
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| 16:00 |
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From acoustic testing and modeling towards multi-physical digital twins: use cases and demonstrators
by L. Van Belle, D. Panagiotopoulos, V. Cool, H. Denayer, C. Claeys, W. Desmet, B. Pluymers, K. Gryllias, F. Naets, E. Deckers.
Abstract:
In the past decades, noise has gained growing significance. Also in mechanical engineering, increasingly complex mecha(tro)nic systems are emerging which have to perform optimally while satisfying ever more stringent noise regulations and customer expectations. Nowadays, electrification and transition to greener technologies and materials leads to novel noise sources and problems, posing significant engineering challenges. With increasing computation power over the past decades, also rapid technological evolutions have unfolded in acoustics: from testing to numerical modeling and simulation, from mono- to multi-physical simulation, from offline to real-time online simulations, … Thanks to these evolutions, noise is evolving from an attribute to quantify and control towards an integrated design parameter for the entire lifetime of systems, enabled by reduced order modeling, innovative signal processing techniques, novel emerging vibro-acoustic solutions and optimization. Moreover, combining fast multi-physical models with acoustic measurements has opened the door to a variety of novel developments including auralization, virtual sensing, real-time state/parameter estimation and prognostics.
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A05.01 Environmental acoustics - General
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SC1-2 - CHLADNI |
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| J. Picaut |
| M. Pawelczyk |
| M. Arana |
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| 14:20 |
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Case Study: Noise Source Analysis Through Environmental Noise Measurements
by O. Odeh, M. Bite, D. Kocsis.
Abstract:
Exposure to excessive noise is linked to significant adverse effects on human health, including stress, sleep disturbances, and reduced quality of life, particularly in residential areas near commercial or industrial zones. This study focuses on analyzing the noise components emitted by various sources located on the rooftop of a hypermarket. The aim was to measure and identify the noise levels generated by the operating machinery, such as air-conditioning systems, cooling units, rooftop ventilation, transformers and compressors, which could impact the nearby environment, particularly the residential buildings located in front of the examined hypermarket. Field noise surveys were carried out in the summer period during daytime and nighttime to measure noise levels under operational conditions. These measurements were followed by thorough frequency spectral analyses utilizing Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method, which helped identify the most significant noise contributors. While the study provided clear insights into the operational noise impacts during the summer, winter-specific noise sources, such as boilers, were excluded due to seasonal constraints. The findings serve as a foundation for further mitigation measures, including re-evaluation during winter operation to address potential regulatory noise exceedances and noise complaints. Keywords: noise measurements, environmental noise, Spectral analysis, noise exposure, case study .
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| 14:40 |
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Obtaining noise levels from projected overpressure levels generated by blasting operations
by M. Glisser, B. Vásquez.
Abstract:
Overpressure levels generated by blasting generally increase with increasing charge mass and decrease with increasing distance from the blast site. Scaling methods have often been used to determine the relationship between charge mass, distance and peak blast overpressure levels. The overpressure levels have been calculated using a cube root scaling equation, considering constants that respond to the type of terrain of the blasting site. However, these peak overpressure levels are obtained as a global level in dBL, so the research gathers background information to obtain more comprehensive information to better understand the phenomenon of noise caused by blasting and to advance in its analysis. The results can be used for evaluations where various weightings such as A, C and Z are required.
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| 15:00 |
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Experimental Assessment of Outdoor Leisure Noise: Sampling Methodology and Annoyance Indicators
by A. Hidalgo Otamendi, A. Hernandez.
Abstract:
Leisure noise is a significant environmental issue across Europe, particularly in Mediterranean countries where outdoor leisure activities are more prevalent and widespread. These regions experience higher levels of outdoor gatherings, music events, and nightlife activities, which contribute substantially to noise pollution in both urban and suburban areas. Although this type of noise is within the scope of Directive 2002/49/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 June 2002 [1], the directive does not impose specific obligations for controlling leisure noise, leaving a gap in its practical application. Additionally, there are no established standards or universally accepted methodologies for the accurate assessment of this noise type. This lack of regulation creates challenges for policymakers and urban planners attempting to mitigate its impact on communities. In this paper, a comprehensive guideline is proposed to address these limitations. The guideline focuses on key aspects such as spatial and temporal sampling strategies, the processing of noise measurements, and the selection of appropriate indicators to evaluate noise annoyance effectively. By providing a structured approach, the proposed methodology aims to improve the accuracy and consistency of leisure noise assessments, facilitating better decision-making and promoting healthier, quieter environments.
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| 15:20 |
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Practical noise immission modeling for concerts in stadiums: Santiago Bernabeu - Real Madrid (Spain)
by C. V. Viloria-Yzquier, E. García-Calderón, R. San Millán-Castillo.
Abstract:
The recent controversy around the cancellation of future concerts at the Santiago Bernabéu stadium, affecting approximately 250,000 attendees, many of them coming to Madrid from other cities, has generated intense debate. Neighbors in the area claim that “it is a sports stadium, not a space for musical events” and express their complaints regarding the noise generated at these events.With the firm belief that it is possible to address residents’ concerns around the development of noise-producing activities in the city, new regulations have been introduced to correct deficiencies in these activities(Madrid City Council. (2011). Ordinance for protection against noise and thermal pollution).This project will evaluate the impact of these recreational activities on the quality of life of nearby residents and determine whether they follow legally established noise levels. To accomplish this, data collected from in-situ measurements will form the basis for simulating the noise affecting residents, verifying the model’s accuracy, and suggesting potential solutions.
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| 15:40 |
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Comparative analysis between CNOSSOS-EU and interim methods
by M. Ausejo Prieto, R. García Morales, I. Soto Molina.
Abstract:
According to Order PCI/1319/2018, Spain has replaced the interim calculation methods with a common calculation methodology developed by the European Commission through the project Common noise assessment methods in Europe (CNOSSOS-EU). The establishment of this common European calculation method for noise mapping (CNOSSOS-EU) involves the replacement of the previously used calculation methodologies (interim methods) by this new methodology. It is therefore necessary to compare these calculation methods in order to: (1) Evaluate their traceability regarding the Strategic Noise Maps from different rounds, (2) Assess the real effectiveness of the Noise Action Plans, and (3) Compare simulations carried out using different methodologies. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the interim calculation methods and the CNOSSOS-EU calculation method. For this purpose, 45 different scenarios were analyzed in pairs using both calculation methods, with more than 12 variables studied for road, railway, and industrial noise. Pairs of sound power level data (when comparable) and mainly pairs of receiver LAeq levels were compared, resulting in over 1,800 data pairs being analyzed.
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| 16:20 |
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Need of a National Noise Strategy in Spain and approach to develop it
by M. Á. González García, I. Soto Molina, C. Soriano Pastor.
Abstract:
The last decade made us awareness of the importance of environmental noise as cause of disease and life quality loss for the population. Since the entry into force of END and Spanish legislation on noise progress has been made, specially in noise evaluation, even with difficulties. Nevertheless, a lot of work last to be done, especially for the effective management and correction of noise problems. Reaching objectives of noise reduction nowadays on the table (ZPAP) seems a difficult goal. To afford this challenge it is needed a correct overview of noise problems at a macro scale and a strategic approach of what the causes are and the possible ways to work to solve it effectively. This work review why this strategical vision is needed, what are the works in course for developing it and which could be, at the State level, the main axes that guide the action of the different administrations to address environmental noise.
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| 16:40 |
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Preliminary evaluation of a low-cost device for binaural recording and soundscape monitoring
by J. M. Navarro Ruiz, M. Masullo.
Abstract:
The growing interest in soundscape analysis has highlighted the need for accessible tools capable of capturing and processing audio with high spatial sound fidelity. This study presents a low-cost device designed for binaural recording and soundscape monitoring. The device employs a microphone array to capture sound signals and subsequently applies signal processing techniques to synthesize a binaural output. A preliminary evaluation was conducted to assess the device’s performance in a controlled urban environment characterized by road traffic noise. The evaluation compared recordings obtained with the prototype device against reference recordings captured using in-ear microphones in an artificial head and worn by human. Key metrics, including spatial accuracy, and psychoacoustic parameters, were analyzed to determine the device’s suitability for soundscape studies. Results suggest that the proposed device provides an effective approximation of binaural audio, with certain limitations inherent to its low-cost design. These findings support the potential of the device as a scalable solution for soundscape monitoring, particularly in applications where traditional binaural equipment may be cost-prohibitive. Future work will focus on refining the signal processing algorithms and expanding the evaluation to diverse soundscapes.
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| 17:00 |
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Assessing Acoustic Dynamics in Alpine Ecosystems: The Nivolet Pass Case Study
by G. Guagliumi, F. Angelini, R. Benocci, G. Zambon.
Abstract:
Alpine ecosystems, among the most vulnerable to climate change and anthropogenic disturbances, remain underexplored in their acoustic dimensions despite their crucial role in supporting biodiversity and ecological processes. These environments also attract significant human activity, becoming hotspots of interaction between natural and anthropogenic dynamics. This study investigates the acoustic impact of road traffic noise along the SP50 provincial road, from Lake Serrù to Savoia Refuge, in Gran Paradiso National Park (Italy). Acoustic levels were monitored using class 1 sound level meters, with measurements conducted during periods of both road closure and peak tourist activity. The recorded data were analyzed to assess sound pressure variations in relation to traffic flow and other local sources. Simultaneously, vehicle density was quantified to establish correlations between traffic patterns and acoustic conditions. The findings demonstrate the significant influence of anthropogenic noise on the acoustic environment, highlighting the need for informed noise management strategies. By situating these results within the European frameworks for noise management and biodiversity conservation, the study underscores the critical role of acoustic monitoring in guiding targeted conservation strategies. This research highlights the importance of integrating noise control measures with ecosystem management to mitigate human impacts and ensure the sustainable preservation of fragile alpine environments.
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| 17:20 |
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Evaluating Background Noise Criteria For Estimating Outdoor-To-Indoor Levels Via A Statistical Learning Modelling Framework
by M. E. Terzakis, C. Van Hoorickx, M. Hornikx, F. Naim, D. Fecht, A. L. Hansell, J. Gulliver.
Abstract:
Urban noise exposure has shown significant negative associations with health effects, largely based on outdoor assessments. As most people spend the majority of time indoors, especially at night, assessments should include the attenuation of outdoor noise exposure to estimate indoor noise exposure for developing epidemiological evidence on health-related noise effects. In this study, a prediction modelling framework is defined for estimating the outdoor-to-indoor level differences for three time periods (day, evening, and night) via statistical learning models, employing synchronised and unsupervised outdoor and indoor noise exposure measurements from 49 locations in Greater London, UK. The study evaluates which background noise criteria expressed via percentile indicators (LA90, LA95, and LA99) under two conditions are most effective. In the analysis, stronger correlations between the equivalent outdoor-to-indoor level differences and outdoor levels were obtained after applying the more stringent condition. Particularly, stronger night-time relationships (r = 0.66–0.76) were obtained compared to daytime (r = 0.55–0.63) and evening (r = 0.43–0.55) relationships. Regarding the modelling validation, the lowest RMSE was observed in the night-time models (RMSE = 2.0–2.8dB(A)), followed by the day-time (RMSE = 2.9– 3.0dB(A)) and evening (RMSE = 2.5–4.0dB(A)) models. The study’s findings support the value of random forest models in estimating outdoor-to-indoor level differences, executing errors mostly below the just perceptible level difference (3dB(A)).
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| 17:40 |
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Towards the Worlds largest Noise Complaint Database
by E. King, E. Murphy, T. Messerer, T. Messerer.
Abstract:
Silencio is a community-driven platform tackling the escalating issue of noise pollution across the world. Through its free application, Silencio aims to become the world’s largest citizen science initiative dedicated to combating noise pollution. Users contribute hyper-local noise data and are incentivized with ‘noise coins’, redeemable for goods, services, and environmental initiatives within the platform. As of April 2025, Silencio has collected 35 billion data points from over 1 million sensors across 180 countries. A key feature allows users to log noise complaints, transforming crowd-sourced data into actionable insights for governments and urban planners. This paper explores the noise complaints dataset, analysing patterns in timing, location, and the types of noise most likely to prompt complaints. We believe this represents the world’s largest noise complaint database.
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| 18:20 |
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Assessment And Analysis Of Vibration Impacts From Underground Railway Tunnelling And Excavation In Sydney, Australia
by A. Miller, J. Parnell, V. A. Menon, D. Hanson.
Abstract:
The NSW Government is building, operating and maintaining a network of four metro rail lines, 46 stations and 113km of new metro rail in Sydney, Australia. Whilst there have been geographical challenges with the new alignments, Sydney’s high strength sandstone bedrock has provided a very stable substrate in which to tunnel. This has meant that measurable and perceptible levels of vibration can be propagated to significant distances. Contemporary understanding of tunnelling impacts is mostly underpinned by overseas experiences with respect to peak particle velocity (PPV). Moreover, this is generally limited to the relatively short setback distances applicable to structural damage concerns. This study presents PPVs, A-weighted ground-borne RMS vibration levels and one-third octave band spectra from tunnel boring and cross-passage excavation activities at various offset distances out to 300m that may be applicable to ground-borne noise or sensitive equipment concerns. This data will likely inform future predictions of tunnelling projects in Sydney and may be applicable to other regions both domestically and internationally. It also highlights uncertainties in predictions, ground conditions and the practicalities of contemporary tunnelling processes.
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A05.01 Environmental acoustics - General (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| J. Picaut |
| M. Pawelczyk |
| M. Arana |
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Immision Directivity in the frequency domain
by J. Murovec, L. Čurović, A. Železnik, J. Prezelj.
Abstract:
The spatial domain has proven to be a crucial element in the measurement of environmental noise and allows for better identification and classification of noise sources. This paper presents spectral immission directivity, an extension of the concept of immission directivity into the frequency domain, which improves the spatial representation of noise at different frequencies. The proposed methodology combines spectral and spatial insights and provides a comprehensive view of the acoustic environment. Theoretical simulations were performed and validated by measurements in an anechoic chamber, confirming the reliability and precision of the approach. The integration of spectral immission directivity into existing noise measurement systems is seamless and requires no significant changes, and it improves their ability to localize and characterize noise sources. This advance reduces reliance on complex postprocessing algorithms and promotes more efficient, accurate and cost-effective noise monitoring strategies. By enriching environmental noise assessments with spectralspatial data, this research paves the way for innovative approaches to noise assessment and management.
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A05.03 Environmental noise perception
| Monday 23 June 2025 - 16:20 |
| Room: SC1-2 - CHLADNI |
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| T. Van Renterghem |
| A. Barros |
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| 16:20 |
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Measurement Of The Sound Field Over A Green Roof Using Simultaneous Sound Pressure Recordings
by J. Alvarez Chaia, A. Alva, A. M. Lacasta.
Abstract:
Green roofs provide a distinct acoustic environment with reduced sound pressure levels (SPL) compared to conventional roofs. These levels arise from a combination of direct sound, diffraction, reflection, and absorption effects—strongly influenced by measurement height. Simultaneous SPL measurements at eight heights were carried out to examine how roof geometry and materials affect SPL through absorption and diffraction. Results show that SPL decreases with decreasing measurement height, particularly when greenery covers wall parapets, highlighting the role of vertical surfaces in shaping rooftop soundscapes.
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| 16:40 |
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Optimizing the traffic induced annoyance by public participation; Interaction between questionnaires, model calculations, and measurements
by W. Van Keulen.
Abstract:
Commissioned by the province of South Holland, the Netherlands, VANKEULEN advies conducted a study into the annoyance aspects of a main 2-laned road. In 2019, a study was conducted into the complaints and the possible solution(s). Due to its complexity, a step-by-step approach was chosen at the time to quantify the problem based on the path: source - transfer – receiver. To this end, the first ’subjective’ and ’objective’ measurements were carried out in 2019. The subjective measurements consisted of a survey among residents, the objective of several measurements on the existing road surface and expansion joints. In addition, noise calculations were carried out. After the application of noise reduction measures (noise barrier, low-noise joints and asphalt), the survey and measurements were repeated in 2022. In this way, the partial effects and the total effect (subjective and objective) of the measures could be determined. The total noise reduction amounted to 12 – 15 dB(A). The overall nuisance decreased by approximately 50%. At the same time, a significant majority indicated that the overall environmental quality improved. However, the overall appreciation for the high impact of the two measures is surprisingly low.
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| 17:00 |
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The alleviating role of residential green on road traffic noise annoyance: Insights from the RESTORE project
by C. Kawai, J. Dopico, B. Schäffer, M. García-Martín, N. Kolecka, S. Tobias, D. Vienneau, M. Röösli, M. Brink, J. M. Wunderli.
Abstract:
Long-term exposure to noise is linked to various adverse effects on human health. Growing evidence suggests that residential green spaces can positively influence a wide range of health outcomes. Noise annoyance is a key factor examined in the literature in this context. We present findings from two large-scale studies conducted in Switzerland (combined n = 3,340 participants), one in the city of Zurich and one nationwide. Road traffic noise annoyance data was collected and regressed on exposure to (a) road traffic noise and (b) residential green around participants’ home location. Higher exposure-response curves were found for the nationwide sample compared to the Zurich sample. Importantly, more residential green was associated with lower annoyance at comparable road traffic noise exposure. These findings highlight the positive, mitigating influence of natural green on negative noiseinduced outcomes.
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| 17:20 |
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Clustering individuals based on performance in audio-visual testing
by T. Van Renterghem.
Abstract:
Audio-visual interactions play a crucial role in shaping individuals’ perception of their surroundings and have been proposed as an effective strategy for improving environmental noise perception. However, the relative influence of visual and auditory inputs, as well as the degree of audio-visual integration, will vary across individuals. To investigate these influences, a dataset of 196 valid participations in an audio-visual performance test was collected under controlled laboratory conditions. Using Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) for dimensionality reduction and k-means clustering, three distinct participant groups were identified based on six relative performance indicators. These clusters were categorized as visual-first responders (cluster A), balanced integrators (cluster B) and visually dominated individuals (cluster C). Visual-first responders and the visually dominated group show hardly any audio-visual integration in the audio-visual acuity test, while the balanced integrators clearly do. Notably, clusters A and C, accounting for 68% of the test population, are expected to benefit most from noise annoyance mitigation strategies that incorporate green window views.
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| 18:00 |
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Exploring soundscape perception through the italian language: a study on descriptive words for noise and sound
by M. Ferretti, D. Chiarella, A. Cinini, P. Cutugno.
Abstract:
This study investigates the linguistic description of soundscapes in seven port and hinterland areas in Italy, focusing on the perceptual aspects of remembered or heard sounds. Adjectives associated with the Italian nouns “rumore” (noise) and “suono” (sound) were extracted from large linguistic corpora and presented in a linguistic-acoustic questionnaire, allowing participants to select those most descriptive of the sounds they perceived. Through the analysis of responses, a four-point scale was constructed, ranging from “silenzioso” (silent) to “molto rumoroso” (very noisy), with significant adjectives identified for each level. This scale offers a structured framework to interpret and classify soundscapes, linking linguistic descriptors to specific acoustic environments and sound sources. The findings highlight the importance of integrating linguistic and perceptual approaches to capture the subjective and cultural dimensions of soundscapes. By offering a language-specific perspective, this research aims to support a deeper understanding of auditory perceptions and inform urban and environmental planning in culturally sensitive ways.
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| 18:20 |
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Key Aspects for Survey Data Processing and Statistical Analysis when Modelling Exposure-Annoyance Relationships
by M. Brink, B. Schäffer, D. Schreckenberg.
Abstract:
In the context of (classical) noise annoyance surveys, the main product of interest is usually exposure-response relationships to inform health risk assessments or policy makers. Surveys conducted for this purpose are becoming increasingly complex, raising the question of what the key aspects in terms of data processing and statistical analysis are, that allow valid and representative exposure-response functions to be derived from the data collected. In this talk we will look at relevant decisions at different stages of analysis and illustrate their impact, in parts using data from the NORAH and SiRENE noise annoyance surveys as examples. The focus is on the necessary data processing and statistical considerations when aiming at statistically sound predictions of the percentage of ’highly annoyed’ (%HA) as a function of noise exposure, alongside potential further predictors. The paper touches on the issues of (a) the explanatory or predictive approach related to variable selection and modelling, (b) the use of survey weights or not, (c) the proper handling of cases with low or missing exposure values in survey samples, (d) population-averaged vs. subject-specific responses and (e) the treatment of non-focal predictors when plotting exposure-response curves.
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A05.03 Environmental noise perception (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| T. Van Renterghem |
| A. Barros |
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Exploring the acoustic environments of Barcelona's Superblocks: perceptions from soundwalks
by A. R. Esperidião, A. Potenza, E. Vidaña-Vila, M. Freixes, A. Radicchi, A. Iarozinski Neto, R. M. Alsina-Pagès.
Abstract:
The Superblock proposal in Barcelona is a strategy for urban intervention that aims to promote lower traffic density, increased green spaces and quiet areas, thereby improving the health and well-being of citizens. Consequently, it can serve as a valuable case study for testing tools for soundscape assessment, as it provides a unique acoustic environment. To evaluate it, soundwalks were conducted in the Poblenou, Sant Gervasi, and Sant Antoni Superblocks. This study examined the similarities among these three locations in terms of how people perceive the quietness and sounds in each area. Subjective data were obtained through questionnaires with a 5-point Likert scale and multiple-choice questions. The results showed that Sant Gervasi and Sant Antoni Superblocks were not considered quiet areas by the participants, although birds and vegetation contributed positively to the sense of quietness in the first location. In Poblenou, the quietest point is related to the promotion of social interaction. The findings of this study can be used to plan new superblocks and analyze their effectiveness in promoting a better acoustic environment in the city.
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A05.04 Wind turbine noise
| Thursday 26 June 2025 - 10:40 |
| Room: SC1-2 - CHLADNI |
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| 10:40 |
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OFF-COUSTICS: Predicting The Underwater Acoustic Footprint Of Offshore Wind Turbines
by E. Eerrer, L. Botero-Bolivar, O. A. Marino, M. De Frutos, D. Huergo, A. Ballout, E. Jané, H. Marbona, G. Rubio.
Abstract:
The growing demand for offshore wind energy has driven a rapid increase in wind turbine size and the development of large-scale wind farms, often comprising more than 100 turbines. However, the environmental impact of underwater noise emissions remains largely unaddressed. The Off-coustic project (ERC Consolidator Grant Ref. 101086075) develops numerical methods and experiments by integrating wind turbine noise prediction techniques to predict the wind turbine acoustic footprint. Here, we present an approach to calculating the transmission of aerodynamic noise into underwater acoustics, taking into account the air-water impedance and the penetration angle (governed by Snell’s law). Our calculations show that aerodynamic noise from offshore wind farms may affect marine life. In addition, we present the capabilities of our solver, HORSES3D, to simulate wind turbines in offshore environments. This solver will soon be capable of simulating acoustics in offshore environments.
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| 11:00 |
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Long-term Wind Farm Noise assessment over different meteorological conditions
by K. Lowe, M. Amatriain, S. Broneske.
Abstract:
Recently European Court of Auditors (ECA) recommended introducing EU noise-reduction targets and noise limits in the Environmental Noise Directive. The ECA approach would be aligning the noise exposure reporting thresholds, as closely as possible, with the guideline levels in the 2022 update report by the World Health Organization (WHO) in urban areas. WHO Guidelines provide guideline Lden and Lnight levels for specific noise sources. For wind turbines, they provide a guideline level of 45 dB Lden with no Lnight guideline determined. For long term assessment relevant factors must be defined, as the calculation method for yearly Lden may be affected by different meteorological conditions, operational states of the turbines, relative position of the source and receptor, background noise and masking levels or applicable daily night-time and short time limits. The determination of how to determine compliance with an Lden will be explored. The present work’s aim is the identification of the environmental parameters necessary for sound propagation and the reasonable evaluation time for long term wind farm noise assessment. A detailed knowledge and understanding of the emission and propagation characteristics can allow an optimised noise levels and energy yield, which can be achieved by adapting the operation of the turbine.
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| 11:20 |
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Optimizing Electricity Production in Wind Farms with Noise Mitigation Strategies
by Á. Grilo Bensusan.
Abstract:
Wind power will be key to achieve the European Renewable Energy targets and making the EU carbon-neutral by 2050. Wind farms can cover several square kilometers of land and the permitting processes must consider the legitimate concerns of citizens regarding the environmental noise impact. In order to increase local acceptance of wind farm projects, a noise mitigation strategy should be available in cases where the noise standards are exceeded. A validated noise prediction model with monitored data will permit to verity the compliance of the noise regulations with best precision and limit the production of the wind turbines only when it is strictly required. This paper shows a methodology for the optimization of the electricity production of a wind farm, considering different noise calculation standards during the design of noise mitigation strategies. .
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A05.04 Wind turbine noise (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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Noise and vibration measurements emitted by wind towers
by G. Iannace, L. Fredianelli, A. Akbaba, G. Ciaburro, F. Artuso.
Abstract:
Wind turbines are a valid alternative to produce electricity in place of hydrocarbons, in this way it is possible to achieve the objectives set by the energy transition and limit the effects of greenhouse gas emissions. One of the problems that limit the spread of wind turbines are the effects of the impact on the environment. The problems identified are those of flicker shadow, noise and visual impact. The biggest problem is that due to noise. In fact, people who live near wind turbines complain about the negative effects of noise. This paper reports noise measurements carried out in proximity to wind turbines in different wind speed conditions.
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Wind turbine directional tonality
by M. Amatriain, M. Arana.
Abstract:
Knowledge of the emission patterns (directivity) of modern wind turbines improves the prediction of noise levels at receptors over medium and long distance. Tonality is usually attributed as a penalty or character correction factor in most regulations. In some of them, the penalty, up to 6 dB, is equivalent to quadrupling the power of the wind turbine. To predict the impact caused to residents near wind farms, it is desirable to know precisely both the directivity of the wind turbines and the potential tonality. The present work shows the results of the tonality around a wind turbine and not only for the downwind conditions of the IEC standard. It was carried out for different wind speeds. The aim of this work is to contribute to the improvement of the prediction of wind farm nuisance.
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A05.05 Urban sound planning (1)
| Monday 23 June 2025 - 12:00 |
| Room: SC1-2 - CHLADNI |
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| L. Estévez-Mauriz |
| T. Maag |
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| 12:00 |
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Guidelines For An Institutional Proposal For The Creation Of A Noise And Vibration Observatory In Uruguay
by L. Marisquirena, E. González, P. Gianoli.
Abstract:
Concern about noise pollution and the consequences of exposure to noise and vibration is of worldwide relevance. Organizations such as the World Health Organization have dedicated spaces to visualize these problems of exposure to noise and vibration. So much so that they describe noise pollution as the first environmental nuisance in developed countries and as a threat to public health. In Europe, noise pollution is the second most harmful environmental factor. There are multiple studies where it is demonstrated the link of diseases with exposure to noise and vibration, such as heart disease, emotional pathologies, digestive disorders, among others.
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| 12:20 |
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Characteristics determining the attractiveness of urban green spaces: Insights from the RESTORE project
by J. M. Wunderli, C. Kawai, J. Dopico, M. Röösli, D. Vienneau, M. Brink, S. Tobias, B. Schäffer.
Abstract:
Literature provides strong evidence that nature can potentially alleviate negative mental as well as physiological health effects of excessive traffic noise exposure. As green spaces (GSs) not only help mitigating negative noise impact, but also improve public health in general, GS planning has become an important task for cities. We conducted a field study in the city of Zurich, Switzerland, to investigate which characteristics of GSs determine their attractiveness. In three waves in the summer periods of 2022 and 2023, 1,129 participants filled out an online questionnaire that included a participatory geographical information system approach to specify and characterize their most visited GS. Interestingly, while the distance to the nearest GS was important for how frequently residents visited GSs spaces, 64% of the participants still did not indicate their closest GS as their most visited one. We found that large GSs, which in general exhibit lower traffic noise exposure, attract more visitors than small ones. Water bodies were also identified as attractive. Our study highlights the relevance of these features for city planners and urbanists when planning, designing and/or maintaining urban GSs.
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| 12:40 |
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Necessary steps to advance research on healthy urban sound planning
by T. Haselhoff, S. Moebus.
Abstract:
The acoustic environment (AE) matters for human health and well-being. Decades of research revealed noise pollution to be a major disease burden. Well-established mitigation strategies like speed limits or noise barriers exist. Beyond noise, field and laboratory studies suggest salutogenic properties of the AE. However, for a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between human health and the AE beyond noise, i.a., populationbased epidemiological studies are necessary. However comprehensive studies are missing, and robust strategies for health-promoting urban sound planning are scarce. Currently, several factors limit research in this area. A major factor is the difficulty in quantifying acoustic properties that may reflect the salutogenic properties of AEs on a population-level. This is particularly important, as such studies are needed to investigate health issues of defined populations in real-life settings. While various methods (e.g. the soundscape approach by DIN ISO 12913) aim to assess the ”acoustic quality” of an AE and provide valuable insights, they do not provide the spatially high-resolution exposure data needed. Here, we outline requirements necessary to advance research at the population-level. We discuss and demonstrate approaches in AE research that show promise in meeting these requirements and could guide urban planning towards healthier AEs.
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| 13:00 |
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Development of a tool for noise management in LEZs
by J. I. Riesco García, S. Herrero, L. Garcia, R. Díez, R. Paredes, A. E. Espinel Valdivieso, M. Lora.
Abstract:
Audiotec is part of a consortium that is carrying out an R&D project with the overall objective of developing a comprehensive and accessible prototype to assist decisionmakers in the fight against climate change and air pollution in the task of defining and assessing the economic, social and environmental impact of Low Emission Zones (LEZs) in urban areas. Audiotec’s role in the project is the development of a nonstandardized tool for environmental noise prediction in LEZs using geographic information systems (GIS). The developed tool, which is easy to use, allows to quickly predict the evolution of acoustic indices and health indicators in LEZs, as well as to analyze the acoustic impact in these areas in different alternative scenarios, varying the mobility parameters. The developed prototype presented here allows municipal technicians to manage LEZs through the use of commonly used free software, with the consequent saving of resources.
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A05.05 Urban sound planning (2)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: SC1-2 - CHLADNI |
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| L. Estévez-Mauriz |
| T. Maag |
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| 9:00 |
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Soundscape evaluation of residential outdoor spaces based on a subjective questionnaire and objective acoustical measures
by M. Isenegger, T. Steiner, G. Heini, L. Bartha, U. Sturm, A. Taghipour.
Abstract:
With the increasing attention to soundscape concepts in noise policy discussions and the recent integration into legislation in some regions, there is a growing need for objective measures to assess soundscape quality. In a project funded by the Swiss Federal Office for the Environment, various acoustical, room-acoustical, and psychoacoustical parameters identified through acoustic literature, as well as preliminary research and measurements, were used to evaluate soundscape quality. These parameters include, among others, LAeq, RT60, STIPA, sharpness, loudness, tonality, and fluctuation strength. Additionally, environmental factors such as nearby noise sources, greenery, and spatial morphology were documented. Measurements were conducted in four residential outdoor spaces in Switzerland and compared to subjective evaluations obtained from a small group of participants at the same locations. This paper presents the measurement results and subjective evaluations, along with a statistical analysis comparing the two datasets. Based on the findings, a method for the objective assessment of soundscapes is proposed, and recommendations for improving soundscape quality are discussed.
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| 9:20 |
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A Spatial Processing Framework For Mapping Areas Benefiting From Urban Morphology And Building Design In Airport Regions
by G. Wuite, M. Lugten, R. Vassallo, A. Van Timmeren.
Abstract:
In many places, ongoing urban expansion, in conjunction with higher traffic volumes, have reduced or dissolved the separation between environmental noise zones. This is specifically the case near airports, with conflicting landuse demands for housing and flight operations. Apart from zoning, aircraft noise plays no role in urban design and form studies. Serving as tall noise barriers, recent studies in a designated test street demonstrated the potential of buildings as noise barriers for reducing aircraft noise in urban contexts. Correlating sound shielding levels with the elevation angle of passing aircraft, results from the test street environment were used for mapping shielding potential areas on a regional scale. This study introduces a spatial framework combining aircraft trajectory, and landuse, geo-data to determine such areas using a geo-spatial processing methodology in QGIS. It is applied the Amsterdam Schiphol airport region as case study.The methodology determines areas affected by noise from passing aircraft at elevation angles identified as most indicative for leveraging optimal shielding by buildings. The subsequent map layers can aid urban planners in decisionmaking processes for further exploring the potential of urban design for mitigating aircraft noise in urban airport regions, serving further tool development for livable and healthier neighborhood design.
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| 9:40 |
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Enhancing Urban Acoustic Comfort: The Role of Free Surfaces, Green Spaces and Water Bodies in Mitigating Road Traffic Noise
by C. V. Fiorini, V. Battistini, M. Calanna, L. Quaranta, C. Guattari, A. Tarsitano, A. Vallati.
Abstract:
This study examines the role of urban free surfaces— parks, trees, water bodies and open squares—in mitigating road traffic noise in adjacent buildings. Case studies focused on built-up areas near roads with defined traffic levels, including aligned frontages, widened streets and urban courtyards with corner buildings. Free surfaces were analyzed using parameters such as the green-to-paved surface ratio, grass-to-tree vegetation ratio, tree height, and percentages of green areas, paved areas and water bodies. Noise level measurements (LAeq), were taken at different times of the day and under various weather conditions, to understand the acoustic contributions of these surfaces. Qualitative data and measurements enabled the verification of parameter distributions (e.g., green-to-paved surface ratio, grass-totree ratio, vegetation height) in relation to LAeq, considering seasonal features and surrounding building heights. Multivariate regression identified linear relationships between factors. Finally, an average dynamic absorption coefficient was estimated for open spaces, treating them as equivalent absorbing areas. This coefficient, influenced by seasonal and meteorological variations, allows modeling of open spaces as acoustically active surfaces. It also provides a basis for designing optimal configurations, offering practical recommendations for urban planners and policymakers to improve acoustic comfort in urban environments.
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| 10:00 |
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Bringing Soundscape Auralizations To The Urban City Planning
by J. Llorca-Bofí, H. H. Au-Yeung, M. Lippold, C. Reicher.
Abstract:
The use of city-scale big data in urban planning practices has grown significantly over the past few decades, revolutionizing the way cities are designed and managed. This trend holds the promise of creating urban environments that better account for the perceptions, needs, and complex interactions of people with the built environment. However, despite these advancements, there remains a lack of comprehensive frameworks for incorporating the auralization of urban soundscapes into city-scale big data systems. The integration of soundscape auralization is critical, as it offers the potential to address the acoustic dimension of urban life, enabling more informed and human-centered urban sound planning. In this regard, soundscape auralization frameworks are expected to play a pivotal role in facilitating data-driven decisionmaking processes that enhance the auditory quality of urban spaces. This contribution aims to address the challenges associated with achieving such integration, outlining a structured workflow for creating soundscape digital twins— virtual representations of urban acoustic environments. The contribution will also highlight that these digital twins could serve as powerful tools for simulating and evaluating soundscapes, ultimately supporting urban planners in designing cities that are not only functional but also acoustically pleasant.
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A05.06 Recent advances in noise mitigation methods
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: SC1-2 - CHLADNI |
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| 9:00 |
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The LIFE SILENT Project: advancing sustainable solutions to mitigate noise in urban environments
by P. Bellucci, F. Ciarallo, M. Garai, G. Licitra, T. Onorato, F. G. Praticò.
Abstract:
This paper presents an overview of the LIFE SILENT Project and its preliminary results. The project aims to develop and implement sustainable solutions for mitigating noise in complex urban scenarios affected by the coexistence of multiple and diverse noise sources, typically from road and railway traffic, in proximity to densely populated areas. In such contexts, conventional noise mitigation solutions, such as noise barriers, are often unsuitable due to their impact on nearby receivers. However, high noise barriers can reduce visibility, hinder air circulation, and alter the microclimate, potentially leading to social opposition. To address these challenges, at-source solutions are recommended. Low-noise pavements are proposed for roads, while railways are encouraged to adopt measures such as dampers, rail grinding, and silent brakes. However, these solutions are often limited by durability and high implementation and installation costs. The LIFE SILENT Project seeks to overcome these challenges by developing and testing innovative solutions, including low-noise pavements and low-height noise barriers incorporating metamaterials, designed to deliver enhanced environmental performance and improved durability. Finally, the project aims to define a dedicated management procedure to facilitate the coordinated implementation of these solutions by infrastructure owners and managers.
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| 9:20 |
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Challenges in Producing Innovative Low-Noise Asphalt Mixtures with Recycled Materials and Additives: Insights from the LIFE SILENT Project
by M. Diamantini, P. Bellucci, G. Chidichimo, F. G. Praticò.
Abstract:
This paper discusses the challenges encountered during the LIFE SILENT Project in producing innovative asphalt mixtures designed to develop low-noise, sustainable, and eco-friendly pavements for urban environments. The project’s aim to integrate recycled materials and innovative additives into asphalt production revealed several technical and operational issues that required careful consideration and adaptation of traditional processes. Key challenges included ensuring the proper integration of unconventional materials into the mixture, managing their physical characteristics to prevent flow and compaction issues, and adjusting production parameters such as the order of ingredient introduction, mixing time, and temperature. These adjustments were necessary to comply with minimum environmental criteria and to ensure the technological feasibility of manufacturing these advanced mixtures. This study provides an overview of the lessons learned during the experimental phase, focusing on the technical adjustments and pre-treatments required to overcome production obstacles. By addressing these challenges, the research offers valuable insights into the potential for scaling up the production of innovative low-noise pavements that combine environmental sustainability with improved performance.
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| 9:40 |
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How sustainable are innovative noise mitigation road pavements? An LCA approach
by A. Altobello, F. V. Catania, M. Busti, C. Ravagnan, A. Tani.
Abstract:
The use of innovative materials is being experimented in asphalt mixtures to produce low noise road pavements with the aim of mitigating noise as one of the impacts generated by road infrastructures. However, further investigation is required to evaluate their environmental sustainability. To this end, as part of the LIFE SILENT project-aimed at developing innovative and sustainable solutions for mitigating road and railway noise-a comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been conducted to assess the environmental impacts of asphalt mixtures incorporating recycled and innovative components. The LCA has considered multiple processes involved in the application of asphalt mixtures, from raw material extraction and transportation to manufacturing and laying, as each of these contributes to the overall impact. Eight alternatives of asphalt mixtures have been compared, that differ from each other for the presence of traditional or innovative materials, such as crumb rubber. The latter enhances the acoustic performance of the paved surface and, being a secondary raw material, could provide environmental benefits. This approach allows for standardized assessments at system level, offering the opportunity to compare the impacts of either different flows within the same process or different product alternatives, to identify and promote more sustainable practices.
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| 10:40 |
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European Projects For Noise Quality In Florence
by A. Melloni, G. Pecchioni, R. Bellomini.
Abstract:
The city of Florence has promoted and participated in numerous European projects (LIFE and HORIZON 2020) on the topic of environmental noise in cities. Over the last 10 years, the topics of quiet areas, soundabsorbing asphalt, noise produced by tramways and roadside noise control methods have been addressed. The presentation will illustrate the main results obtained and the practical applications in urban areas.
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| 11:00 |
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Managing environmental noise by bringing together continuous monitoring and simulation models
by L. Conde Santos, A. Carvalho, J. Preto, P. Valério, C. Leão, G. Covas.
Abstract:
Assessment of environmental noise is commonly done by either performing measurements, long or short-term, or by calculating noise by means of acoustic models. These methods, although satisfactory for long term planning or for noise limit compliance assessment, may not be suitable as a basis for an environmental noise management and control system, especially if one wants to be able to act upon the noise sources almost in real time. This paper addresses the implementation of environmental noise management systems based on continuous monitoring together with simulation models, which seek to combine real-time information from monitoring stations, installed close to the noisy activity, with information from an acoustic model that allows to predict sound levels at a distance, typically near sensitive receivers. The monitoring data is processed and made available by a digital platform, with the capacity to detect and classify noises, and that can generate alarms in quasi-real time, making it possible to take immediate action to reduce noise emission. The monitoring data is fed into the acoustic model to adjust noise sources emission for a best-fit with the measured levels. Examples of application are presented, namely the case of a racetrack and the case of a construction site.
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| 11:20 |
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Low-Height Noise Barriers For Railways: Measurement Standardization And Metamaterials Application On Noise Reduction
by D. De Salvio, P. Guidorzi, M. Garai.
Abstract:
The present work is part of a LIFE project to develop a measurement standard to assess the acoustic performance of low-height noise barriers for railways. Low-height noise barriers (LHNB) present a cost-effective and space-efficient solution to mitigate railway noise, especially in urban and densely populated areas. However, the lack of standardized methods to evaluate their performance challenges their effective implementation. This project addresses these challenges by developing a robust measurement protocol for real-world railway operating conditions. Additionally, the study explores innovative strategies to enhance the absorption performance of these barriers through the integration of metamaterials. Metamaterials, with their ability to achieve tailored acoustic properties, offer promising solutions for maximizing noise attenuation while maintaining compact barrier designs. The research investigates advanced geometrical configurations by combining different resonators to optimize sound absorption across a broad frequency spectrum (100-5000 Hz). Preliminary results indicate significant improvements in noise reduction performance, validating the potential of metamaterial-enhanced barriers. The outcomes of this project will provide critical insights into sustainable noise management for railways, contributing to quieter and more livable urban environments while supporting European Union policy objectives on environmental noise reduction.
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| 11:40 |
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Analysis Of Complex Scenarios In The Noise Mitigation Of Main Infrastructures In Italy In Life Silent Project
by M. Cerchiai, M. Bolognese, A. Panci, D. Vatteroni, D. Palazzuoli, G. Licitra.
Abstract:
Transportation infrastructures are responsible for most noise exposure in Europe. The Europe Environmental Noise Directive prescribes a cycle of noise mapping, citizen involvement, and action plans to reduce annoyance and sleep disturbance. In Italy, national regulation shares with END the aim to reduce noise, but is more focused on the definition, and respect, of noise limits rather than considering noise effects on citizens. In the case of multiple noise sources acting in the same area (complex acoustics scenario), Italian regulation asks transportation infrastructure managers to cooperate and share the mitigation costs. In these cases, without an integrated mitigation plan, acting on one source can lead to higher costs or, at worst, an increase in exposure. However, the regulation does not provide practical guidelines on how to manage this process, thus very little progress has been made in mitigating noise in those complex scenarios. The Life SILENT project aims to address this problem by developing a methodology for highlighting conflicts in complex scenarios and solving them, reducing total citizen exposure while minimizing costs and considering EU requests at the same time. The present work will describe a preliminary study conducted with this intent.
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| 12:00 |
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Using Microphones in Outdoor Pass-By Noise Testing for Vehicle Speed Measurement
by F. Lo Castro, M. L. Ariza Alvarez, M. De Luca, S. Iarossi.
Abstract:
In environmental noise pollution assessments, the Statistical Pass-By method (SPB, ISO 11819-1) is employed to evaluate different road surfaces based on their influence on traffic noise. It requires measuring the speed of heavy and light vehicles, with an error of less than 2.5 %, as they pass in front of and perpendicular to a Class I microphone, positioned 7.5 meters from the center of the road lane, along with the speedometer readings and the corresponding sound pressure levels (SPL). In this paper, we focus on evaluating the feasibility of using one or more microphones, instead of a speedometer and a video camera, to enhance performance in speed measurement, vehicle classification, vehicle counting, and sound pressure level (SPL) detection. The soundtracks used were recorded during the SPB measurements conducted along Highway A91 in Rome, Italy.
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A05.06 Recent advances in noise mitigation methods (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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LCA approach to evaluate the sustainability of innovative low-height noise barriers
by M. Montesi, A. Tranzi, M. Fantozzi, M. Garai, C. Micheletti.
Abstract:
As part of the LIFE SILENT project—focused on developing innovative and eco-friendly solutions for noise mitigation in road and railway contexts - innovative materials and advanced technologies are being explored to design Low-Height Noise Barriers (LHNB) with enhanced acoustic properties and a significantly reduced environmental impact. For this scope a comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was conducted to evaluate the environmental impacts of different typologies of LHNBs. The LCA focused on the production phase (”from cradle to gate”) of three LHNB solutions, analysing their material composition and overall environmental performance. Solution 1, the STRAILastic barrier, incorporates recycled rubber, which significantly reduces its Global Warming Potential (GWP) compared to barriers made mainly of virgin materials. Solution 2, composed primarily of reinforced concrete and recycled rubber, and Solution 3, including steel, aluminum, and PET foam which both exhibit higher environmental impacts due to the predominant use of high-emission materials such as concrete and aluminium. The study highlights the crucial role of integrating recycled materials in reducing environmental impacts and underscores the need to optimize designs to minimize the use of high-impact components. This standardized LCA approach provides a comprehensive framework for assessing and fostering sustainable practices in noise mitigation infrastructure.
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LIFE SILENT: Implementation Of The Solutions Developed In The Pilot Site
by C. Relandini, M. Fantozzi, S. Relandini, L. Peruzzi.
Abstract:
This paper shows LIFE SILENT project – WP5, a European Community co-financed project which aims to find sustainable and eco-compatible solutions to reduce noise in complex urban situations, where different noise sources are present (especially roads and railways) in densely inhabited areas. The described activities are related to the project phase of developed solutions and to the following implementation in the test site which has been identified between the city of Rome and its international airport: a major highway and a primary railway are located very close to each other, and a hospital is just between them. The solutions which are been chosen are “at source” mitigation: a noise-reducing asphalt for the highway and a Low Height Noise Barrier (LHNB) for the railway. They will be further adapted to the specifics of the test site. Nowadays, a noise measurement campaign has been completed, in order to identify the current sound levels at various receivers.
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Environmental Noise Reduction Using Geometric Ground Shaping: Results from Scale Model Experiments
by T. Shaked, S. Fishkin, A. Hauptman, F. Nir.
Abstract:
Noise pollution is a significant environmental and public health challenge, particularly near urban infrastructure such as highways and airports. Traditional mitigation methods, such as vertical barriers, often disrupt landscapes and ecosystems. Ground shaping, an innovative approach that modifies terrain to reduce noise propagation, remains largely unexplored despite its promising potential. Building on prior research that simulated its effectiveness, this study empirically evaluates the noise reduction performance of specific ground shapes. Using a 1:500 scale model in a controlled acoustic environment, a robotic arm was used to create precise three-dimensional ground forms. These forms were positioned between a noise source emitting broadband noise (100–16,000 Hz) at 65 dB SPL and a miniature microphone at a scaled distance equivalent to 425 meters. Results demonstrate that ground shapes reduce noise to varying degrees, with specific geometries achieving an average reduction of over 2.5 dB and a maximum exceeding 7.5 dB. These findings highlight the potential of ground shaping as a sustainable alternative to traditional noise mitigation, offering empirical support for its integration into urban and environmental planning while enhancing public health and minimizing ecological disruption.
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A05.07 Outdoor sound propagation
| Thursday 26 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: SC1-2 - CHLADNI |
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| L. Godinho |
| P. Amado Mendes |
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| 9:00 |
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Self-shielding windows : scale model measurements and numerical simulations
by T. Van Renterghem, P. Thomas.
Abstract:
The concept of self-shielding windows is introduced as an innovative approach to mitigate sound exposure in urban environments. Unlike conventional windows aligned parallel to the building façade, this study examines the sound pressure level exposure at windows oriented obliquely toward the sky. This configuration forces sound from street-level sources to diffract around convex façade elements before reaching the windows, resulting in reduced sound exposure. Additionally, these façade geometries promote a diffuse sound field within the street canyon, diminishing the influence of specular reflections from opposing façades. However, reflections and scattering from higher-positioned elements may offset these benefits by increasing exposure levels. To elucidate the significance of these physical phenomena, scale model experiments were conducted with symmetrical triangular façade elements at varying angles and storey heights. Especially at the higher storeys, significant noise reduction was measured. The experimental findings were further supported by 3D full-wave numerical simulations, capturing the low-frequency dynamics of the sound field.
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| 9:20 |
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Predicting the effects of ground impedance in long-range low-frequency propagation with the Semi-Analytic Finite-Element (SAFE) Method
by R. Castro Mota, P. Williams, R. Kirby, S. Jacob.
Abstract:
The outdoor propagation of infrasound can be impacted by atmospheric conditions, such as temperature inversions and winds, that channel sound into acoustic waveguides allowing for efficient long-range propagation. For near ground acoustic waveguides, ground impedance can also play an important role. In this study, the Semi-Analytic Finite Element (SAFE) method is used to predict the acoustic field generated by a point source emitting into a stratified, range independent atmosphere with a logarithmic wind profile. We study the influence of ground impedance by setting two cases with different ground boundary conditions: a fully reflective ground condition, mimicking sea propagation; and an impedance ground boundary condition, mimicking a sandy landscape. We found a significant contrast in the two test cases for the near-ground acoustic waveguides, especially for a particular near-ground acoustic mode. Thus, ground impedance should be included in predictions.
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| 9:40 |
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Improvements in Measuring Acoustic Impedance of Outdoor Ground Surfaces
by A. Fuchs, M. Haider.
Abstract:
The acoustic impedance of a ground surface has an influence on sound propagation over long distances and therefore needs to be known to predict the sound imissions for residents suffering from transport noise. In the Commission Directive (EU) 2015/996 (CNOSSOS-EU) as well as in more detailed methods (e.g. NORD2000), a classification of flow resistivity is given for various ground surfaces. In Nordtest NT ACOU 104:1999 a suitable measurement method for measuring ground surface absorption is described. In this work, the setup of NT ACOU 104 is combined with modern approaches to signal processing and analysis. Quarterly measurements were carried out at eight locations in which the impulse responses between the loudspeaker and microphones were measured. In analyzing the measurements, the ground surface’s effective flow resisitivty was calculated using least-squares optimization, and various impedance models were investigated for appropriability. The performance of the different impedance models was evaluated by predicting the sound pressure of a third additionally measured microphone position.
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| 10:00 |
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Assessing forest acoustics: A comparison of in-situ and scale model acoustic impulse responses
by S. Feng, F. Stevens, A. Chadwick.
Abstract:
Acoustic impulse responses (IRs) can be used for the analysis of a space’s acoustic properties and for convolution based auralisation (which has many applications, including in music production and sound design). However, the vast majority of impulse responses are recorded indoors, typically in musical performance spaces. As a result there are relatively few IRs available recorded in outdoor conditions. This paper presents an analysis of IRs recorded in a forest environment, comparing insitu results with those recorded using a scale model. The insitu recordings were measured in mono and B-format, and are analysed in terms of reverberation parameters and spatial characteristics. A 1:10 scale model of the forest environment was then constructed and measured. This work aims to contribute to the understanding of sound propagation in a forest environment (particularly in terms of the acoustic effect of tree trunks of different diameters at different positions relative to the listener, which previous studies have determined to be of particular importance) and to assess the suitability of scale modelling in this context. The resultant impulse responses are available online.
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A05.07 Outdoor sound propagation (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| L. Godinho |
| P. Amado Mendes |
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Key Updates In ISO 9613-2:2024 – What’s New In Outdoor Noise Prediction Standards?
by O. Odeh, A. Khayyat, D. Kocsis.
Abstract:
ISO 9613-2:2024 standard, titled “Acoustics — Attenuation of sound during propagation outdoors — Part 2: Engineering method for the prediction of sound pressure levels outdoors”, which is a governing standard for outdoor sound propagation calculations, was recently revised with significant enhancements to improve the accuracy, consistency, and applicability of noise prediction models. The revision refines key parameters, such as meteorological corrections, ground effects, and source characterization, along with improved formulas for attenuation due to atmospheric absorption, updated guidance for terrain and obstacle modeling, and expanded methodologies for complex source configurations. The new features were evaluated in this paper by presenting examples from a commercial noise mapping software that has already adapted the new revision, assessing their impact on noise modeling practice compared to the previous version, ISO 9613-2:1996. The paper also highlights how the updates align with advancements in measurement technologies and software tools. By summarizing these amendments, it offers valuable insights for acousticians, engineers, and regulatory authorities integrating the revised standard.
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A05.08 Advances in noise mapping (1)
| Monday 23 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SM1 - BÉKÉSY |
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| 14:20 |
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Noise Pollution in Spain: Towards a comprehensive assessment
by I. Soto Molina, M. Á. González García, C. Soriano Pastor, R. M. Arce Ruiz.
Abstract:
This research addresses the lack of a comprehensive view of noise pollution in Spain, which affects both citizens’ quality of life and the preservation of terrestrial habitats. Strategic Noise Maps (SNMs), developed under the Environmental Noise Directive (END), currently cover only agglomerations with more than 100,000 inhabitants and major infrastructure (roads, railways, and airports). Consequently, large areas of the territory, smaller municipalities, and other significant sources, such as industry, ports, leisure activities, and events, are ignored, resulting in information gaps. This work highlights the need for an integrated diagnosis of noise produced by all sources, regardless of whether or not they are within the scope of the END, and shows progress in the development of a methodology for an integrated diagnosis of road noise, covering all sources of road traffic noise in Spain. Furthermore, it proposes analyzing the effects of noise pollution on human health and the loss of terrestrial habitat quality, with the goal of generating concise information for society. Through this assessment, the aim is to establish a solid foundation for the implementation of policies and measures to reduce noise levels, thus ensuring effective protection against noise pollution in Spain.
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| 14:40 |
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Road Traffic Noise Modelling Near Highway Street Using The CNOSSOS-EU Method
by K. Katw, B. Tóthmérész, D. Kocsis.
Abstract:
Environmental noise is a damaging environmental factor in the cities. Acoustic barriers are commonly used to mitigate highway traffic noise. Nevertheless, they adversely affect the visual aesthetics of the metropolitan environment. We investigated how a certain type of noise barrier application decreased the nearby traffic noise at a designated location. The CNOSSOS-EU calculation method was used to evaluate the road traffic noise. The noise mapping software IMMI facilitated the investigation. The results showed that the noise barrier effectively reduces noise levels at the receptor side where the population exposure was computed. Our findings indicate that, in the absence of a noise barrier, an additional 114 individuals were exposed to noise levels exceeding 50–55 dB(A) during the day (Lday), while an additional 175 individuals experienced noise levels exceeding 45–50 dB(A) at night (Lnight), compared to the scenario where the barrier was in place. This impacts both future population exposure estimates and the execution of urban noise management plans.
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| 15:00 |
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Identifying noise action plan priority locations in Ireland
by S. Shilton, T. Dolan.
Abstract:
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in Ireland published a guidance note for noise action planning in 2009, to support the Local Authorities designated as Action Planning Authorities (APAs) under the Environmental Noise Regulations (ENR). An update to the guidance note was published in June 2018, in support of the Round 3 noise action plans (NAPs). Ahead of the Round 4 NAPs, the EPA extensively revised the guidance note; aligning with the 2018 Regulations, implementing the revisions to the Environmental Noise Directive (END), including Annex II (CNOSSOS-EU as amended) and Annex III (harmful effects). The noise action plans are to be drawn up on the basis of the results of the strategic noise mapping. As there are no statutory noise limit values in Ireland, the EPA developed other relevant criteria for identifying priorities, and the most important areas, ex-posed to road and railway noise to be addressed within the NAPs. The paper provides an overview of the methodology developed to identify priority important areas (PIA) to be assessed by APAs dur-ing implementation of the Round 4 NAPs. The methodology uses a combination of GIS analysis, and localised decision making within the APA to provide a nationally consistent, and locally responsive approach.
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| 15:20 |
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Quality Assurance and Modeling Limitations in Noise Emission Control Using ISO 9613-2 and ISO 17534
by J. Schaal, D. Zollitsch.
Abstract:
The calculation of noise emissions according to ISO 9613-2 is an established method for estimating sound propagation and serves as the foundation for noise emission control. However, the standard offers limited capabilities for modeling complex acoustic scenarios, particularly in accounting for sound transmission through obstacles such as walls and other semi-transparent objects. Users of simulation software like SoundPLAN often aim for more detailed modeling to accurately represent specific properties of walls or other obstacles. These requirements go beyond the standardized assumptions of ISO 9613-2 and necessitate adaptations to the official calculation methods in the simulation software. ISO 17534 provides an important framework for software quality assurance by ensuring transparency and comparability of the software products used. However, advanced modeling and calculation approaches, such as those for sound transmission, can compromise the comparability of results if standardized procedures are not established. This contribution highlights the challenges and opportunities in modeling sound transmission through obstacles, the limitations of ISO 9613-2 in this context, and the role of ISO 17534 in ensuring the quality and validity of simulation results.
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| 15:40 |
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Comparative analysis of strategic noise maps: using heat maps to find why two CNOSSOS-EU implementations (iNoise and CadnaA) differ
by A. L. Peña.
Abstract:
Strategic noise maps are the tool to assess the population noise exposure, perform cost-benefit studies of the available measures to be adopted to abate that exposure as part of the noise action plans, and evaluate the effective improvement achieved after its implementation. CNOSSOS-EU is the homogenized calculation method for sound propagation outdoors in Europe, existing several applications implementing it. CNOSSOS-EU includes quality controls every application must fulfil, so no important deviations are expected in the results obtained when using different applications. However, such deviations exist and can be sensitive in some cases. The objective of this study is to present a method to detect where the disparities between both applications are more relevant: a heat map of the deviations obtained at the same grid point results, and an example of application in a real case scenario. Two of these applications have been chosen, iNoise and CadnaA, to calculate the same strategic noise map of the population area of Santa Rosalía-Maqueda, Málaga. The different approaches in data processing and calculation method implementation of these applications are compared, the detected deviations in the outcomes obtained for both sound propagation and population noise exposure are analyzed, and the causes are inferred.
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| 16:00 |
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Defra’s Noise Modelling System: A new approach to nationwide modelling in support of research and evidence
by J. Trow, H. Notley.
Abstract:
The United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) commissioned the design and build of an environmental noise modelling system (NMS). The NMS has been developed to support revolutionise Defra’s in environmental noise evidence base with respect to national road and railway noise models. Since its development in 2022, the NMS has successfully delivered national coverage noise models, noise maps and population exposure statistics for all public road and railways sources in England, Wales and Scotland. This paper provides an overview of the design of the NMS, the specific design choices made in its development, and how these design choices feature in models. It will then discuss how the resulting noise exposure data can be, and has been, used to support the development of research and evidence.
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| 16:20 |
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CNOSSOS Environmental Noise Analysis By Cloud-Based Model Refinement And Calculation
by H. Stapelfeldt, I. Naegelen.
Abstract:
The environmental noise modelling system (NMS), DEFRA’s approach for Great Britain, already showed the feasibility of cloud-based CNOSSOS noise mapping within Great Britain (GB). Using external resources for Environmental Noise Directive (END) [1] analysis in a “Software as a Service” (SaaS) concept appears to be economically viable. Ideally, noise mapping shall be based on standardized initial data. Over the years a few attempts have been made but with little success (QSI, CityGML etc.) as data providers do not take care of niche interests. In smaller scale projects than NMS, users might prefer to refine their model as part of an automated cloud process rather than manipulating data locally. Luxembourg’s road and railway model for END 2022 activities represent an interesting collection of acoustic modelling aspects that require refinement, among others railway usage (XLS) provided by the national rail authority. This paper will present macro applications in context of 2022 END calculations as well as the status of cloud-based model refinement and calculation.
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A05.08 Advances in noise mapping (2)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SM1 - BÉKÉSY |
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| 14:20 |
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Overview of research supporting development of a national noise modelling system for England
by S. Shilton, J. Trow, M. Wilczek, K. Fedyk, H. Stapelfeldt, R. Wong, B. Peeters, M. Toward.
Abstract:
The United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) commissioned the design and build of an environmental noise modelling system (NMS). The NMS has been developed to support Defra in preparing its environmental noise evidence base by preparing national road and railway noise models. This paper provides an overview of the fourteen research projects undertaken to support the implementation of CNOSSOS-EU in England, and the development of the NMS. This includes: sensitivity testing of the road and railway source emission models; developing localised input data for road traffic flows, road surfaces & road junctions, railway and light rail vehicles; ground cover, meteorology and calculation settings for propagation modelling. It highlights the NMS system design, and the open data standards developed to support both internal data process workflows, and interaction with third party systems.
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| 14:40 |
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A Comparative Study of Methods for the Distribution of Populations in Residential Buildings for Noise MAPPING PURPOSES
by Y. P. Alvarez Ruiz, T. Jiménez Pérez, V. Puyana Romero, M. Sequera Soto, R. Gey Flores, J. L. Cueto-Ancela.
Abstract:
This paper seeks to offer a thoughtful comparative analysis of different population distribution methods commonly used in the preparation of strategic noise maps, to assess their confidence levels. The examination encompasses five different approaches, including the one suggested by the Spanish Ministry of Transport, Mobility and Urban Agenda. In the interest of studying which methods appear to be closest to reality, the paper proposes leveraging the ”real” data provided by the city councils to serve as a reference (”benchmark”) in the analysis. The statistical techniques employed in this study aim to identify statistical differences between the estimates derived from the various methods. Additionally, the study seeks to identify which methods provide estimates that are closest to the ”benchmark.” The findings from this study will hopefully allow for the formulation of recommendations that could contribute to more efficient territorial planning and better management of environmental noise in urban studies.
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| 15:00 |
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An Open-Source Tool For Aircraft Noise Modeling In The Context Of Spain’s Global Noise Assessment (Under Development)
by I. Soto Molina, R. M. Arce Ruiz.
Abstract:
As part of the global noise assessment initiative in Spain, through a National Noise Strategy, which aims to address the lack of a comprehensive understanding of noise pollution, we present progress in the development of an opensource Python tool for modeling and analyzing aircraft noise. Currently, strategic studies are limited to airports with more than 50,000 annual operations, which excludes a significant number of relevant aeronautical infrastructures. This limitation is insufficient to fully understand the global impact of aviation noise, especially in rural or less densely populated areas. Our tool implements the equations of ECAC Document 29, which will allow the calculation of key metrics, SEL and LAmax, on a large scale and on a periodic basis. Furthermore, it will facilitate the use of data from big data platforms such as OpenSky Network. Its modular and scalable design can allow for integration with other open-source software, expanding its functionality and adaptability to different scenarios, or for use on its own. With this initiative, we aim to address the current gaps in the strategic analysis of aircraft noise, promoting the development of more inclusive and accessible mitigation policies for the entire Spanish territory.
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| 15:20 |
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Can road traffic noise annoyance maps describe the lack of mental well-being in an urban area?
by A. Montenegro, A. Zumelzu, G. Leal, G. Licitra.
Abstract:
The urban acoustic environment is often affected by road traffic noise, which has a negative impact on health and mental well-being by causing annoyance and discomfort to residents and visitors. Nevertheless, urban areas also have sounds that are pleasant to people. In this study, a mixed methodology was designed and applied in neighbourhoods in southern Chile. Urban road traffic noise and annoyance were quantified using noise maps estimated with opensource software and validated with measurements. In addition, walking interviews were conducted to assess selfreported mental well-being of residents. In parallel, the soundscape perceived by visitors was evaluated through guided soundwalks and surveys. Preliminary results suggest that in places where the population was highly annoyed, there was a lack of mental well-being. However, where the soundscape was dominated by natural sounds, mental wellbeing improved despite high estimated percentage of road traffic noise annoyance. Future studies aim to generalise our results and to investigate the observed positive influence of specific groups of sound sources on mental well-being in urban areas with high levels of road traffic noise.
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| 15:40 |
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Comparison Of Different Urban Traffic Representations For Road Traffic Noise Indicators Estimation
by Y. Gao, S. Baclet, P. Aumond, R. Rumpler, A. Can.
Abstract:
This study designs a comparison of the estimation of road traffic noise from different urban traffic representations between their corresponding modelling chains. Based on a microscopic traffic dataset in Stockholm, three kinds of urban traffic representations (Microscopic traffic representations, Aggregated traffic representations, and Hybrid traffic representations) and their corresponding traffic noise estimation models are introduced from distinct perspectives. The distribution result of LAeq,1h highlights that all models follow similar distribution patterns in noise exposure despite different traffic representations, while still slight differences in peak noise intervals remain. Two proposed hybrid traffic representation methods expand acoustic indicator sights from aggregated traffic representations by introducing dynamics and stochasticity, which can yield comparable noise estimates at high percentile indicators. The noise maps highlight that a general but uneven underestimation exists in all other modes compared to microscopic traffic representations. Desired improvements of hybrid traffic representation methods are discussed, aiming to bring acoustic evaluation enrichment in urban traffic environments.
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| 16:00 |
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Delivering National Scale Noise Calculations with CNOSSOS-EU through cloud computing and software optimisation
by H. Stapelfeldt, J. Trow, J. Madden.
Abstract:
The United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) commissioned the design and build of an environmental noise modelling system (NMS). The NMS has been developed to support Defra in preparing its environmental noise evidence base by preparing national road and railway noise models. This paper discusses the challenges and solutions as part of Defra’s NMS project to enable CNOSSOS-EU calculations to be delivered on 10 metres grids and at the facades of all residential buildings in England, Scotland and Wales.
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| 16:20 |
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Comparison of input data collection methods for road traffic noise models in residential area
by E. Ascari, L. Fredianelli, M. Cerchiai, G. Licitra, C. A. Neagoe, A.-M. Mitu, T. Sireteanu, D.-C. Baldovin, D. Profumo, S. Kanka.
Abstract:
Whether it is NMPB96 or the newer CNOSSOS-EU model, all road traffic noise models require detailed inputs to provide the most reliable estimate of noise exposure.The present work presents preliminary results of a bilateral project between the Italian National Council of Research (CNR) and Romanian Academy dedicated to the Comparison of different methods for road noise modeling in residential area.The work presents a comparison of road traffic data acquired in both Italian and Romanian territory with 3 different traffic estimation methods: microwave radar traffic counter, Google API and cameras with recognition by machine learning.
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A05.08 Advances in noise mapping (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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Effect of traffic flow on urban noise modelling
by V. Gómez Escobar, S. Palomeque Váquez, G. Rey Gozalo.
Abstract:
Noise mapping presents multiple challenges to ensure that the simulated values are as close as possible to the actual noise values.For the optimization and testing of noise maps, it is necessary to measure control points (which must be characterized by a sound level and by a vehicle flow, in the case of road traffic noise maps). A question arises: how to take into account the effect of traffic on streets near the control point?This paper presents the preliminary study carried out in the city of Cáceres (Spain), on the effect on the simulated sound level of the variation of the flow of vehicles in the streets adjacent to the one in which a control point has been established. Different assumptions regarding the traffic on these streets have been considered.The results show that, in streets without heavy traffic, the effect of traffic variation in adjacent streets can be significant.
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A05.10/A14.09 Advanced air mobility noise (1)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 10:40 |
| Room: SC1-2 - CHLADNI |
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| A. Torija Martinez |
| M. J. B. Lotinga |
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| 10:40 |
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Noise Impact Range Assessment using UAM Noise Hemisphere
by S.-M. Lee, C. H. Haan.
Abstract:
The present study aims to investigate the noise impact range in urban areas around vertiport using a noise hemisphere model to simulate UAM noise propagation. In order to this three noise hemisphere methods were compared including Integrated, Interpolated, and Background noise compensation. SoundPLAN software was used for noise modeling in a specific area of a vertiport in Seoul. Both of the horizontal and vertical noise map were drawn to evaluate the UAM noise effect on the buildings around vertiport. As a result, it was found that the noise impact range varied depending on the noise hemisphere model. In addition, the horizontal propagation range of noise was confirmed to be at least 200m to 700m. The vertical propagation range varied significantly depending on the building height, with higher noise levels observed around taller buildings. Based on the results, it is possible to predict the 3D noise impact range by combining horizontal and vertical noise maps when operating UAM in actual urban areas.
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| 11:00 |
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On-field measurements following the EASA Guidelines on Noise Measurements of Unmanned Aircraft Systems lighter that 600 kg
by P. Miguel-Ayala, L. Estévez-Mauriz, C. Ramos-Romero, A. Torija Martinez.
Abstract:
Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) have gained increasing attention, leading to the development of noise measurement protocols, such as the 2023 guidelines from the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). These guidelines focus on noise measurement procedures for UAS (lighter that 600 kg), outlining measurements and operational requirements. A key requirement is that the difference between the UAS sound pressure level and the background sound level must be at least 15 dBA. This study presents acoustic analysis results from three UAS (weighing under 600 kg) at three different heights, following EASA’s guidelines. The study site was chosen with a background noise level of around 48 dBA. Results showed that only the largest UAS (7,3 kg) met the 15 dBA difference at all heights, while the smallest UAS (0,25 kg) did not meet this threshold at any height. Given that low background noise (below 45 dBA) is crucial to fulfilling the guidelines, the study concludes that it is challenging to apply these standards to small UAS. The study discusses whether the EASA guidelines require amendment for small size UAS.
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| 11:20 |
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Rotor Noise Interference Mechanisms For Side-By-Side Co-Rotating Configurations
by T. Pagliaroli, P. Candeloro, F. Del Duchetto, J. Yin, K.-S. Rossignol.
Abstract:
This study investigates the aeroacoustic effects of phase synchronization between co-rotating propellers in sideby-side configurations. Space-time Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) is applied to pressure fluctuations to separate tonal and broadband components, enabling detailed analysis of the acoustic interference phenomena. Experimental results demonstrate that synchronization significantly influences the tonal component, highlighting distinct regimes of constructive and destructive interference at different rotor phase delays. Specifically, the analysis reveals a notable reduction in noise amplitude at certain phase shifts, particularly affecting the second harmonic. An explanation of this scientific outcome is provided and illustrated schematically. Additionally, probability density functions indicate clear changes in the statistical characteristics of pressure fluctuations due to rotor synchronization, reinforcing the effectiveness of the decomposition method. These findings confirm the potential of rotor synchronization as an efficient active noisecontrol technique capable of achieving substantial noise reduction.
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| 11:40 |
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Integrated U-space Societal Acceptance Assessment: Energy-based and Perception-based Acoustic Metrics
by C. Ramos-Romero, M. J. B. Lotinga, A. Torija Martinez.
Abstract:
Innovative Air Mobility (IAM) systems are progressing within the European U-space framework to promote efficient and environmentally friendly air transport. The ImAFUSA project contributes by developing an integrated U-space assessment tool to evaluate environmental, societal, and safety impacts. This paper focuses on acoustic metrics for assessing environmental noise and annoyance caused by unmanned aerial systems (UAS). It explores both energy-based and perception-based indicators to evaluate UAS noise. These metrics allow the U-space noise assessment accounting for the interaction between UAS and existing soundscapes and number of events. The IAM noise assessment tool utilises acoustic pressure time-series at listener positions, which can be generated from measurements or auralised signals. In the latter case, the integration of aircraft noise synthesis, flight-control data, and sound propagation along the flight path is potentially feasible as input for the assessment tool. This flexibility highlights the usability of the proposed metrics across diverse input types, laying the groundwork for future extensions that incorporate a broader range of data, including varied operating conditions and advanced predictive models. Therefore, the calculated metrics would provide insightful estimations for the societal and capacity impact of Uspace, potentially contributing to the strategic noise management of the UAM operations.
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| 12:00 |
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Noise impact of drone parcel delivery scenario over Madrid
by I. Legriffon, E. Ruaud, J. Kuljanin, E. Ganic.
Abstract:
To effectively integrate drones into densely populated urban infrastructures, it is crucial to assess their impact on the population’s quality of life and mitigate any adverse effects. As noise pollution from drone overflights is a top concern, enhancing our numerical capabilities for predicting VTOL aircraft noise in urban environments is essential. To achieve this goal, we have developed an integrated toolchain comprising three key components: Flight Mechanics, to accurately model aircraft behavior; Noise Emission at the Source: to quantify the noise generated by the drones and finally Urban Environment Noise Propagation using the open-source tool NoiseModelling. This comprehensive toolchain enables the creation of detailed noise maps for specific drone scenario definitions. This paper presents an application of our toolchain in a parcel delivery scenario, featuring DJI Matrice 600 drones operating over a 10 km² sector of Madrid in Spain within a day period, incorporating five distribution centers with varying hourly capacities. The results include a range of informative noise indicators, taking into account noise level, number of flyovers and background noise levels.
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A05.10/A14.09 Advanced air mobility noise (2)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SC1-2 - CHLADNI |
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| A. Torija Martinez |
| M. J. B. Lotinga |
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| 14:20 |
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The effects of time-variant characteristics of unmanned aircraft system noise on reported annoyance
by Z. Podwinska, C. Ramos-Romero, M. C. Green, A. Torija Martinez.
Abstract:
Flight missions of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) are inherently unsteady due to the complex interactions between the environment (e.g. wind) and the operative flight control system. These interactions result in the unsteadiness of the acoustic footprint, which affects psychoacoustic attributes, even during apparently stable operations like hovering. This study investigated how time-varying characteristics of noise produced by hovering multirotor UAS affect human annoyance ratings. An in-house framework for synthesis and auralisation was applied to generate a corpus of UAS noise stimuli. The synthesis method allowed us to modify time-variant attributes of both the tonal and broadband components by altering frequency and amplitude modulation parameters. The stimuli were evaluated in a listening experiment in which participants were asked to rate their short-term annoyance in a relative magnitude estimation task. An analysis with mixed-effects linear models revealed that higher modulation depth and lower modulation frequency resulted in sounds rated as more annoying. Additionally, modulation parameters changing over time, particularly aperiodic modulation functions and signals with non-zero slope, produced less annoying noise than constant parameters. Overall, the results emphasise the importance of time-varying characteristics of sound for reported noise annoyance, with potential implications for flight control optimisation of UAS for lower noise annoyance. .
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| 14:40 |
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Review of the effects of drone noise on people
by J. Li, B. R.C. Molesworth, M. Burgess.
Abstract:
The current use of drones includes, but is not limited to scientific, commercial, military, and surveillance applications. With the application of drones expanding, and to potentially include air mobility to transport people, they will become part of the transportation mix. The approvals from the government authorities for new uses will of course require evidence of safe operation but will also need to consider the noise impact on the communities. To establish clear guidelines there is a need to have knowledge of the effects of the noise on those in the communities. This paper will present findings from a systematic review on the effects of drone noise on people. The review follows the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Metanalysis extension for Scoping Reviews) methodology. It involved a search for publications that are available with full text in English from 2000 to 2024. The initial search protocol provided 10,613 unique publications. Of these, 32 studies were found to be relevant for further analysis. This has led to identification of the current gaps in knowledge relating to the effects of drone noise on people.
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| 15:00 |
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A novel procedure to minimize the acoustic and environmental impact of eVTOL vehicles for intra-city mission profiles
by C. Poggi, G. Bernardini, M. Gennaretti.
Abstract:
Due to the exponential growth of city overcrowding and pollution, academia and industries are making a great effort to develop eco-friendly alternatives to standard urban mobility. Among them is urban air mobility, which is a feasible scenario thanks to significant technological advances, including electric propulsion and batteries. Still, to allow public acceptance and entry into the service of UAM, some critical issues should be addressed, such as environmental pollution and acoustic nuisance. In this framework, the paper proposes a novel procedure to minimize the emitted noise while maximizing the vehicle performance for a hexacopter configuration during the whole flight envelope for a standard intra-city mission profile. Starting from a given flight trajectory conceived as a sequence of steady states, a trim solver, suitable for vehicle configurations with redundant controls, is applied in each segment of the trajectory, to evaluate the optimal combination of control settings and vehicle attitude to optimize selected target functions (i.e. noise and performance) while guaranteeing the desired flight condition. To this aim, the trim solver is coupled with an aerodynamic solver based on the blade element method and an acoustic solver based on the compact source version of the Farassat 1A formulation.
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| 15:20 |
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Differences in sound emission level of multi-rotor UAS during hover and cruise
by J. Meister, J. Jäggi, T. Van Renterghem, R. Pieren.
Abstract:
UAS noise is an increasing concern in today’s society, necessitating effective control and monitoring. One approach to address this issue is the development of reliable UAS noise models. In some studies, the sound emission of multi-rotor UAS was characterized using hover measurements in an anechoic room; however, comparisons with forward-flight measurements revealed discrepancies for certain UAS. To investigate these differences, we conducted measurements during transitions from hover to cruise using an on-board measurement system mounted on the UAS. In addition to recording the emitted sound, the system acquires relevant flight data and the precise UAS position. In this paper, we present initial measurement results comparing the overall emitted sound pressure level (OSPL) at hover and across various flight speeds for two propeller types. For one propeller, the OSPL increases abruptly by 2 dB at low speeds, while a nearlinear trend is observed for the other. The constant rotor speed during these changes suggests that aerodynamic factors are likely responsible. Although further analysis is needed, these findings emphasize the importance of assessing different flight conditions when modeling sound emission of UAS.
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| 15:40 |
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Prediction of Environmental Noise from Rotorcraft using a Noise Hemisphere with Time-Domain Data
by Y. Jo, S.-Y. Wie.
Abstract:
Recently, demand of UAM has been increasing because of the high versatility. However, there are several technical issues that makes the public acceptance about the UAM operation. One of the major issues is the environmental noise problem. The environmental noise should be quantified for the noise regulations issued by FAA or EASA. Measurements of the noise in the urban areas would be the most reliable way for the quantification. However, it is impossible on the current step that any UAM vehicles have not got certification from FAA or EASA. Alternatively, numerical methods efficient for the environmental noise prediction could be used In this study, we use an environmental noise prediction method based on noise hemisphere database (NHD). The NHD for a UAM vehicle is generated with using noise measurement data, which were obtained from flight tests conducted in K-UAM Grand Challenge. The noise propagation in an urban area is simulated to predict the noise data in the area. Then, the noise data is analyzed to estimate whether the noise satisfy the public acceptance in the urban area.
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| 16:20 |
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Influence of surface roughness on the aerodynamic, aeroacoustic and psychoacoustic performances of drone propellers
by G. Capobianchi, A. Di Marco, E. De Paola, L. G. Stoica.
Abstract:
The increasing air traffic of small multi-rotor UAVs for urban activities has led to a growing interest in the study of the flight noise emitted by these vehicles. Propeller noise has been recognized as a crucial issue, prompting efforts by the scientific community to search for mitigation strategies to reduce noise without compromising the propeller aerodynamic performance. The current research aims to analyze the effect of the propeller blades surface roughness on their aerodynamic, aeroacoustic and psychoacoustic performances. In order to carry out the study, an experimental campaign is conducted on a propeller, in isolated configuration at different rotational speeds. Tests involved the simultaneous measurements of the propeller thrust and noise, through a load cell and an array of microphones respectively. For each combination of parameters, a time-frequency analysis is performed, and a psychoacoustic annoyance model is used to evaluate five psychoacoustic metrics, loudness, sharpness, roughness, tonality and fluctuation strength. .
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| 16:40 |
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Mid-Fidelity Framework for Rotor Noise Prediction and Perception in Maneuvering flight
by M. Picillo, M. Barbarino, F. Avallone.
Abstract:
The goal of Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is to provide a safe, efficient, and sustainable transportation option to reduce traffic congestion and improve mobility in cities. However, the benefits, such as reduction of pollution and increase of public health, need to face important challenges related to safety, regulatory frameworks and public acceptance; the latter is highly driven by noise emissions. In this paper a mid/low-fidelity framework is used to investigate the effects of the acceleration between two steady conditions at different angular velocities for a small propeller. Far-field noise results are evaluated in terms of physical and psychoacoustic metrics. Differences in amplitude and directivity patterns suggest that in the presence of a fast transient, noise increases. Different angular velocity accelerations have also been investigated, highlighting their impact on noise perception.
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| 17:00 |
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Psychoacoustic Characterization Of An Isolated Propeller At Different Inflow Turbulence Conditions And Collective Pitch Angles
by R. Merino-Martinez, L. N. Quaroni.
Abstract:
The far-field acoustic emissions of a six-bladed propeller were investigated in aeroacoustic experiments in an open-jet wind tunnel. The propeller was operating in different isotropic inflow turbulence conditions, generated by turbulence grids placed upstream of the exit plane of the wind tunnel nozzle. In addition, the collective pitch angle of the propeller blades was also varied throughout the measurements. A preliminary directivity analysis of different acoustic and psychoacoustic metrics was performed to investigate the influence of the inflow turbulence intensity and collective pitch angle on the noise emissions and sound perception. In general, increasing the inflow turbulence levels did not modify the conventional metrics recorded, e.g. equivalent sound pressure level. Nevertheless, it considerably increased the broadband noise emissions of the propeller, the loudness, and overall psychoacoustic annoyance metrics. However, notable reductions in tonality (due to partial tone masking because of the higher levels of broadband noise) and sharpness were reported for increasing turbulence intensities. The full paper would involve psychoacoustic listening experiments to confirm these findings. Overall, this analysis is valuable for the perception-influenced design of devices equipped with propellers, such as drones or urban air mobility vehicles, to account for installation effects.
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| 17:20 |
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Machine Learning-Based Modelling Of UAV Noise Metrics In Real Conditions
by C. I. Andino Cappagli, A. Amiri-Simkooei, S. Luesutthiviboon, T. Meiser, A. Morin, M. Zajacík, M. Rollo, M. Snellen.
Abstract:
Over the last decade, there has been a marked increase in the use of drones for various applications including emergency and natural disaster response, payload delivery, aerial imaging and surveillance. There are currently many private and public initiatives that aim to further increase the number of drones and diversify their tasks, offering many associated benefits such as reduction in emissions by replacing traditional and more polluting options with electric unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). However, several challenges have to be addressed before a broader implementation is accomplished. One of such challenges is the reported noise annoyance produced by UAVs. This study focuses on the development of data-driven models to predict the dynamics of noise metrics during real UAV operations. Extensive outdoor experimental campaigns were conducted, where array-based measurements were recorded during several manoeuvres performed by different types of drones. Beamforming techniques were applied to improve data quality and signal-tonoise ratio (SNR), and to synchronize telemetry and acoustics data streams. Using the improved experimental data, an initial machine learning model was developed to predict the backpropagated OSP L as function of telemetry-derived operational parameters for ascent, hover, and descent. The model managed to accurately predict the experimental data, and it was found that the elevation angle was the most important predictor of OSP L for the considered manoeuvres.
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| 17:40 |
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Assessment of the Psychoacoustic Performance of the VENUS Project Distributed Electric Propellers Configuration
by A. Di Marco, L. G. Stoica, G. Capobianchi.
Abstract:
The increasing use of aircraft concepts driven by distributed propulsion for urban and regional air mobility raises the issue of new sources of community noise and the prediction of the resultant annoyance. This paper addresses the assessment of the experimental measurements on a distributed electric propellers configuration in the framework of the EU project VENUS from a psychoacoustic point of view, framing the engineering design of these systems in a perception-driven perspective. The VENUS project was aimed to the aerodynamic and aeroacoustic design of a distributed electric propulsion aircraft. Acoustic, aerodynamic and wall pressure measurements were carried out on a wing model equipped with a flap and three propellers powered by electric motors in an open jet wind tunnel. The parameters changed during the tests included five blade pitch settings, an angle of attack sweep, take-off and landing flap configurations, a phase delay between the propellers, different relative distances between the propellers and with respect to the wing. An optimized liner was installed on the wing for acoustic mitigation, in selected configurations. The optimal geometric configuration was determined based on psychoacoustic metrics (i.e. loudness, fluctuation strength, roughness, sharpness and tonality) and psychoacoustic annoyance models.
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| 18:00 |
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Comparative Drone Noise Flight Test Campaign Using Conventional Precision Microphones and an Artificial Head
by G. Fasulo, F. Petrosino, M. Barbarino, L. Federico.
Abstract:
This study investigates the acoustic signatures of a DJI Matrice 300 RTK during LiDAR and photogrammetric mapping missions at the Pianabella UrbanV vertiport in Rome. Utilizing a comprehensive setup that combines conventional precision condenser microphones with an artificial head, measurements were conducted throughout various drone flight phases. Analysis revealed that calculating advanced psychoacoustic metrics with the artificial head can introduce significant errors compared to conventional microphone measurements, for which these metrics were originally designed.
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| 18:20 |
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Exploring socio-spatial pattern of noise impact of advanced air mobility – A case study in West Yorkshire, England
by L. Jiang.
Abstract:
Using West Yorkshire in England as the case study area, this study assesses the potential noise impact of advanced air mobility (AAM) at reginal scale, and explores how the impact is distributed across different socio-economic groups. Using agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC), possible vertiport locations were identified based on commute travel demand. Then, two types of flying routes were tested: one prioritises distance reduction and one prioritises noise mitigation, each tested with 3 distances of noise footprints. Statistics of people exposed to the potential AAM noise were made with and without considering exposure to existing road and rail noise. The results show that AAM noise is likely to affect a large proportion of the population in West Yorkshire, and most of the affected population are not currently exposed to road and/or rail noise above 55dB LAeq, 16h. AAM noise is also likely to make the social inequality in transport noise exposure in West Yorkshire even worse. Using noise-priority routes seems to reduce the inequality, but there is a risk that the more deprived communities who are already exposed to high transport noise will bear disproportionally more burden of the new noise introduced by AAM.
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A05.10/A14.09 Advanced air mobility noise (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| A. Torija Martinez |
| M. J. B. Lotinga |
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UAS-NoiseCheck - A System Implementing the EASA Guidelines on Drone Noise Measurement
by M. Blass, S. Grebien, F. Graf.
Abstract:
Unmanned aerial systems (UAS) are on the rise and are about to transform civil aviation. As their proliferation grows, the social and legal acceptance of drones is becoming increasingly important, particularly with regard to noise pollution. So far, the lack of standardized methods and systems to measure in-flight noise emissions of UAS has hindered the creation of legal frameworks. To close this gap, the EASA introduced guidelines for UAS noise measurement in October 2022, for which feedback is currently being collected on their practical implementation and measurement results. In this work, we present UAS-NoiseCheck, a prototype system designed to implement these guidelines. It integrates acoustic, visual, GNSS and meteorological components to enable comprehensive, multisensory data acquisition and thus represents a novelty in the multimodal metrological description of UAS. Since our system not only contains a single microphone as a sound level meter but also features a hemispherical 32-microphone array, it can also facilitate the certification and regulation of noise emissions when used in the context of drone detection and localization. In initial field experiments, we analyze noise emissions of different multicopter UAS recorded with a ground-based and an inverted microphone setup as well as the microphone array.
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Noise Modeling of UAM around Vertiports by Sound Barrier
by S.-M. Lee, C. H. Haan.
Abstract:
The present study aims to propose practical solutions to control the noise issue, which is a key challenge for the commercialization of Urban Air Mobility (UAM). Noise levels around vertiports during UAM urban operations were predicted using the SoundPLAN program, and the noise reduction effects were assessed through simulation modeling when various height of noise barriers were applied at different distances and receiver heights. The comparison factors to confirm the noise reduction effect were set to Lden, Leq, and Lmax. The height of the sound barrier was investigated up to 27 m at 3 m intervals. In the present study, for noise prediction, two major vertiports on the K-UAM Grand Challenge phase 2-1 Ara Waterway demonstration route were targeted. As a result, it was found that significant noise reduction was observed at receiver points lower than the sound barrier. However, the noise reduction effect was minimal or absent at receiver points of similar or greater height than the sound barrier. This indicated that as the distance from the vertiport decreased, the noise reduction effect increased with the height of the sound barrier. Thus, It can be expected that the findings of this study could contribute to noise mitigation of UAM.
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A06.02 Microphones (theory, measurement, applications, MEMS technology, etc.)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: SC1-3 - RAYLEIGH |
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| 9:00 |
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Nonlinear Behavior of Condenser Microphones: Analytical Modeling and Experimental Validation
by J. Placek, P. Honzík.
Abstract:
This study investigates the nonlinear behavior of condenser microphones, with a focus on nonlinear capacitance as the primary source of nonlinearity. An experimental transducer was developed, consisting of a circular membrane and a fixed electrode with a central hole leading to a backing cavity. A linear analytical model for membrane displacement was derived using a multimodal approach, while a nonlinear model from the literature was used to relate the membrane displacement to the output voltage of the microphone. Experimental measurements of the nonlinear output of the transducer were conducted. A harmonic correction method from the literature was used to linearize the acoustic pressure incident on the transducer’s membrane. These measurements were compared with theoretical predictions. The dependence of the first, second, and third harmonics of the output voltage on the input acoustic pressure level was analyzed. The results show good agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental data, particularly for the first and second harmonics, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed model in capturing the nonlinear characteristics of condenser microphones.
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| 9:20 |
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Characterization of Planar Circular and Square MEMS Microphone Arrays for Low-Power Acoustic Applications
by R. Moreno, J. Ortigoso-Narro, M. Raiola, L. A. Azpicueta-Ruiz, D. De La Prida.
Abstract:
Advancements in microphone arrays are transforming acoustic sensing and innovating applications such as speech enhancement, beamforming, source localization, and environmental noise monitoring. On the way to developing low-cost phased arrays with numerous sensors, MEMS microphones have become a preferred solution whose distribution and positioning can boost their acoustic capabilities. The performance of both circular concentric and square grid geometries is characterized. A square grid array prioritizes low-cost scalability for highefficiency data acquisition, while the circular concentric design optimizes directivity. Both compared arrays use the same MEMS microphone model and electronic configuration, but differ in the number of elements and aperture size. The microphone model used for both arrays allows using Time-Division Multiplexing for streamlined data collection through a single data line with an I2S interface and integrated PCB design. The frequency response, directivity, and data transfer efficiency are analyzed by conducting experiments with a sound source at various positions within an anechoic chamber. The results demonstrate trade-offs between geometric configurations, providing valuable insight into the design of low-power, flexible, and scalable acoustic sensing systems.
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A06.02 Microphones (theory, measurement, applications, MEMS technology, etc.) (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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Pressure-Comparison Calibration Of MEMS Microphones In The Reverberation Chamber
by F. Saba, M. Campo-Valera, M. Corallo, G. Durando.
Abstract:
The demand of metrological traceability to the International System of units (SI) for Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) microphones poses new challenges for the development of reliable, fast, and cost-effective calibration methods. This work proposes novel solutions to meet these requirements, improving the capabilities of secondary calibration methods by pressure-comparison. Specifically, it addresses the effects of acoustic field irregularities and different frequency response of microphones under comparison in the determination of MEMS microphone sensitivity in the reverberation chamber. We present numerical techniques for predicting the sound pressure distribution within the narrow gap between reference and test microphones, along with the experimental evaluation of the deviation of calibration results when microphones of different frequency response characteristics are compared. The validity of the measurements in the reverberation chamber, is demonstrated comparing the calibration results obtained by different implementations of the pressure-comparison method, like in closed pressure-couplers and in the anechoic chamber.
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Noise Source Direction Estimation using Flow-Sensing MEMS Microphones
by T. Röck, M. Hagmüller, F. Zotter.
Abstract:
Unattended noise monitoring systems can be used to track the sound level over an extensive amount of time and record whenever the level exceeds a threshold. Directionof-Arrival (DoA) measured with a microphone array can add relevant information about the noise captured. This paper investigates a prototype application employing novel directional flow-sensing Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) microphones integrated into a highly compact array for DoA-detecting noise monitoring. Such sensors are supposed to exhibit a consistent directivity over the audible frequency range and to hereby enable frequency-independent DoA estimation for broadband noise sources. An array prototype is designed on an energy efficient micro controller unit (MCU) that runs three different DoA-estimation methods under test. The resulting prototype uses one omnidirectional and three directional, flow-sensing MEMS microphones. Measurements confirm that a high spatial aliasing limit could be reached without sacrificing low-frequency directivity. Our field study validates applicability to DoA-detecting noise monitoring at cheap computational costs.
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Amplitude modulation discrimination in cochlear implant listeners: Effects of carrier frequency and ‘interfering’ modulated signals
by N. Haywood, B. Moore, B. Williges, P. Boyle, M. Salorio-Corbetto, J. Schlittenlacher, C. Harbottle, D. Vickers.
Abstract:
For cochlear implant (CI) listeners, speech comprehension relies on sensitivity to amplitude modulation (AM) cues across different electrode channels. For a given channel, envelope sensitivity may be impaired for many reasons, not least due to the spread of electrical current and/or neural degeneration. We used a psychoacoustic task to explore AM discrimination in adult CI listeners (n=12). Listeners discriminated a 40 Hz sinusoidally amplitude-modulated (SAM) pure tone from a 13 Hz SAM tone in a three-interval task, where the modulation depth was varied adaptively. Testing was conducted in the presence or absence of speech envelope modulated interferer tones targeting neighbouring electrode channels (± adjacent+1). Stimuli were delivered through headphones, all front-end noise reduction features were de-activated on the speech processor, and the level of each interval was roved (3 dB). By varying carrier frequencies, we measured AM thresholds across a range of targeted electrodes. AM discrimination was poorer in the presence of interferers, and poorer at higher carrier frequencies. CI performance is also compared to a normal hearing cohort (n=12): Although performance was more variable across CI listeners, both groups achieved comparable mean thresholds. Individual thresholds will be correlated with panoramic eCAPs and measures of speech in noise performance.
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A06.03 Loudspeakers and headphones (theory, measurement, applications, MEMS technology, etc.) (1)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 11:00 |
| Room: SM4 - ZWICKER |
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| 11:00 |
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Acoustic metamaterials for attenuating unwanted wave phenomena in loudspeaker enclosures
by B. Chojnacki, A. Chojak, W. Binek, J. Pawlik, J. Idczak.
Abstract:
The rapid development of sound-absorbing acoustic metamaterials has opened new avenues for their application. Innovations common in metamaterial design—such as reduced material thickness compared to traditional solutions and precise control over absorption bandwidth—show promise in the design of loudspeaker enclosures. This presentation will detail recent advancements at AGH University of Krakow, demonstrating the use of acoustic metamaterials to attenuate standing waves within enclosures and to mitigate back-propagation effects from the driver diaphragm. We will discuss the methodologies for designing metamaterial structures using Transfer Matrix Method simulations, optimization techniques, and neural networks to establish a reliable design and manufacturing process. Results from anechoic chamber experiments conducted on test enclosures equipped with metamaterials will be presented. These cavity-based materials, in both broadband and multi-resonance configurations, offer solutions to problematic wave phenomena within enclosures and present advantages over traditional porous materials—such as improved speaker sensitivity by 1 dB and the elimination of VAS increases, due to the use of rigid materials instead of porous ones.
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| 11:20 |
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Flat and curved parametric acoustic loudspeakers measured with exponential sine sweeps
by A. Fantinelli, M. Arnela.
Abstract:
Parametric Acoustic Loudspeakers (PALs) utilise ultrasounds to generate an audible field thanks to a non-linear effect in air. This phenomenon is difficult to simulate, so an alternative is to rely on prototyping devices and test them experimentally. Several options exist to manufacture a PAL, the flat surface being the most common. However, transducers can also be set on curved surfaces to attain specific effects. In this paper, a set of four prototypes with different transducer dispositions on flat and convex surfaces are constructed and tested in free-field conditions at several distances. A methodology based on the Exponential Sine Sweep is used for this aim, which allows us to obtain their ultrasonic and audible frequency responses simultaneously. The results were compared with those of a single transducer, revealing significant differences between flat and curved PALs attributed to constructive and destructive interference patterns that vary with transducer arrangement.
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| 11:40 |
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Influence of coil winding material on the performance of electrodynamic loudspeakers
by J. Martinez-Iranzo, C. Martinez-Pia, J. Carbajo San Martín, P. Poveda Martinez, J. Ramis-Soriano, E. G. Segovia-Eulogio.
Abstract:
This work presents an analytical method to determine which material—copper or aluminum—is more suitable for coil winding, based on the initial specifications of the transducer. The proposed approach compares the coil mass to the total moving mass and establishes a threshold value that defines the suitability of each material for achieving maximum efficiency.Initial method relies on minimal variables, primarily derived from the original loudspeaker model. These variables include the total moving mass (MMS), encompassing all moving parts, such as the air load on both sides of the diaphragm, and the material used for the coil conductor. The role of the voice coil, however, differs from some perspectives presented in the literature, particularly those equating the coil mass to the total moving mass, a simplification that is not realistic for a transducer characterized by inherently low efficiency. Additionally, the analysis accounts for variations in the Bl force factor caused by the physical differences between copper and aluminum for the same electrical resistance, due to the alterations in the air gap volume.
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| 12:00 |
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Optimization of Cavities and Suspensions in Underwater Acoustic Projectors: Analytical and Experimental Study
by J. Martinez-Iranzo, J. Carbajo San Martín, P. Poveda Martinez, J. Ramis-Soriano, E. G. Segovia-Eulogio, C. Martinez-Pia.
Abstract:
This paper focuses on the design and analysis of an underwater acoustic projector based on a conventional loudspeaker, with particular emphasis on the role of the intermediate cavity between the loudspeaker and the radiating diaphragm, as well as the suspension properties of both components. The design, which eliminates direct contact between the loudspeaker and the diaphragm, presents unique challenges in efficiently transmitting mechanical energy from the former to the latter while minimizing losses. The study explores how the cavities volume and suspension characteristics (linearity, stiffness, and damping) influence the low-frequency response by analyzing the first modes of the diaphragm. Using analytical approaches and experimental models, comparative studies are presented to optimize the system configuration. This arrangement offers a significant advantage by eliminating the need for compensating the fluid pressure exerted on the diaphragm in shallow waters, without affecting the coil rest position within the magnetic gap.
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A06.03 Loudspeakers and headphones (theory, measurement, applications, MEMS technology, etc.) (2)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: SM4 - ZWICKER |
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| 9:00 |
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Investigating Spatial Aliasing and Fresnel Zones of Line and Planar Sources for Sound Reinforcement
by L. Gölles, F. Zotter.
Abstract:
Modern large-scale sound reinforcement systems predominantly utilize line-source arrays and, more recently, planar matrix arrays due to their flexibility in shaping direct sound pressure coverage across the listening area. In these arrays, the received sound pressure level is influenced, not only by the listener’s distance, but also by the size of the first Fresnel Zone on the array, particularly around the origin of the earliest wavefront. The size of this zone varies with both frequency and source dimensions, and it can be adjusted through curvature and time delays. However, comb filtering effects inevitably arise, especially at higher frequencies, due to contributions from later Fresnel Zones and the finite size of the array. Additionally, the discrete spacing of drivers in both line and planar sources introduces spatial aliasing. This contribution presents simulations that analyze the impact of Fresnel Zones, driver spacing, and driver arrangements on frequency response and direct sound coverage within the listening area.
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| 9:20 |
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A Simulation Framework for Piezoelectric MEMS Speakers: Modeling, Integration, and Validation
by F. Bachl, S. Horvath.
Abstract:
We present a simulation framework for piezoelectric, cantilever based Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems (MEMS) Speakers. Contrary to electrodynamic speakers, those speakers present a capacitive electrical load, necessitating a modified modeling approach. Using measurements from a Laser-Doppler-Vibrometer (LDV) we determine a set of parameters derived from the well known Thiele-Small-Parameters (TSP) using the Known Mass Method. The acoustic load on the back of the membrane is strongly influenced by the cavity structure within the speaker. We use Finite-Element-Analysis (FEA) to calculate the acoustic impedance acting on the membrane back side. A lumped element representation of this impedance is included in the full model. We present the integration of a MEMS speaker into an earphone design using a simulation driven approach based on the previously described model. The acoustic effects of the enclosure, as well as the artificial ear are simulated using the finite element method. The results are validated against acoustic measurements of a 3D printed version of the earphone. We show that the models can accurately predict the frequency response of the MEMS speakers, also under complex acoustic load conditions.
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| 9:40 |
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Mechanically-open and acoustically-closed MEMS loudspeakers for in-ear applications
by C. Gazzola, F. Perli, F. Cerini, S. Adorno, P. Lotton, M. Melon, A. Corigliano.
Abstract:
MEMS loudspeakers for in-ear applications have been attracting a growing interest in recent years, promising to overcome the limits in terms of form factor, power efficiency and cost of non-MEMS loudspeakers. The piezoelectric actuation principle is one of the most investigated, thanks to the introduction of high precision piezoelectric thin films with high electro-mechanical coupling coefficients in the microfabrication processes. This work presents a new set of high-performance piezoelectric MEMS speakers, consisting of PZT-driven thin plates properly shaped through a set of narrow slits. The latter serve the twofold purpose of enhancing the mechanical compliance of the speaker diaphragm and limiting the acoustic short-circuit between the speaker front and rear side. The diaphragm geometry, evolution of a design previously proposed by the Authors, is properly modified to improve the acoustic output and power efficiency. The proposed devices feature a Sound Pressure Level (SPL) at 30 Vpp greater than 108 dB SPL in the whole audible range, a Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) at 1 kHz at 94 dB SPL lower than 1% and a compact footprint of 4.5x4.5 mm2 . Experimental results are compared with a FEM-assisted lumped element model demonstrating a good match between them.
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| 10:00 |
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Impact of Impedance Mismatch on Crosstalk Cancellation with Micro-Speaker Arrays
by F. Veronesi, F. Fazi, J. Hollebon.
Abstract:
Crosstalk Cancellation (CTC) is an audio technology designed to deliver binaural sound from loudspeaker arrays. Recently, its application has been extended to portable devices with miniature loudspeakers, hereafter referred to as micro-speakers. This paper investigates the effect of manufacturing inconsistencies causing variations in microspeaker characteristics on CTC performance using numerical simulations. A lumped element model, based on measured electrical impedance of several identical microspeakers, is used as the transfer functions between the array input signals and the loudspeaker diaphragm velocity. This, together with a rigid sphere acoustic head model or measured Head-Related Transfer Functions (HRTFs), is used to simulate the pressure signals at the listener’s ears. Key findings reveal the sensitivity of CTC to specific parameter variations.
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A06.03 Loudspeakers and headphones (theory, measurement, applications, MEMS technology, etc.) (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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Development of a omnidirectional cylindrical sound source with a Corona Discharge Transducer
by H. Lissek, T. Wang, R. Vesal.
Abstract:
The Corona Discharge Transducer (CDT) relies on the electroacoustic actuation of a ionized layer of air through an oscillatory electric field. This device allows sound generation without an intermediate mechanical radiator such as a membrane, making it an almost perfect particle velocity source, with ideal impulse response. Thanks to its membrane-less and construction and its continuous arrangement of uniform linear acoustic antennas, it also permits the development of ideal monopolar sources. This paper presents a cylindrical CDT concept, its design and optimization through numerical models (COMSOL), in a view to the realization of a future experimental prototype. The discussion on the acoustic performance obtained on the models will lead to concluding remarks on its applicability to acoustic metrology.
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A06.06 Acoustic-based sensors, actuators and microsystems for diverse applications
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 10:40 |
| Room: SM4 - ZWICKER |
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| 10:40 |
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On biotelemetry's bidirectional acoustic tag
by G. Batet, D. Sarria, S. Gomariz, I. Masmitja, J. Del Rio.
Abstract:
Acoustic tagging is one of the primary resources for tracking marine species and understanding their behaviors within these protected zones. However, traditional acoustic tags have several limitations, resulting in data loss or inaccuracies, complicating ecological studies. In this work, we describe the deployment of BTAGs in high-density and elongated array configurations, alongside USBL-based direction and range measurements, providing a versatile toolset for ecological studies, improving the ability to monitor marine species, assess Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), and contribute to the sustainable management of marine ecosystems.
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| 11:00 |
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Low Order Lateral Modes Of Plate Transducers As Basis For Effective And Reproducible Acoustofluidic Devices
by A. Fuchsluger, A. De Pastina, B. Jakoby.
Abstract:
Acoustofluidics is a contactless and thus gentle method for handling objects from the sub-micrometer to the millimeter length scale. Making use of the radiation force, small objects can be aligned at the pressure nodes or anti-nodes of a stationary acoustic field generated inside microfluidic structures. Besides the intensity and frequency of the acoustic field, the acoustic force on an object purely relies on its mechanical properties, and therefore, no special requirements or treatments are necessary. We designed and built numerically optimized acoustofluidic devices consisting of microfluidic silicon-glass chips actuated by attached piezoelectric plate transducers. The specialty in our design is the utilization of a low order lateral width mode of the plate transducer, which stands in contrast to the usually used thickness mode. A glycerol layer between the transducer and the chip ensures weak coupling of the lateral mode, meaning that the resonance frequency of the transducer is barely altered when attached to the chip. Together with low patch-to-patch variation of the used components, this altogether leads to very reliable and reproducible operating devices. We will demonstrate the performance of our concept by manipulating objects in millimeter-sized structures and in the milliseconds-timeframe, reaching acoustic energy densities close to 3000 J/m³.
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| 11:20 |
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Acoustic Levitation in Air: novel techniques and applications
by A. Marzo.
Abstract:
Acoustic levitation can hold different material in mid-air. Typically, an emitter and an opposed reflector form a standing wave. In the nodes of the standing wave, millimetric particles significantly smaller than the wavelength can be trapped. Despite the limitations on particle size, the diversity of supported materials enables multiple applications. Metals, liquids, gasses, plastics or small living beings can be trapped with acoustic levitation. Some applications are contactless spectroscopy or the study of crystallization of levitated samples.In this presentation, novel techniques beyond standing waves will be presented such as acoustic vortices or bottle beams that provide positional and orientation control on the levitated particles. We will highlight emerging applications in additive manufacturing, particle agglomeration, aerosol control, patterning, or pick and place of fragile samples. Finally, we will present some opportunities to get started in mid-air acoustic levitation using devices that can be built at the lab or even at home with off-the-shelf components.
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| 11:40 |
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Piezoelectric MEMS Temperature Sensor based on Acoustic Flexural Plate Waves
by S. Bertelli, A. Nastro, M. Baù, M. Ferrari, L. Rufer, S. Basrour, V. Ferrari.
Abstract:
Piezoelectric sensors based on acoustic waves propagating into micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) are a lively research area, with devices based on flexural plate waves (FPW) finding applications across various fields, including industrial and biological sectors. In this paper, a temperature sensor based on a piezoelectric MEMS that exploits the first antisymmetric mode, denoted as the A0 or FPW mode, of Lamb waves generated in a diaphragm is presented. The micromachined diaphragm is composed of a stack of doped silicon and an aluminum nitride (AlN) piezoelectric layer with aluminum interdigital transducers (IDTs) employed for wave generation and detection. The proposed MEMS sensor exploits the variation of the FPW propagation velocity in the diaphragm due to temperature. The sensor expected working temperature range is at least 20 to 80 °C and in this preliminary phase has been tested from 25 to 45 °C by means of a tailored PID controlled temperature chamber including a Peltier cell and a Pt100 sensor while measuring the electrical admittance of a single IDT. The working principle has been validated within the frequency range from 11.185 to 12.88 MHz. Measurements have confirmed the sensor working principle, demonstrating a sensitivity of -426.5 Hz/°C and highlighting its potential for extending the operating temperature range.
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| 12:00 |
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Productization challenges of acoustic MEMS sensors and actuators
by A. Lagosh, A. Piot, S. Nayak, R. T. Rocha, H. Campanella.
Abstract:
Silicon-based MEMS technologies for acoustic transducers are mature, widely available and have enabled a strong industry for consumer and niche markets while fulfilling the More-than-Moore promise. Nevertheless, mass production faces continuous innovation, manufacturability and testing challenges that prevent a higher market implantation of proof-of-concept acoustic MEMS devices. In response to these challenges, this paper discusses new integration trends involving the hybrid integration of polymeric materials into the flow of MEMS manufacturing. New test and modeling methodologies to address corresponding performance and data handling challenges are also discussed in this paper.
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A06.06 Acoustic-based sensors, actuators and microsystems for diverse applications (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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Comparative Study of the Frequency Response of Smartwatch Sensors for Human Movement Assessment
by M. Centeno-Cerrato, C. Polvorinos-Fernandez, G. De Arcas, L. Sigcha, I. Pavón.
Abstract:
Smartwatches are wearable devices designed for continuous and precise data collection, ensuring minimal disruption or discomfort for the user. Their ability to monitor movement makes them particularly effective for applications such as health monitoring or workplace risk evaluation. However, the inertial sensors embedded in these devices may exhibit inaccuracies in data acquisition, which could compromise the quality of the results. Therefore, thorough characterization is essential to understand their response under specific excitation conditions. This study evaluates the performance of accelerometers in four commercially available smartwatches, by assessing their frequency responses using two different calibration methods. Method 1, considered the reference method and involving individual sensor calibration, produced minimal deviations, validating the reliability of the devices within the tested ranges. In contrast, Method 2, intended for quicker calibration of multiple devices, showed greater deviations due to limitations in the calibration process. The results revealed discrepancies in performance based on the calibration method used, highlighting the importance of selecting an appropriate technique to ensure more reliable and accurate measurements, especially for critical human movement monitoring applications.
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A06.07 Active metamaterials
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SM5 - SCHROEDER |
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| T. Bravo |
| H. Lissek |
| C. De Marqui Jr |
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| Please refer to session A01.05/A06.07 Active metamaterials
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A07.01 Flow acoustics - General
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 17:00 |
| Room: SM1 - BÉKÉSY |
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| S. Becker |
| D. Ragni |
| R. Camussi |
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| 17:00 |
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Comparison of wavepacket models for supersonic twin jets against near-field pressure measurements
by I. Padilla-Montero, D. Rodríguez, V. Jaunet, P. Jordan.
Abstract:
Supersonic twin-jet engines, often employed in launchers and high-speed aircraft, constitute a complex flow system whose aeroacoustic characterization and control is a state-of-the-art challenge. Large-scale coherent structures developing within each jet are known to play a fundamental role in the generation of mixing noise. Past studies in single jets have shown that such structures (wavepackets) can be successfully modelled via linear stability theory. In the case of supersonic twin jets, however, although recent efforts have produced wavepacket models that account for the linear interaction between both jets, experimental validation is still missing for this configuration.In this work, pressure measurements in the near field of supersonic twin jets are compared against wavepacket models obtained by means of the plane-marching parabolized stability equations based on RANS mean flows, with the aim of validating the modelled structures. Two phased-microphone arrays distributed along the streamwise direction in the symmetry plane containing both jets are employed to measure the amplitude of the twin-jet pressure fluctuations and extract the coherent information via SPOD. The extracted amplitude is compared against the PSE wavepacket models to quantify their accuracy in describing the twin-jet fluctuations.
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| 17:20 |
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Matching Pursuit decomposition of jet near-field pressure data
by R. Camussi, M. Mancinelli, E. De Paola.
Abstract:
The Matching Pursuit (MP) decomposition is applied to an extensive set of pressure data obtained in experiments carried out in two distinct laboratories, at the University Roma Tre and at the École Centrale de Lyon. Both data sets contain pressure data measured simultaneously in the near and in the far-field of free stream compressible circular jets of different diameters and different subsonic Mach numbers. The MP method through an iterative procedure, provides a decomposition of a given signal into a linear combination of a specified family of functions belonging to a redundant set called Dictionary. It has been used in the past for in various applications but never in the field of aeroacoustics. In the present approach, MP is applied to decompose near-field pressure signals into linear expansions of waveforms that are selected from a dictionary composed of Gabor atoms. A subset of those waveforms is chosen to best match the structure of the original signals and to reproduce their relevant features related to the far field noise generation mechanisms. The results are encouraging and the potentialities of the method along with the implications of this approach for modelling jet noise are presented and discussed. .
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| 17:40 |
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Impact Of The Nozzle Exhaust Temperature On The Near-Field Noise Emitted By Subsonic Jets
by S. Meloni, G. Palma, R. Camussi, C. Bogey.
Abstract:
This study provides an extensive analysis of the impact of temperature on the near-field dynamics of subsonic jets, utilizing data from large-eddy simulations. The jets have nozzle-exit temperatures that are 1, 1.5, and 2.25 times the ambient value, with a velocity corresponding to M = 0.9 and a Reynolds number of Re=10^5.Pressure time series were extracted from several virtual probes distributed in the near field of the jets, covering a region extending up to 20D in the streamwise direction and 3D radially, repeating this planar distribution across different azimuthal angles. The data were analyzed in both the Fourier and Wavelet domains, facilitating simultaneous representation in the time-frequency domain.The first step of the analysis focused on evaluating the influence of nozzle exhaust temperature on the intermittent statistics of pressure fluctuations in the near field of these single-stream jets. In addition, a wavelet-based acoustic decomposition technique was applied to assess the effect of nozzle exit temperature on both the acoustic and hydrodynamic fields. Eventually, the parameters of a wave-packet model for subsonic jet noise prediction were systematically optimized.
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| 18:00 |
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Revisiting the effects of mean velocity profiles shape on sound propagation through two-dimensional ducts
by L. Bonomo, J. A. Cordioli, E. Brambley.
Abstract:
Previous publications suggest that the acoustic attenuation rate in lined two-dimensional ducts with grazing flow depends on the shape of the boundary layer’s mean velocity profile. Nayfeh et al. (1974) showed that for downstream-propagating waves, similar attenuation rates can be achieved for different profile shapes if the boundary layer displacement thickness remains constant. However, for upstream propagation, the attenuation rate also varies with the boundary layer shape factor. This study revisits Nayfeh et al.’s work, focusing on small ducts, particularly within the typical Helmholtz number range used in acoustic liner impedance eduction test rigs. Three profile shapes are considered: the sinusoidal flow profile, the hyperbolic tangent profile, and the universal law of the wall, which represents a more realistic turbulent boundary layer. The exact wavenumbers from the Pridmore-Brown equation for these flow profiles are compared with the approximation obtained using a uniform flow and the Ingard–Myers boundary condition applied to the lined wall with slipping grazing velocity.
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| 18:20 |
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GPU-based aeroacoustic simulation of low-speed axial fans across their characteristic fan curves
by A. Verza, P. Altmann, L. Erbig.
Abstract:
Over the past years, several papers dealt with numerical simulations of EAA’s axial fan benchmark at its design point. Since all these publications used different simulation techniques and mesh types, but still delivered meaningful results, we assess how different levels of mesh resolution on the fan surfaces and motion modeling approaches impact the accuracy of the simulations when looking at more extreme operating conditions close to stall or free flow. Our simulations are based on constant-density Large Eddy Simulation coupled to a Perturbed Convective Wave equation and are run on 8 Nvidia A100 GPUs, which allows us to return results significantly more quickly than on CPUs. We find that accurately predicting aerodynamic quantities on all considered operating points requires a fine normal, and surface resolution on the fan blades as well as accurate motion modeling. In contrast, the acoustic far field predictions on all operating points except the free-flow condition are significantly less dependent on meshing and motion modeling decisions.
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A07.02 Aeroacoustics of aircraft and urban air vehicles (1)
| Monday 23 June 2025 - 12:00 |
| Room: SM5 - SCHROEDER |
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| R. Camussi |
| D. Ragni |
| D. Casalino |
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| 12:00 |
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Aeroacoustics of UAV propellers with unequally spaced blades
by D. Usov, A. Filippone, C. Poggi, G. Bernardini.
Abstract:
The study delves into the characterisation of the aeroacoustic response of low-Reynolds number propellers subjected to blade spacing angle modification. A numerical investigation was carried out on two-bladed propellers featuring blade spacing angles from 30 to 150 degrees, in 30-degree increments, as well as a conventional propeller with 180-degree blade spacing. The non-uniform blade spacing can mitigate tonal contributions at the blade passing frequency and its harmonics while introducing non-zero contributions at odd multiples of the shaft frequency. The objective of this work is to determine the effect of the blade spacing angle on the distribution of the acoustic energy spectrum and the aerodynamic quality of the propeller. The numerical analyses were performed by a potential aerodynamic solver based on a boundary integral method and an aeroacoustic solver based on the Farassat 1A formulation. The predictions were validated against experimental measurements for conventional and 90-degree blade spacing propellers. The time-averaged propeller thrust and tonal overall sound pressure level were accurately predicted. Propellers with uneven obtuse blade spacing angles displayed the largest addition of the acoustic energy towards the lower frequency domain while preserving the aerodynamic performance of the reference propeller.
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| 12:20 |
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Flow characterisation using PIV to optimise microphone windscreens for on-board self-noise measurements of a multicopter (UAV) under different flight conditions
by J. Benz, C. Heigl, D. Gruetzner, F. Czwielong, A. Gruender, J. Franke, S. Becker.
Abstract:
Accurately measuring the self-noise of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is crucial for acoustic characterisation, noise reduction optimisation, and for gaining public acceptance and certification of these aircraft. An on-board measurement setup allows direct and flexible detection of the acoustics in various flight conditions, without the need for external sensor installations, which introduce the problem of a continuously changing measurement distance and a complex measurement setup. For reliable measurements, especially at higher flight or wind speeds, an effective microphone windscreen is essential. This windscreen should ideally shield the microphone from ambient and propeller airflow while introducing minimal additional turbulence noise, which could mask the UAV’s self-noise and reduce measurement accuracy.In this study, the airflow around the microphone of a quadrocopter UAV was experimentally analysed under different flight conditions using stereo PIV measurements in a wind tunnel. Based on these results, possible optimisation strategies for the microphone windscreen were investigated in an aeroacoustic wind tunnel. Starting from commercially available windscreens, different designs were assessed and refined to reduce hydrodynamic pressure fluctuations that overlap with the UAV self-noise. The results illustrate how airflow patterns change in different flight situations and highlight practical optimisation strategies to improve the accuracy of UAV self-noise measurements.
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| 12:40 |
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Anechoic Noise Characterization Of Sub-7kg Multi-Rotor Drones: Configuration Effects And Spl Scaling Models
by R. Cao, Z. Zhang, Z. Peng, Z. Ma, W. Chen, P. Zhou, X. Zhang.
Abstract:
The rapid development of multi-rotor drones has accelerated the growth of the low-altitude economy (LAE), yet expanding applications demand rigorous noise evaluation and regulation due to varying acoustic characteristics across different sizes and configurations. This study investigates the acoustic emissions of sub-7 kg multi-rotor drones during hovering, using both curved and planar phased microphone arrays in an anechoic chamber. Five drone models ( 0.25 kg to 6.5 kg ) were tested to analyze directional noise radiation and spectral behavior. Results show a shift from tonal to broadband-dominant noise as drone size increases, along with lower blade-passing frequencies and smoother directivity patterns in larger platforms. Notably, the heaviest model exhibited lower overall noise than a lighter one, highlighting the impact of aerodynamic design. A logarithmic-linear model incorporating disk area ratio (DAR) was proposed to predict A-weighted sound pressure levels, with strong accuracy (R2 > 0.95 ) for broadband and overall sound pressure level (SPL). These findings contribute to drone acoustic databases and offer a practical framework for noise prediction, aiding standardization, low-noise design, and regulatory development in urban air mobility. Future work will expand to dynamic flight conditions and other configurations to further enhance model robustness.
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| 13:00 |
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Numerical Investigation on Tonal Noise Directivity in Distributed Propulsion Systems
by A. Zarri, F. De Prenter.
Abstract:
The potential of distributed electric propulsion to mitigate noise environmental impact has been increasingly explored for UAV and UAM applications. However, when rotors are placed in close proximity, strong aerodynamic interactions and complex acoustic phenomena are induced. Phase synchronization has been proposed as a tonal noise mitigation strategy. Significant reductions in tonal levels have been reported under various configurations, though the extent and nature of such reductions remain debated. Previous assessments have relied on sparse sound pressure measurements, potentially misrepresenting global noise attenuation due to altered directivity. To address this experimental limitation, highfidelity simulations are carried out for a multi-propeller configuration, focusing on the effects of phase synchronization. The influence of a 30°-phase offset between three co-rotating six-blade rotors is evaluated against an in-phase configuration. A spherical microphone array was used to determine the spatial directivity and total radiated sound power. Results show that phase-angle differences substantially redistribute the acoustic energy toward different spatial locations. Nevertheless, it also impacts the global noise emission, mitigating the sound power level of the opposite-phase configuration by 7.47 dB in acoustic power for the first BPF harmonic and 4.79 dB for the second.
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A07.02 Aeroacoustics of aircraft and urban air vehicles (2)
| Monday 23 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SM5 - SCHROEDER |
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| R. Camussi |
| D. Ragni |
| D. Casalino |
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| 14:20 |
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Effects of boundary layer ingestion on ducted propeller noise
by M. Daroukh, F. Ahmed, T. Le Garrec, M. Azarpeyvand, E. Manoha.
Abstract:
In this paper, the effects of boundary layer ingestion on the noise emitted from an academic ducted propeller are evaluated using lattice Boltzmann simulations and wind tunnel experiments. The boundary layer is generated by an aggressive S-plate placed upstream of the propeller and its impact is assessed by comparison with an isolated ducted propeller configuration. Three operating conditions are studied, which correspond to a free-stream velocity of 32 m/s and rotational speeds of 6000, 8000, and 11,000 rpm. Aerodynamic results are compared between simulations and experiments and show a good agreement. They highlight the increase in flow asymmetry and turbulence ingested by the ducted propeller in the presence of the Splate. Direct acoustic results are extracted from the simulations at the position of the two experimental microphone arrays and compared against experiments in terms of tonal and broadband contributions. Similar trends are observed despite some quantitative discrepancies. In the presence of the S-plate, the stronger flow distortion is responsible for an increase of tonal noise at the blade passing frequencies, while the higher turbulence intensity generates increased broadband noise levels.
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| 14:40 |
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Wall Pressure Fluctuations and Impact on the Noise from Distributed Electric Propellers
by L. G. Stoica, E. De Paola, G. Capobianchi, A. Di Marco, R. Camussi.
Abstract:
In the pursue of new urban air mobility solutions, the VENUS project served as a test bench for a real-world application of distributed electric propulsion aircraft. Experimental investigations were carried out on a wing model, equipped with three tractor propellers, derived from a realistic regional aircraft configuration inside an open jet acoustically treated wind tunnel. Wall pressure fluctuations induced by the multiple propeller configuration on the wing were investigated, in particular on the leading edge of the wing, on the flap, and inside the gap between the flap and the wing. Measurements of the acoustic footprint and of the polar directivity were carried out using three far-field microphone arrays. The parameters varied during the measurements included propeller blade pitch angle, flap deflection angle and wing angle of attack, as well as the distances between the propellers and with respect to the wing. The importance of the different generation mechanisms on the far-field noise and their dependency on the position along the wing and test parameters was assessed applying two-point statistics.
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| 15:00 |
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Analytical Investigation Of Rotor-Strut Potential Interaction Noise
by R. Zamponi, A. Zarri, J. Christophe.
Abstract:
This paper presents a methodology to predict the tonal noise radiated by a propeller-strut configuration by modeling the potential inflow distortion induced by the strut. The approach combines a theoretical description of the potential flow around a circular cylinder with the force distribution and induced velocity computed using an unsteady panel method. The analytical results show satisfactory agreement with measurements from previous studies, demonstrating the suitability of the proposed methodology as a fast and effective prediction tool.
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| 15:20 |
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Hovering small-scale low Reynolds number rotor-beam source localization using both nearfield and farfield measurements
by H. Parisot-Dupuis, B. Mellot, N.' Gariglio, F. Méry.
Abstract:
The sound radiation of small-scale low Reynolds number rotor in interaction with a beam is measured in anechoic room in hovering condition. The experimental setup is composed by a farfield acoustic instrumentation, a directivity antenna and an array of 45 microphones, and nearfield acoustic intrumentation, a microphone and an array of 16 microphones located near the rotor and flushmounted on the beam. Both nearfield and farfield microphones are used to characterize the different rotor-beam noise source components, tonal noise associated to the blade passing frequency (BPF) and its harmonics which increases in the presence of the beam, and high frequency broadband noise. The coherent output power (COP) spectral analysis is also used to obtain sound source maps coherent or anti-coherent with nearfield signals. This methodology is first assessed on loudspeakers in anechoic room before to be applied to the rotor-beam test case. Nearfield and farfield acoustic signatures show similar radiation patterns. Tonal noise components are very coherent with nearfield signals and their evolution along the beam differs between low frequency and high frequency BPF harmonics. The high frequency broadband noise is contrarly anti-coherent with nearfield signals and its evolution along the beam shows a maximum level near the blade tip.
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A07.02 Aeroacoustics of aircraft and urban air vehicles (3)
| Thursday 26 June 2025 - 12:00 |
| Room: SM1 - BÉKÉSY |
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| R. Camussi |
| D. Ragni |
| D. Casalino |
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| 12:00 |
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On the Impact of Turbulent Inflow on the Noise Generated by a Propeller Operating at Low Reynolds Number
by M. Ali, A. Piccolo, R. Zamponi, D. Ragni, F. Avallone.
Abstract:
Ingested turbulence affects propeller noise at frequencies above the 2nd Blade Passing Frequency. The extension of the Amiet model to rotating structures is a useful tool to predict this phenomenon. However, comparison with the experimental results reveal discrepancies between predicted and measured acoustic spectra. A likely explanation for this mismatch lies in turbulence distortion.This paper investigates the effects of the propeller-induced flow field on incoming turbulence to obtain a comprehensive description of the flow physics and enhance, in future studies, Amiet’s prediction model.Lattice Boltzmann Very Large Eddy Simulations of a reference propeller operating at low-Reynolds number and subjected to turbulent inflow are performed. The spatial and temporal evolution of isotropic grid-generated turbulence approaching the propeller plane is characterized . The analysis shows that the leading edge interacts with anisotropic turbulence. This is due to the rotational flow induced by the propeller, streamtube contraction, and leading edge distortion.In addition, the effect of turbulence on the laminar separation bubble, conventionally present in flow at low Reynolds number, whose dynamics affects the acoustics at high frequencies, is analyzed. Acoustic spectra, obtained through the Ffowcs-Williams and Hawkings analogy applied to the propeller surface, are then linked to the aerodynamic sources.
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A07.02 Aeroacoustics of aircraft and urban air vehicles (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| R. Camussi |
| D. Ragni |
| D. Casalino |
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A Study Of Urban Air Mobility Rotor Noise At Moderate Reynolds Numbers With Collective Pitch Control
by C. Tinney, J. Valdez, Y. Zhao-Dubuc.
Abstract:
Measurements of hover performance and acoustics of a Mach-tip scaled notional rotor for urban air mobility is presented. The blade shape is a 35% geometrically scaled replica of an earlier generation Joby rotor blade first studied by Tinney and Valdez [1] and is evaluated for changes to blade tip Mach number (between 0.28 and 0.40), rotor collective pitch angle, as well as rotor solidity (number of blades). The findings demonstrate that, in general, sound levels decay with increasing collective pitch angle, while they increase with increasing blade count. A delay in the collective pitch angle, where decreasing noise transitions to increasing noise with increasing collective, is also observed. When using thrust coefficient as the performance metric for comparing different rotor operating conditions, the transition point from decreasing noise to increasing noise is delayed to higher collective pitch angles as blade count increases. This tends to occur for the same range of rotor figures of merit between 0.65 and 0.70; peak hover efficiency is found for a figure of merit of 0.75. The findings provide a first principals understanding of the tradespace between hover performance and acoustics using a UAM relevant blade shape at Reynolds numbers of practical importance.
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A07.03 Active and passive noise reduction technologies (1)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 11:00 |
| Room: SM2 - MORSE |
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| 11:00 |
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On the Interaction of Grazing Acoustic Waves and Turbulent Boundary Layer over Acoustic Liners
by A. Paduano, F. Scarano, D. Casalino, J. A. Cordioli, F. Avallone.
Abstract:
Acoustic liners, passive devices to mitigate engine noise, operate under high-speed grazing flow and grazing acoustic waves. To investigate the complex physics governing this interaction, high-fidelity numerical simulations of a spatially evolving turbulent boundary layer grazing a multi-orifice acoustic liner at a bulk Mach number of 0.32 are performed. The simulations replicate conditions from a reference experiment. Grazing tonal plane acoustic waves with amplitudes of 130 dB and 145 dB and propagating in the same direction and the direction opposite to the mean flow are analyzed. The results show that the boundary layer displacement thickness doubles in the presence of the liner and its growth rate is affected by the amplitude and propagation direction of the acoustic wave. The acoustic liner also promotes the formation of an outer hump in both the logarithmic region of the streamwise and wall-normal velocity variance, with these effects becoming more pronounced under acoustic forcing. Furthermore, impedance estimation, using Dean’s method, reveals that near-wall flow modifications, quantified through the displacement thickness, influence the local value of the computed impedance.
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| 11:20 |
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Relevance of radiator installation on the efficacy of noise reduction strategies in an industrial engine cooling fan
by F. Bellelli, R. Arina, F. Avallone.
Abstract:
Engine cooling fans must be efficient and quieter, as their acoustic contribution is today more noticeable considering the reduced noise from electric motors. Therefore, more effective noise reduction technologies must be designed. This paper investigates how noise reduction technologies, designed for an isolated fan, are impacted by the presence of a radiator pulling upstream. Two modifications to the baseline fan geometry are studied: (i) one with a ring shape that mitigates the backflow-rotor interaction and (ii) one with stator vane azimuthal spacing optimized to reduce rotor-stator interaction tonal noise. They are assessed with high-fidelity simulations performed both on an isolated fan and a full cooling module including the radiator, which is simulated using an equivalent porous medium. Results reveal that the modified ring shape effectively prevents backflow-rotor interaction on the isolated fan, reducing broadband noise by radially redirecting the backflow. However, its performance is less effective when a radiator is present due to the presence of the casing. Conversely, stator vane optimized spacing shows robust noise reduction in both configurations, because the effect of distributing tonal energy across several modes is not altered by the presence of the radiator.
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| 11:40 |
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Rotor Noise Control Using Coaxial Co-Rotating Rotors
by C. Tinney, Y. Zhao-Dubuc, J. Valdez.
Abstract:
The development of a low-noise rotor blade has received considerable attention in recent years due to emerging interests in electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) vehicles. One of the most impact-full methods for reducing the acoustic footprint from multirotor platforms is by augmenting the angular phase between neighboring rotors so that sound waves interfere either constructively or destructively for an observer in the far-field. For stacked, co-rotating rotors operating in hover, this form of noise control has been shown to augment rotor performance, thereby providing a trade-space between changes in noise, versus changes in performance. Here we evaluate the same trade-space using a combination of low-order analysis methods capable of filtering out the most energetic waveforms that make up the sound field of this rotor. This combines the conventional form of the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) with vold-kalman filters (VKF) to filter structures in both space and time, respectively. The findings show that for an observer located below the rotor disk plane, sound pressure levels corresponding to the first few blade pass frequency harmonics can be reduced by as much as 4 dB with only moderate losses in hover efficiency.
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| 12:00 |
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Further Investigation of the Simplified Septa Acoustic Liner Concept
by B. Howerton, J. Kreitzman.
Abstract:
Additional refinements of an acoustic liner design incorporating single-hole perforate septa were evaluated by the NASA Langley Liner Physics Team. The design, termed the ‘Simplified Septa’ concept, incorporates embedded septa as found in traditional, multidegree-offreedom liners. Typically, such septa are either multihole perforates or porous mesh, whereas the Simplified Septa uses only one hole per cell. An optimization scheme was employed to determine the liner geometry based on a target absorption cost function. These optimized designs incorporating one and two septa were tested in the NASA Langley Normal Incidence Tube (NIT) to determine impedance and absorption spectra for swept tonal excitation at 120 and 140 dB. Experimental results were compared to predictions from a liner model based on the ZwikkerKosten Transmission Line (ZKTL) code and showed good agreement for no-flow conditions. Absorption performance was found to be good over a wide portion of the frequency range tested. The single-septum design geometry was applied to a larger sample suitable for evaluation in the NASA Langley Grazing Flow Impedance Tube (GFIT). The sample was subjected to grazing flow speeds up to Mach 0.5 and swept tonal excitation at 120 and 140 dB to determine its impedance under these conditions. The results gave confidence that the concept could be used successfully in a grazing flow environment.
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A07.03 Active and passive noise reduction technologies (2)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SM2 - MORSE |
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| 14:20 |
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Turbulence effect on the acoustic boundary layer of perforated acoustic liners
by A. Schulz, D. Ronneberger.
Abstract:
In this work the shear stress effect on the acoustic boundary condition of liners with grazing turbulent mean flow is investigated. The lined wall is supposed to be rigid and homogeneously permeable. We have derived two semianalytical models supplemented by DNS data which provide insight in the qualitative dependencies and the governing parameters of the turbulence effect. We found a critical frequency ω + c = 10−2 , which separates two regimes: For high frequencies the sound-synchronous shear stress does not reach beyond the viscous sublayer and the turbulence has no impact on the acoustic boundary condition. However, for low frequencies the shear wave penetrates into the turbulent flow layer and deforms the turbulent vorticity field. This causes an increased magnitude of sound-coherent wall shear stress as well as a significant change of the wall shear stress impedance and of the effective acoustic boundary condition. It was found that the latter depends particularly strongly on the dynamic processes which take place in the near-wall region of the turbulent wall boundary layer. In order to get more insight into the course of these processes impulse response functions of the sound-coherent shear stress have been calculated from existing DNS data. The results confirm a previous hypothesis that a shear wave propagates from the wall into the viscous sublayer, triggers a reaction of the turbulent shear stress in the turbulent region of the boundary layer, which in turn generates a viscous shear stress field that extends to the wall. This latter reaction manifests itself in a distinct ‘turbulent portion’ of the sound coherent wall shear stress. It was found also that this dynamic process takes a characteristic time of t + ≈ 160.
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| 14:40 |
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On the impact of the orifice geometrical features on the performance of an acoustic liner
by F. Avallone, A. Khedr, A. Paduano, F. Scarano, L. Meirelles, J. A. Cordioli.
Abstract:
This computational study investigates the impact of manufacturing inaccuracies of face sheet orifice geometries on acoustic liners’ impedance and flow dynamics. Normal Impedance Tube (NIT) lattice-Boltzmann very-large eddy simulations at 130 and 145 dB and 800, 1400, and 2000 Hz reveal that sharp-edged geometries present increased acoustic resistance and absorption than geometries with smoother edges. Rounded and double-chamfered edge shapes, mimicking real-world imperfections, reduce the resistance component of impedance by up to 28%, thus reducing the absorption coefficient. The inspection of the velocity field shows the flow features that cause these differences. Results demonstrate that minor edge imperfections, potentially due to manufacturing, may alter liner performance. This underscores the need to account for geometric imperfections in industrial design and quality control.
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| 15:00 |
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Experimental Investigation into the Suppression of Propeller Noise Using Over-Tip-Rotor Liners
by S. Palleja Cabre, J. Ballgjati, C. Paruchuri, P. Joseph, F. Avallone.
Abstract:
This paper presents an experimental study on suppressing propeller noise in a short duct configuration by installing Over-Tip-Rotor (OTR) liners on the wall casing. Far-field noise measurements are reported alongside in-duct pressure measurements at the wall obtained using an axial and azimuthal microphone array installed upstream of the propeller plane. In-duct measurements reveal that the OTR liner is effective in reducing broadband noise, achieving up to 4 dB of noise reduction over 1-5 BPFs. The axial decay of tonal components was compared with an analytical solution based on the Green’s function of an axial dipole source, requiring a large number of cut-off modes to match the experimental observations. The findings emphasise the importance of evanescent modes in compact duct acoustics, with direct implications for source modification, scattering effects, and far-field radiation.
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| 15:20 |
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Identification of an actuation manifold for open-loop control of subsonic jet noise with acoustic-based excitation
by L. Franceschelli, M. Raiola, A. Ianiro, S. Discetti.
Abstract:
Subsonic jet noise remains a key contributor to aircraft noise, particularly during takeoff. While reducing jet velocity has helped, further mitigation requires controlling turbulent structures in the shear layer, which are primary sound sources. Active jet control offers a promising solution with minimal efficiency loss. This study investigates acoustic-based actuation in a turbulent subsonic jet. Experiments are conducted in the jet facility of the anechoic chamber at Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Acoustic excitation is provided by counter-facing loudspeakers in the stagnation chamber, following an open-loop control strategy. The goal of this work is to explore the actuation manifold produced by the acoustic excitation using data-driven dimensionality-reduction techniques. Isometric Mapping (ISOMAP) and Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) are applied to phase-averaged velocity fields measured via Particle Image Velocimetry, phaselocked with the actuation. The impact of actuation is further assessed using hydrodynamic pressure measurements in the shear layer and acoustic pressure in the far field. Results confirm the existence of an actuation manifold in the phase-averaged velocity fields. The influence of actuation on the jet is further supported by both shear-layer and far-field pressure measurements.
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| 15:40 |
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Numerical Investigation on Noise Reduction of Distributed Propellers by Phase Synchronization
by Z. Yang, M. Meinke, D. Krug, W. Schröder.
Abstract:
Distributed propulsion systems represent a promising solution for future Urban Air Mobility (UAM) aircraft, offering benefits such as noise reduction, improved efficiency, and enhanced maneuverability. Recent studies highlight propeller phase synchronization as an effective active control strategy for mitigating noise in distributed propellers with compact installation clearance. To further explore the mechanisms underlying noise reduction through phase synchronization, large-eddy simulations with adaptive mesh refinement are conducted to investigate co- and counter-rotating propeller pairs with relative phase angles of 0° and 90°. The far-field noise signals are predicted from the LES flow field by a timedomain formulation of the Ffowcs-Williams and Hawkings analogy. The results exhibit good agreement with wind tunnel measurements in terms of noise spectra and directivity patterns. The findings indicate that synchronized propellers with a 90° relative phase angle achieve noise reductions greater than 20 dB at the blade passing frequency across all directions. Additionally, the acoustic signals of two isolated propellers are superimposed and compared with dual-propeller configurations. The observed tonal noise reduction is attributed to two key mechanisms: (a) reduced aerodynamic interaction at the propeller tips, which mitigates unsteady loading noise that propagates in the streamwise direction; and (b) destructive acoustic interference between counter-phase neighboring propellers.
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| 16:00 |
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Mitigation Strategies For Acoustic Reflections Generated By An Axisymmetric Wind Tunnel Nozzle
by L. N. Quaroni, R. Merino-Martinez.
Abstract:
In this study, the issue of acoustic reflections caused by an axisymmetric nozzle is addressed numerically and experimentally. The contraction nozzle considered is representative of typical open-jet wind tunnel exits. Such a category of wind tunnels is extensively used in aeroacoustic research due to the possibility of acoustic treatment of the test chamber (anechoic plenum). The distance between the wind tunnel’s nozzle exit and the model being tested is usually limited to one hydraulic diameter, in order for the model to be fully contained within the jet’s core. Partly for this reason, the wind tunnel nozzle typically protrudes inside the anechoic plenum to increase the distance between the tested model and the (acoustically-treated) walls. In practice, this effectively creates a cavity that is in communication with the test section. Acoustic simulations through a commercial finite-element code (COMSOL Multiphysics) show that the addition of the nozzle leads to interference patterns within the test section and a substantial modification of the source’s measured directivity pattern. Experimental measurements in a fully anechoic chamber confirm these results. Melamine foam inserts on both the exit flange and part of the inner walls of the nozzle are shown to successfully mitigate the issue to certain extent.
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A07.04 Fluid structures acoustic coupling
| Monday 23 June 2025 - 16:20 |
| Room: SM5 - SCHROEDER |
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| 16:20 |
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Suppression of an aeroacoustic feedback mechanism in a complex pipeline
by E. Quaranta, M. Smith.
Abstract:
This paper describes a study aimed at understanding and controlling an unsteady flow induced resonance in the metering system of a gas production platform, which had constrained the platform’s operating conditions for many years. The resulting high-level vibrations posed a risk of fatigue failures in the attached pipework. Various numerical flow and aeroacoustic modelling techniques were used to simulate the flow through the different parts of the system to identify the main physical excitation mechanism. This was found to be analogous to a so-called Rossiter tone, commonly occurring in grazing flows over cavities. In this case, vortex shedding at bifurcations in different parts of the pipeline were identified as sources of flow instability, associated with an aeroacoustic feedback mechanism from features further downstream. The numerical analysis also enabled an understanding of the persistence and varying strength of this mechanism along the entire pipeline, also depending on the flow regime at which the pipeline was operated. The in-depth understanding provided by this analysis enabled recommendations for an efficient redesign of the entire system to control the problem at source.
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| 16:40 |
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Impact of resonance loading on the sound generation from in-duct point sources
by M. Behn, U. Tapken.
Abstract:
Analytical models of the sound generation from ducted turbomachinery stages often apply spatially distributed point sources such as monopoles and dipoles, which can be derived from the in-duct Green’s function. Another important application of point source models is the localisation of sound source distributions, which is done inside ducts so far mainly for fan stages. One difficulty with current point source models is the unconstrained excitation of resonant modes at their cut-on frequencies leading to unrealistically high sound power levels. Simultaneously, the resonant modes manifest an immense loading on the point sources according to Newton’s third law. To achieve more realistic predictions, an extension of the point source models is developed that accounts for the impact of resonance loading by including an internal source impedance. The resulting sound power distribution over the range of cut-on modes is derived for relevant source configurations and compared with reference models and experimental data from a fan test rig.
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| 17:00 |
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Parametric study of turbulence ingestion noise for marine propellers
by R. Lavanant, B. Cotté, G. Serre, J.-F. Mercier.
Abstract:
Hydrodynamic noise is an important component of the overall noise radiated by a ship, particularly at low frequencies where propeller noise could be dominant especially at high speed. This study proposes a simplified analytical solution of the phenomenon of spectral humps radiated by the interaction between a rotating propeller and an incident turbulent flow. The acoustic radiation is described by the Ffowcs-Williams and Hawkings formula adapted to moving surfaces. The inflow turbulence field is assumed to be homogeneous and isotropic and is modeled using a von Kármán spectrum. Experimental validation and comparison with more costly analytical solutions, demonstrate the ability of the developed model to correctly capture the characteristics of the humps related to turbulence ingestion. From the results obtained, a parametric analysis enables to define a criterion for the emergence and shape of turbulence ingestion humps according to the propeller advance ratio, improving the criterion proposed by Ffowcs-Williams and Hawkings in 1969.
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| 17:20 |
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Effects of inflow conditions on turbulence-ingestion noise prediction
by A. Piccolo, R. Zamponi.
Abstract:
Turbulence-ingestion noise, caused by the interaction between incoming turbulence and rotors, is currently a key area of research in the rapidly expanding field of Urban Air Mobility. This is due to the highly turbulent flows characterizing urban environments, where acoustic optimization is especially critical, and to the complexity and diversity of the physical mechanisms involved in noise generation. This makes the analytical modeling for low-fidelity prediction – favored over computationally expensive numerical simulations in the optimization phase — particularly challenging. This study proposes two key modifications to Amiet’s model aimed at enhancing the assessment of inflow-conditions effects on noise generation and prediction. The first allows strip theory to be incorporated to account for radially-varying inflow while preserving the modeling of blade-blade correlation. The second enables the replacement of the original three-dimensional turbulence input, particularly challenging to measure both experimentally and numerically, with a one-dimensional one. This allows probe measurements to be directly used as input to assess the effects of inflow conditions. Additionally, it paves the way for the extension of turbulence-distortion models from rectilinear motion to rotating systems, potentially enhancing prediction accuracy. The approach is validated against experimental acoustic data obtained for a two-bladed propeller under various operating conditions.
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| 17:40 |
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A Vibro-Acoustic Calibration for the FEM Simulation of a Thin-Walled Duct System and Fan Housing
by P. Heidegger, F. Czwielong, S. Schoder, S. Becker, M. Kaltenbacher.
Abstract:
Evaluating the acoustic behavior of a ducted ventilation system poses multiple challenges, e.g., possibly changing cross-sections, a lack of symmetry due to a non-straight layout, or a thin-walled structure acting as a bypass for sound waves traveling to the exterior. These aspects can be tackled via numerical simulation methods, like the finite element method, but uncertainties remain. Examples are the necessity to omit geometrical details for obtaining a computable model, the unknown and often non-ideal behavior of parts like the suspension or connecting joints, and unknown material properties. This proceeding discusses the calibration process for the vibroacoustic simulation of a thin-walled aluminum duct and a centrifugalfan housing belonging to a high-precision aeroacoustic test rig.
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| 18:00 |
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Shape Optimisation For The Aeroacoustics, Aerodynamics And Heat Transfer Of Round Holes
by Y. Wang, J. Guzman-Inigo, A. Morgans.
Abstract:
Acoustic liners are comprised of small holes in the walls of gas turbine combustors. The flow through them both cools the combustion chamber and absorbs acoustic energy, such that their aeroacoustic, aerodynamic, and heat transfer performance are all important. Their circular holes typically have straight edges, whose length (compared to the radius) plays a significant role in their acoustic behaviour. In the case of “short” holes, where the flow through the hole separates without reattaching within it, there can be an amplification of acoustic energy at certain frequencies, leading to a phenomenon known as ”whistling”. Previous analyses suggests that heat transfer can either exacerbate or mitigate this undesirable occurrence. Furthermore, altering the inlet or outlet geometry of the holes can eliminate the whistling effect, shifting the acoustic behaviour toward damping. Such geometry changes will also affect the holes’ aerodynamic and heat transfer performance. This research numerically investigates optimisation of the hole geometry, considering aeroacoustic, aerodynamic performance and heat transfer performance. Simulations integrate the energy equation into a linearised Navier-Stokes solver and employ Bayesian optimisation to refine the orifice shape based on a cost function that combines acoustic absorption, aerodynamic and heat transfer measures. The results indicate that heat transfer through the orifice surface significantly impacts acoustic performance. To enhance the acoustic absorption, a large downstream chamfer is optimal, while for aerodynamics, a moderate upstream chamfer is best. For optimal heat transfer, or to achieve a combined multiobjective target, a large upstream chamfer is identified as the most effective geometry.
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| 18:20 |
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Flow-acoustic coupling in vortex whistle
by M. Amielh, D. Mazzoni, Y. Pley, J.-J. Lasserre.
Abstract:
The acoustic source we study is a vortex whistle composed of three parts of geometry and dimension similar to that of a bottle. The device consists of a cylindrical cavity with a circular base, a single fluid inlet tangential to the base of the cylinder and a cylindrical fluid outlet downstream which is a cylinder with a radius smaller than that of the cavity. The fluid (here air) entering the cavity generates a circular motion in the cavity and in the downstream cylinder. This device produces a sound with a dominant frequency. The frequency of the sound is controlled by the fluid flow rate. The characterization of the fluid vortex is performed in air by stereo-PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry), a laser optical diagnostics, resolved temporally and spatially, combined with acoustic measurements by microphone. In the exit section of the whistle, the center of the vortex circulates with a precession motion. From a decomposition into eigenmodes of the velocity field, the contributions to this motion are specified. The directivity diagram is established by calculating the Rayleigh integral based on the measured velocity fluctuations. The coupling between the acoustic field and the flow dynamics is thus highlighted and analyzed..
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A07.06 Modern experimental techniques in aeroacoustics
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 11:00 |
| Room: SM5 - SCHROEDER |
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| 11:00 |
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Experimental Investigation of Rotor Shielding Effects on Axial Flow Fan Using Interstage Array
by M. Adhikary, A. Pereira, M. Jacob, R. A. Blazquez Navarro, J. Thisse.
Abstract:
An experimental investigation is performed on a smallscale axial flow fan in a ducted configuration to observe rotor shielding effects. The study focuses on spinning azimuthal modes incident on a rotor-stator layout in the presence of flow. The sources considered are a ring of loudspeakers generating a particular spinning mode. Along with the reflection and modified transmission, several phenomena like mode scattering and mode trapping are expected. An array of 64 microphones is employed in the interstage, i.e. between the rotor and stator rows. The microphones are arranged in two rings and two spirals on the duct surface using a remote probe configuration and its axial extent is 40mm. The interstage array helps in providing a detailed understanding of the noise propagation between the rotor-stator rows. The modal decomposition is based on a Bayesian inversion method. Both the frequency dependence and the spin direction are examined at various engine operating points.
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| 11:20 |
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Stochastic approach for estimating the sound power of tonal mode components in flow ducts based on azimuthal mode analysis
by M. Behn, U. Tapken.
Abstract:
The accurate experimental determination of the sound power in the ducts of aircraft engines, engine demonstrators and turbomachinery test rigs is challenging due to limited installation space for sensor arrays. Particularly in the inlet, a high number of propagating modes requires sensor arrays with multiple axial positions in order to decompose the measured sound field into its radial mode constituents. As an alternative, a sensor ring array requires a minimum of axial installation space and provides insight into the mode distribution using an azimuthal mode analysis (AMA). In this case, it is necessary to use radial mode distribution models, such as “equal mode energy” in order to estimate the sound power. However, the difficulty with tonal components, e.g. those generated by rotor-stator interaction, is that the radial modes are mutually coherent. This leads to a significant variability of the relation between the azimuthal mode amplitudes and the underlying mode distribution. To account for this variability, a stochastic approach is proposed in which, in particular, the phase relationships of the modes are varied and a distribution of sound power is determined. Its validity is evaluated by comparison with the results of a radial mode analysis obtained at a fan test rig.
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| 11:40 |
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Instrumentation and measurement validation approach for an aero-acoustic circular testrig based on temporal, frequency, and modal criteria
by J. Derré, N. Aujogue, P. Rodríguez Garcia.
Abstract:
This paper presents the study of a multi-criteria approach for the instrumentation and measurement validation of an experimental testrig. The study case is an aircraft engine liner characterization bench (named CANNELLE) which is a 3m-long circular duct, based on higher-order modal generation and detection principles. This approach has been initiated for rigs with a large number of sensors, being in this case two arrays of a hundred flush mounted microphones, distributed in an optimized pseudo-random arrangement. Heavy experimental campaigns with associated large test matrices lead to huge datasets, which need to be rapidly validated after the recording, and before moving forward to the next testpoint. Therefore, the proposed validation is based on a multiple criteria approach, and aims at comparing them with target values and associated confidence intervals. Thus, the final objective is to identify potential anomalies in each measurement run among the three following categories: a priori validated data, with nominal criteria; the ”should be ok” data, with barely nominal criteria, and little investigation to perform; and the data with severe defaults, which require further analysis. The proposed paper presents the outcomes of this study, exploring criteria on the temporal, frequency, and modal domains when applied to a fully rigid bench without aerodynamic excitation flow.
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| 12:00 |
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Numerical assessment of a mode detection array for azimuthal decomposition
by H. Vincent, A. Pereira, M. Jacob.
Abstract:
The efficiency of a mode detection array for azimuthal mode decomposition in turbofan nacelle experiments is investigated using numerical acoustic solutions obtained with the finite element code ActranTM. First, steady irrotational inviscid mean flow fields are computed for sideline conditions, with and without an external flow at a Mach number of 0.2. Then, the upstream propagation of duct modes representing fan noise components is performed for three frequencies by solving the Möhring’s equation in the frequency domain with ActranTM using low-memory numerical methods. The acoustic solutions are interpolated to the microphone locations of the mode detection array. In all cases, the azimuthal structure of the interpolated data is obtained using an iterative Bayesian inverse approach, previously developed by the authors. It is compared to a reference one, determined by a duct mode decomposition of the full acoustic solutions considering annular and circular cross-sections. The results provide guidelines for the analysis of future experimental measurements. Indeed, this procedure can be applied to design improved microphone arrays by defining judicious axial and radial positions for azimuthal and radial mode decompositions. Moreover, the approach can determine the optimum azimuthal discretization for azimuthal mode decompositions.
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A07.06 Modern experimental techniques in aeroacoustics (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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Application of atmospheric wind filter arrays for acoustic monitoring UAVs
by R. R. Subramanyam, C. Gerasch, S. Jacob.
Abstract:
The application of Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in low frequency acoustic measurements is, among other factors, limited by the disturbances induced by atmospheric wind noise. The infrasound sensor networks used in the seismic activity monitoring, consists of a wind filter array that filter the acoustic disturbances caused by the atmospheric turbulence. These arrays function as a spatial filter, eliminating the incoherent noises generated by the wind. In this study we design and test wind filter arrays for their application in a UAV based measurement platform. Different configuration of the wind filters such as the Rosette filter, porous circular pipes and several other derived configurations were studied. The frequency response function of the filters indicated a significant distortion from the acoustic resonance in the filter tube for some designs. Acoustic plane wave theory is used to tune these wind filter arrays for shifting these resonances beyond the frequency range of the measurement. In addition, an investigation is made by coupling arrays of varying dimension to increase the effective frequency range of the filter.
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A08.03 Advances in machinery noise and vibration control (1)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: SM5 - SCHROEDER |
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| E. A. Piana |
| J. Ramis-Soriano |
| S. Anda |
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| 9:00 |
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A Study On The Transfer Characteristics Of The In-Wheel Motor System Based On EV Platform
by S. Park, J. Lee, M. Lee, J. Woo, J. Jung, S. Lee, B. Sohn.
Abstract:
The In-Wheel motor system is mounted directly on the inside of the tire where the road load comes in and increases the unsprung mass, which has a critical effect on the NVH performance of the vehicle. Although the evaluation of the In-Wheel motor at the component and vehicle level is performed respectively, performance at the system level is difficult to predict due to the absence of a test system. In this study, two types of test system are developed to verify the integrated platform performance at the level of the drive unit + suspension system in order to predict the characteristics of vehicles assembled with the in-wheel motor system. So, the dynamic performance difference is analyzed by the load transfer ratio between the suspension system in which the EV motor and the in-wheel motor are assembled.
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| 9:20 |
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Relationship among Noise, Cavitation Structure and Erosion Risk in Industrial Centrifugal Pumps with a Fan-type Inducer
by S. Narimatsu, H. Utsumi, S. Ejiri, M. Miyabe.
Abstract:
There is a strong demand for pump manufacturers to prevent problems such as noise, vibration and erosion due to cavitation before delivering products to the site. This study aims to establish a practical technique for predicting the occurrence, structure, and erosion risk of cavitation by noise measurements. A centrifugal pump with a fan-type inducer was operated to measure noise both outside and inside of pipes at various suction conditions and flow rates. Visualization experiments around the inducer were also conducted to identify the cavitation structure. In addition, the paint erosion test was conducted to estimate the cavitation erosion risk at the blades of the inducer. From these experiment results, the relationship among noise, cavitation structure and erosion risk were discussed. The overall sound pressure level measured by airborne noise measurements was found to be characterized as the increase with the enlarged peeling area obtained from the paint erosion test. Furthermore, the overall sound pressure level measured by the liquid-borne noise measurements was also confirmed to be related with the vibration due to cavitation instability phenomena.
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| 9:40 |
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The influence of helix angle and gears width on the noise radiated by a gearbox
by F. Mori, A. Santoni, N. Zuccherini Martello, R. Grimaldi, S. Chiari, P. Fausti.
Abstract:
The noise spectrum generated by a gearbox depends on multiple factors, such as gear design parameters, casing geometry, rotational speed of the shafts and the presence of imperfections. This numerical study analyses the influence of the helix angle and gear width on the noise radiated by a gearbox through parametric studies. The numerical investigation combines a time-domain analysis on a multibody model of the gearbox with a frequency-domain analysis on a boundary element model of the air to evaluate noise radiation in an open space in free-field conditions. The simulations assume a constant workload and a constant rotational speed of the shafts. The results indicate that increasing the helix angle and gear width leads to a smoother noise spectrum and modifies its shape. Compared to spur gears, helical gears generate lower sound power levels due to a reduced variation in the meshing stiffness.
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| 10:00 |
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LpScan – A project to standardize sound power determination from sound pressure scans
by F. Heisterkamp, V. Wittstock, D. Brosig.
Abstract:
Noise emissions from machinery are the main source of noise exposure for workers. To combat this risk at source, the European Machinery Directive requires the declaration of the main noise emission parameter, the sound power level. This quantity is determined according to 10 different EN ISO standards, requiring special laboratory environments or complex measurement techniques (reference sound sources, intensity probes, etc.). This high level of effort is considered to be a major reason why, despite legal requirements, noise data in instructions for 80% of machinery is unreliable or unavailable (NOMAD study (2012)). This project aims to reduce the measurement effort for machinery manufacturers, test houses and occupational health and safety personnel. To this end, existing methods, e.g., EN ISO 3744, that determine sound power from sound pressure measurements at discrete positions on the enveloping measurement surface around the machine shall be complemented by a new method based on manual sound pressure scans on the measurement surface. Ideally, these can be performed with a single microphone connected to a sound level meter. We present results of first measurements on a model machine.
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| 10:20 |
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Analytical and Experimental Investigation of Stator Assembly Vibrations in Electric Motors
by P. Andreou, A. Z. Hajjaj, M. Mohammadpour, S. Theodossiades.
Abstract:
This work presents a novel analytical model for the stator of an electric motor, modelled as a thick segmented cylindrical shell, to accurately capture its vibrational behaviour. The methodology employs the First-order Shear Deformation Stress Theory (FSDST) with considerations of mechanical property anisotropies and dimensional variations to represent the system’s complex dynamics. An Experimental Modal Analysis (EMA) was performed using an impulse hammer, to identify the stator’s modal characteristics. The analytical model demonstrated exceptional accuracy in capturing these features. The experimental results were used to enhance the Rayleigh damping approximation implemented in the model. The enhanced model was applied to predict the forced response of the system under impulse excitation. Comparisons between analytical predictions and experimental measurements revealed excellent agreement, validating the model’s reliability in capturing the stator’s dynamic response. This approach not only provides a comprehensive understanding of both the free and forced vibrational behaviour of electric motor stators but also establishes a dependable framework offering valuable insights for mitigating vibrations and improving the overall electric motor performance.
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| 11:00 |
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Psychoacoustic investigation of the sound radiation of rotary drilling rigs
by J. Riedel, G. Beer, F. Froschmeir, T. Uhlemann, S. Becker.
Abstract:
The acoustic emission of rotary drilling rigs consists of the partial sound sources of the diesel engine, the fans of the cooling system and the rotary drive. Usually, the machines are acoustically characterised according to the outdoor noise directive 2000/14/EC with a value for the averaged sound power. However, the subjective noise exposure for construction site employees can differ from the measured sound power level depending on their location on the construction site. In our test setup, we examine the acoustic emission of the device from the perspective of the construction site workers, once from the machine operator in the operator’s cab and once from the site assistant giving instructions outside. Using artificial head measurements, we analyse the psychoacoustic parameters of loudness, sharpness, roughness and tonality at different operating points of the drilling rig. It turns out that, despite similar values for the sound power, the psychoacoustic parameters can characterise the sound radiation of the drilling rig in a more differentiated way at specific operating points.
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| 11:20 |
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Acoustic measurements and employee feedback: addressing noise in industrial work environments – a case study
by P. Van Dort.
Abstract:
(introduction) This study aims to evaluate the impact of high noise levels in an industrial hall on workers health, wellbeing and productivity, with a focus on room acoustic measurements and employee feedback. (method) Various room acoustic measurements were conducted within the production hall to assess reverberation time and sound levels. Additionally, a survey was distributed to 83 workers to collect qualitative data on their experiences with noise exposure and its effects on their work environment. (results) The measurements indicated reverberant noise levels (Leq) reaching up to 92 dB(A), and performed dosimeter readings among employees showed noise levels (Lex) between 85 and 89 dB(A), highlighting a challenging indoor acoustic environment. Survey results revealed that a significant number of workers found their workplace to be excessively noisy, negatively affecting their stress levels, wellbeing, productivity, concentration and communication. (conclusions) The findings suggest that implementing sound-absorbing materials, such as suspended acoustic ceilings, could reduce noise levels by 5 to 6 dB(A), thereby improving working conditions. This study underscores the importance of addressing noise in industrial settings to enhance worker wellbeing and productivity, indicating that effective acoustic treatments can lead to a healthier and more happier workplace.
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| 11:40 |
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Comparison Of Control Logic Driving Inverter Compressors In Refrigerators And Potential Impact On Customer Sound Quality Assessment
by P. Kosowski, S. Atamer, M. E. Altinsoy.
Abstract:
Acoustics and vibrations improvement developments in household appliances is usually based on basic Source, path and receiver problem solving model. The engineering sector has moved across the years from simple additions of acoustic or vibration damping materials (focused on path improvement) towards optimization of sound sources (like motors, for source improvement) where greater gains were possible. Notably, the latest and modern appliances take advantage of variable speed inverter motors, running at minimal speeds most of the time, producing little noise and vibration, resulting in very low sound power level claims on energy labels. Authors of this text found out however that the applied algorithms to control speed of inverter compressors on refrigerators can vary significantly. This study aims to compare various approaches from appliance manufacturers to control the speed of inverter compressors, targeting greater customer satisfaction once the product is running at end user premises. It engages also into a debate which algorithms are more favorable from developmental engineering perspective as well from final customer.
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| 12:00 |
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Double And Single Elastic Support For Large Generator Sets
by S. Anda.
Abstract:
Currently, when a high-level vibration and shock attenuation is required, a two-level series isolation (2 degree of freedom system) to get the highest filtration (very characteristic of naval environment). The present document shows a study case from the beginning selecting the best antivibration strategy to reach the targets.
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A08.03 Advances in machinery noise and vibration control (2)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 17:40 |
| Room: SM3 - BERANEK |
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| E. A. Piana |
| J. Ramis-Soriano |
| S. Anda |
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| 17:40 |
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Combined thermal and acoustic design of enclosures for outdoor applications
by E. A. Piana, J. J. Garcia, D. Tonetti, R. Spezie.
Abstract:
One of the most effective methods to control the noise spreading of sound sources is to put them inside sound-absorbing/insulating enclosures. When such sources also generate a certain amount of heat, the panels separating the source and the receiver must be provided with ventilation openings that can greatly reduce the effectiveness of the enclosure from an acoustic point of view. The issue gets significantly more difficult if the system must be installed outdoors and only natural convection is to be used, as this requires taking into account the effects of wind, air temperature, and solar radiation. All these factors usually require increasing the dimensions of the openings and then a lower sound attenuation. The framework used to conduct a combined thermodynamic and acoustic investigation on a high-voltage device that produces impulsive sound and is intended for placement in residential areas is described in this paper.
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| 18:00 |
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Active Structural Acoustic Control With Remote Microphone Technique For Noise Radiated By A Thin Plate
by F. Mori, A. Santoni, C. Marescotti, P. Fausti, F. Pompoli, P. Nataletti, P. Bonfiglio.
Abstract:
Noise pollution in industrial environments can significantly impact workers’ health and productivity, necessitating effective control measures. This preliminary study investigates the feasibility of an active structural acoustic control (ASAC) system to mitigate noise radiated by an industrial cabin wall. A cabin mock-up was created for this purpose, designed with passive acoustic treatments to improve noise insulation on three walls, the floor and the roof. Conversely, one of the cabin walls was realized with a thin steel plate without passive acoustic treatments. The ASAC system, applied to this plate, uses a single inertial actuator to suppress noise induced by an acoustic source inside the cabin and radiated to the external environment. The system employs the remote microphone technique (RMT) to attenuate the noise at a specific distance from the cabin. The experimental validation was conducted for different types of disturbing noise signals. The results highlight the potentiality of this method to control radiated noise. This work lays the foundation for scalable ASAC solutions in industrial environments, offering a promising path toward quieter workplaces.
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| 18:20 |
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Design of a tripod vibration actuator for active reduction methods
by S. Wrona, F. Caroppo, R. Scarano, M. Pawelczyk.
Abstract:
Every active noise and vibration reduction system needs actuators capable of controlling the considered vibroacoustic system. Structural actuators are commonly utilized for this purpose. Inertial actuators are particularly convenient to use due to their simple audio-type amplifiers and relatively low cost. However, due to the fact that they are relying on inertia in order to generate force, they are rather inefficient for lowest frequencies. In this paper a novel concept is investigated, which adds a tripod structure to the seismic mass, allowing controlled structure displacement even for a constant voltage. Advantages and drawbacks of such a design are investigated numerically and experimentally.
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A08.03 Advances in machinery noise and vibration control (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| E. A. Piana |
| J. Ramis-Soriano |
| S. Anda |
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Noise measurements performance guarantee on a Floating Liquified Natural Gas plant
by B. Crivelli, D. Vincent.
Abstract:
In the energy industry, noise impact is commonly evaluated during the engineering phase as part of the work process for new plant development. However, even if noise regulations shall be applied, a noise performance guarantee is generally not required, demonstrated or is limited to individual equipment. This situation is currently changing, and plant noise performance guarantee tends to become widespread in contracts. Its goal is to ensure compliance with local regulations, environmental and social impact assessment and/or clients’ standards. As a major energy industry engineering contractor, Technip Energies faces this challenge with the projects it executes. To deal with this emerging contractual requirement and due to the lack of acoustic measurements standards for offshore, Technip Energies has developed its own validation methodology for noise performance guarantee on a Floating Liquified Natural Gas (FLNG) facility. This paper presents the methodology developed by Technip Energies to validate the noise performance guarantee on a FLNG, the feedback on the noise measurements and a summary of the measurements results recorded on an operational facility.
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A08.04/A10.04 Materials and systems for noise and vibration reduction
| Thursday 26 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: SM2 - MORSE |
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| F. Pompoli |
| J. Carbajo San Martín |
| J. Arenas |
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| 9:00 |
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Experimental Approaches for the Characterization of the Vibroacoustic Behaviour of a Domestic Coffee Apparatus
by F. Castellini, A. Cavallo, M. Rossoni, F. Ripamonti, G. Colombo, R. Corradi, G. Cimmino.
Abstract:
The growing demand for more comfortable and quieter household appliances reflects increasing customer expectations for enhanced user experiences. In a competitive market, manufacturers are continuously seeking innovations that balance performance with noise reduction. To address this demand, experimental methodologies that characterize the vibroacoustic behaviour of devices can provide valuable support during the design phase. In this context, this paper focuses on a domestic coffee apparatus for coffee preparation as a case study to analyse its vibroacoustic behaviour, evaluating the acoustic emissions during operation and demonstrating the effectiveness of vibroacoustic testing for enhanced design insights. Noise and vibration measurements are conducted in a semi-anechoic chamber using accelerometers, microphones, a sound camera and a 3D sound intensity probe. The results of the proposed methodology highlight its potential for improving the acoustic performance of similar devices.
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| 9:20 |
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Development of Sustainable Sound Absorbing Panels Made of Jute Fibers
by F. Pompoli, P. Dagø, C. Marescotti, A. Santoni, P. Fausti.
Abstract:
This paper presents an optimization study of sustainable sound-absorbing panels made of jute fiber, developed for two different applications: the first, with a thickness of 40 mm, is optimized for wall mounting, while the second consists of a 20 mm thick panel designed for suspended ceiling installations with an air cavity. The design process began with an experimental study of the acoustic performance of loose jute fibers, with the objective of achieving Class A performance (w ≥ 0.90) according to ISO 11654. This study was conducted in collaboration with the Danish company Hubbub ApS.
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| 9:40 |
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Low-frequency acoustic and vibroacoustic treatments to reduce sound transmission within ducts
by C. Lagarrigue, D. Lecoq, J. Perchaud, M. Fruchart.
Abstract:
This study addresses the attenuation of low-frequency noise in ducts without modifying the cross-sectional geometry or introducing pressure losses. Conventional solutions, such as porous materials or reactive silencers, typically show limited effectiveness below 500 Hz and suffer from degradation under airflow. We propose two compact and robust alternatives: a mechanical elastic approach and an acoustic resonator-based approach. The elastic solution uses a soft viscoelastic material to create a mass–spring system that efficiently attenuates low frequencies through mechanical resonance. The acoustic solution is based on an array of quarter-wavelength resonators with a spatial gradient, designed to target a broader low-frequency band while minimizing flowinduced noise regeneration. Both silencers were manufactured and experimentally tested in laboratory conditions, including under airflow, to evaluate their acoustic performance and robustness. The results show significant transmission loss in the sub-500 Hz range without additional noise generation, confirming the relevance of resonance-based mechanisms for compact low-frequency silencers.
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| 10:00 |
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Towards a unified approach to characterize ventilated acoustic metamaterials
by F. Martellotta, C. Rubino, S. Liuzzi, F. Bianco, C. Scrosati.
Abstract:
Ventilated acoustic metamaterials have become increasingly popular among researchers given their ability to combine contrasting needs like sound insulation and air change, contributing to improved indoor environment quality. However, being a topic where contributions come from different disciplines, a literature review pointed out significant discrepancies in measuring (or more often simulating) approaches, used to both characterize acoustic and ventilation performances. Thus, published results are often difficult to compare. Starting from a preliminary subdivision of the metamaterial-based solutions into micro- and macro-scale approaches, and taking into account existing standardized procedures in use in acoustics and (more broadly) in building regulations, the present work investigates which might be the most reliable and appropriate techniques. This might represent a first important step towards defining consensus procedures and metrics to be used in acoustic metamaterial research, allowing for fully comparable results.
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| 10:40 |
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Demonstrating the effectiveness of a multi-layer thin mineral sound absorber for courtyard noise reduction
by B. Van Damme, J. M. Wunderli, L. Zambila, T. Cavalieri.
Abstract:
Reducing traffic noise in urban environments has a proven positive effect on the wellbeing. It is known that sound absorbing fac¸ades can improve the noise level in streets and courtyards, but practical large-scale surface treatments are scarce. Porous absorbers are typically bulky, and resonant absorbers too expensive for this kind of application. We have shown previously that perforated mineral foams (PMFs) yield high sound absorption levels over a relatively wide frequency range, while requiring only a fraction of the thickness of open-pore absorbers. In this work, a multi-layer PMF absorber is demonstrated. In a first step, the optimal configuration of four PMF layers with a total thickness of 55 mm is shown to yield high diffuse-field sound absorption in the 500-1000 Hz range. Based on this result, a 12 m2 surface is manufactured and its absorption coefficient measured in a reverberation room. Finally, the demonstrator is tested in realistic conditions, and shows a significant reduction of broadband noise transmission through a courtyard entrance. The controlled measurements are supported by finite element simulations to improve their effectiveness by optimal placement considerations.
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| 11:00 |
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A Study on the Prediction Method of Bush Dynamic Characteristics in Used and High Frequency Domain
by Y. E. Ahn.
Abstract:
The NVH performance of electric vehicles requires the evaluation of high-frequency bands above 1kHz, where issues are typically addressed by reducing magnitudes rather than separating modes, due to the high mode density in this range. In electric vehicle development, a key solution is the efficient design of bushing systems to reduce vibration transmission. To enable early verification of vehicle performance, virtual models are used from the planning stage. Since bushing characteristics can conflict with both NVH and ride comfort, quick performance prediction is essential to evaluate design changes. The dynamic characteristics of bushings are often modeled as constants in virtual models. While this approach is easy to implement in the early stages, it’s insufficient for accurately predicting frequency response. Even when dynamic test reports are available, limitations in test equipment typically restrict evaluations to characteristics within a 300Hz frequency range, leaving higher frequencies unassessed. This study proposes a method to predict the dynamic characteristics of bushings based on 3D shape, addressing the challenge of acquiring necessary data for high-frequency NVH predictions due to equipment constraints. This approach offers a practical solution to obtaining the desired bushing characteristics, which are otherwise difficult to capture due to equipment limitations, time, cost constraints.
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A08.04/A10.04 Materials and systems for noise and vibration reduction (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| F. Pompoli |
| J. Carbajo San Martín |
| J. Arenas |
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Measurements Of The Acoustic Properties Of Mycelium-Based Materials Using An Impedance Tube
by G. Wersényi, Z. Németh, A. Schweighardt.
Abstract:
Mycelium-based materials were tested for acoustic purposes. Different fungi were grown on substrates and formed to fit into the available impedance tube for transmission loss (TL) and absorption rate (AR) measurements. Results supported previous findings about mycelia being acoustically appropriate for sound insulation, especially in the spectral region of speech. Absorption rates between 0.1 and 0.6 were measured. Furthermore, thickness appears to be the most important factor. However, large-scale production, design, and lifespan are critical issues, and further experiments are needed to develop industry-level products.
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Recycled materials as absorbent layer in acoustic ceilings: non-woven polypropylene
by M. Galindo, E. Alberdie, M. A. Sánchez-Burgos, F. J. Nieves, I. Flores-Colen.
Abstract:
Polypropylene is widely used nowadays, generating an important volume of waste that, in general, has a very low recycling rate. This study proposes the use of non-woven polypropylene, discarded in hospital - sanitary uses and not reused for other uses, as an absorbent layer for acoustic ceilings. For this purpose, and in comparison with absorbent layers of mineral wool from international manufacturers commonly used in the construction sector, the combination of thickness and treatment of the waste is sought, which offers the most suitable acoustic absorption coefficient depending on the density for the usual thicknesses used by commercial houses. The results obtained are comparable to or better than those of mineral wool. The study is complemented by a comparative life cycle analysis of both materials, considering the optimal combination of density and treatment of polypropylene waste. This analysis shows an improvement for non-woven polypropylene over mineral wool in all impact categories.
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A08.05 NVH damage detection, condition monitoring, diagnostics of machinery
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: SC1-3 - RAYLEIGH |
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| E. Mucchi |
| P. Poveda Martinez |
| M. Battarra |
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| 9:00 |
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A Vibration Based Health Monitoring System For An Automatic Packaging Machine
by I. Rizioli, G. Cristofori, M. Battarra, E. Mucchi.
Abstract:
This study focuses on the design and development of a condition monitoring system for automatic packaging machines using accelerometer-based measurements. The purpose is to detect defects on the rotating components to enhance machine reliability and operational efficiency. A critical aspect of the study involved determining the optimal placement of accelerometers to maximize sensitivity to wheel defects. The investigation involved extensive testing under controlled conditions with several combinations of working conditions, various artificially induced defects and sensor locations. Data collected from the accelerometers were processed and analyzed using multiple statistical indicators, including bearing-related techniques and cyclostationary approaches. These analyses enabled the identification of key patterns and thresholds indicative of wheel defects. Preliminary results demonstrate the feasibility of detecting early-stage anomalies through accelerometer data and highlight the relevance of sensor positioning in capturing meaningful signals. The ongoing phase of the project focuses on refining the system’s accuracy and robustness through additional testing and refining of the data processing procedure. Future developments aim to integrate the system into machine control units for automated defect detection and alerts.
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| 9:20 |
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A mathematical model based digital twin for gearboxes operating at variable speeds
by S. Hashim, S. K. Mishra, P. Shakya.
Abstract:
The gearboxes are vital components of most drive trains. The operation of gearboxes in applications such as wind turbines and manufacturing tools is characterised by sudden changes in loads, which may lead to variations in operational speed. Hence, visualising system dynamics in varied conditions becomes vital to operation planning. The role of the digital twins in industrial applications has led to streamlined virtual learning of the system dynamics. Further, the mathematical model-based digital twin is faster in computation than its counterpart, the finite element model, thus meeting the demand for real-time system simulations. The study presents a digital twin based on a mathematical model for simulating the vibration response of a fixed-axis single-stage spur gearbox operating at variable speed. A detailed study of the simulated vibration response and a detailed discussion of its time, frequency, and time-frequency domains are also presented.
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| 9:40 |
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A new feature extraction framework for source-free domain adaptation in bearing fault diagnosis
by S. Arunagiri, S. K. Mishra, P. Shakya.
Abstract:
Condition monitoring of machine elements is critical in industrial applications, drawing significant attention to cross-domain bearing fault diagnosis. However, data privacy concerns and storage limitations pose significant challenges. To address these issues, source-free domain adaptation networks, consisting of a feature extractor and a fault classifier, have been developed. In these frameworks, the parameters of both components are trained using only source-domain data. During testing on targetdomain data, the extractor’s parameters are initialized with the learned source-domain parameters and allowed to adapt, while the classifier’s parameters remain fixed. Although the proposed approach effectively tackles privacy and storage concerns, it falls short in providing a unique feature representation for each domain, limiting its generalization capability. The present work seeks to overcome the mentioned limitation by employing auto-regressive models to generate unique feature representations for individual domains. Additionally, self-organizing maps are utilised to explore similarities across domains and various fault types. The robustness of the proposed approach is validated through extensive experiments, demonstrating its effectiveness in improving cross-domain fault diagnosis performance.
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| 10:00 |
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Analysis of Defects in Rolling Bearings Using Vibroacoustic and Ultrasonic Techniques
by E. Voltolini, M. Monaco, E. Armelloni, M. Cocconcelli, A. Toscani, F. Immovilli, E. Manconi.
Abstract:
This study explores the comparative effectiveness of microphones (standard and ultrasonic) and accelerometers in detecting defects in bearings. Defects in rolling bearings generate acoustic waves with a rich content in high frequencies. Both accelerometer and microphone data allow for Envelope Analysis or Amplitude Demodulation (low frequency), while only ultrasonic microphone data enable high-frequency analysis. The study investigates the advantages of using non-contact microphones to capture this high-frequency content easily. The non-contact nature of microphones also eliminates the risk of altering the machine’s operational conditions, ensuring easy and secure data collection. Various bearings with different defects were investigated by conducting controlled experiments on a test bench. The analysis was carried out by exploiting statistical indicators, e.g., Kurtosis, Crest Factor, Impulse Factor, etc., and energy-based analysis techniques to compare low- and high-frequency results. Results of the different analyses were presented and discussed, showing the potential use of mixed accelerometric, acoustic, and ultrasonic measurements for practical predictive maintenance of rotating machines.
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A08.05 NVH damage detection, condition monitoring, diagnostics of machinery (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| E. Mucchi |
| P. Poveda Martinez |
| M. Battarra |
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Tool Wear Prediction in CNC Turning Operations using Ultrasonic Microphone Arrays and CNNs
by J. Steckel, A. Aerts, E. Verreycken, D. Laurijssen, W. Daems.
Abstract:
This paper introduces a novel method for predicting tool wear in CNC turning operations, combining ultrasonic microphone arrays and convolutional neural networks (CNNs). High-frequency acoustic emissions between 1kHz and 60kHz are enhanced using beamforming techniques to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. The processed acoustic data is then analyzed by a CNN, which predicts the Remaining Useful Life (RUL) of cutting tools. Trained on data from 350 workpieces machined with a single carbide insert, the model can accurately predict the RUL of the carbide insert. Our results demonstrate the potential gained by integrating advanced ultrasonic sensors with deep learning for accurate predictive maintenance tasks in CNC machining.
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A09.01 Machine learning and artificial intelligence in acoustics - General
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:40 |
| Room: SC1-3 - RAYLEIGH |
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| D. Botteldooren |
| M. Sobreira |
| R. M. Alsina-Pagès |
| M. Plumbley |
| W. Want |
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| 9:40 |
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Neural Network-Based Solutions for the Linearized Euler Equations in Outdoor Sound Propagation
by H. Juliust, K. Baumann, A. Schady, S. Gharbi, F. Dietrich.
Abstract:
The Linearized Euler Equations (LEE) are a system of partial differential equations that provide a framework for modeling outdoor acoustic wave propagation, capturing atmospheric and topographic effects. Solving LEE using traditional numerical methods demands fine spatial and temporal resolutions, leading to high computational costs over large domains. This study uses established neural network approaches to solve LEE and evaluates their performance and scalability for outdoor acoustic wave propagation. Included approaches are Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) and the sampled network-based Extreme Learning Machine Ordinary Differential Equations (ELM-ODE). We use a SIREN-based architecture in our PINNs for wave-like solutions. In the 1D case, PINNs achieved higher accuracy but required significantly more training time due to the complexity of training over a spatiotemporal domain. Meanwhile, ELM-ODE provided competitive accuracy with much lower computational cost. In the 2D case, ELM-ODE again showed computational advantages over SIREN-PINNs while delivering great accuracy. However, its scalability is constrained by the coupled velocity–pressure matrix, which increases costs in cases like outdoor noise mapping, where velocity data eventually are unused. Addressing boundary conditions, such as frequency-dependent impedance, remains a challenge.
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| 10:00 |
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Utilizing Large Language Models for Optimizing Sound Selection in Dementia Care Environments
by A. Talebzadeh.
Abstract:
The effect of soundscape on people with dementia has been studied, with established links between acoustic environments and Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia. Previous research has demonstrated promising results in using soundscape augmentation for dementia care interventions. However, selecting appropriate sound segments remains challenging due to the heterogeneous nature of dementia and varying individual needs. This study explores the innovative application of Large Language Models (LLMs) in selecting appropriate sound segments for soundscape augmentation. By analyzing responses from Claude 3.5 and GPT-4 to systematically designed prompts, the potential to recommend suitable sound segments based on the specific auditory deficits associated with different types of dementia was investigated. The LLMs were provided with semantic complexity ratings and affective information of pre-labelled sound segments and then tasked with matching appropriate sounds to various dementia types. Results demonstrate LLMs’ capability to consider multiple factors, including semantic complexity, emotional impact, and specific auditory processing challenges when making recommendations. Key findings indicate that LLMs can effectively differentiate between suitable sound segments for various dementia types. This research suggests potential benefits in using AI-assisted sound selection to enhance personalized soundscape design in dementia care while acknowledging the importance of human oversight and individual patient preferences.
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| 10:20 |
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Comparative analysis on the use of linear and non-linear methods for auditory attention decoding (AAD)
by I. García Ugarte, R. Eguinoa, C. Vidaurre, D. Paternain, R. San Martín.
Abstract:
In a cocktail party scenario, the human auditory system can focus on a single stimulus while suppressing others identified as noise. In the context of neuro-steered hearing devices, auditory attention decoding (AAD) aims to replicate this process using different algorithms that decode electro-encephalography (EEG) signals to identify the attended stimulus. Traditional approaches often rely on linear models to establish relationships between neural activity and auditory inputs. However, linear algorithms face significant limitations when decoding a complex non-linear system like the brain. The emergence of deep learning has enabled the development of novel non-linear algorithms, which have shown promising results. In this study, different linear and non-linear algorithms are implemented and evaluated using publicly available data. Furthermore, different methods for training deep learning models are considered to enhance the final model accuracy. The results are analyzed to assess the advantages and limitations of linear versus non-linear approaches in real-world scenarios. This work provides a detailed comparison between different AAD methodologies, offering valuable insights for applications in smart hearing aids, auditory prosthesis, and hearing-related medical diagnoses.
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| 11:00 |
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Comparison of Deep Learning and Psychoacoustic Models to Predict UAV Noise Impact in Soundscapes
by M. W. Ellis, M. C. Green, M. J. B. Lotinga, A. Torija Martinez.
Abstract:
The increasing prevalence of Unmanned Aircraft Systemsin urban environments necessitates a deeper understanding of their impact on the experience of urban soundscapes. This study presents Machine Learning models aimed at predicting perceived annoyance of UAS noise. Deep learning models were generated using convolutional recurrent neural networks, trained on a dataset incorporating data from multiple listening experiment. The model predictions are compared with various existing nonlinear models for Psychoacoustic Annoyance. Our expanded dataset includes recent field studies across England and Greece, enhancing the robustness and generalisability of our models. The broader aim of this research is development of a comprehensive soundscape model for UAS noise, which could be incorporated into future ’next generation’ smart sound level meters and be used to inform urban planning decisions.
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| 11:20 |
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Open-Source System for Multilingual Translation and Cloned Speech Synthesis
by M. Cámara, J. Gutierrez, M. P. Daza, J. L. Blanco.
Abstract:
We present an open-source system designed for multilingual translation and speech regeneration, addressing challenges in communication and accessibility across diverse linguistic contexts. The system integrates Whisper for speech recognition with Voice Activity Detection (VAD) to identify speaking intervals, followed by a pipeline of Large Language Models (LLMs). For multilingual applications, the first LLM segments speech into coherent, complete sentences, which are then translated by a second LLM. For speech regeneration, the system uses a text-to-speech (TTS) module with voice cloning capabilities to replicate the original speaker’s voice, maintaining naturalness and speaker identity.The system’s open-source and tunable components can operate locally or via APIs, offering cost-effective deployment across various use cases. These include real-time multilingual translation in Zoom sessions, speech regeneration for public broadcasts, and Bluetooth-enabled multilingual playback through personal devices. By preserving the speaker’s voice, the system ensures a seamless and immersive experience, whether translating or regenerating speech.This open-source project is shared with the community to foster innovation and accessibility. We provide a detailed system performance analysis, including latency and word accuracy, demonstrating its potential to enable inclusive, adaptable communication solutions in real-world multilingual scenarios.
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| 11:40 |
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A model for improving the performance of large language models on soundscape description tasks
by Z. Yuan, D. Botteldooren.
Abstract:
Generative AI is increasingly used in acoustic scene analysis and environmental soundscape description. Audio Language Models (ALMs) are key in this field but have two main drawbacks: they don’t provide human-like survey responses and require significant computational resources, making real-time monitoring impractical. These issues stem from differences in how ALMs and humans assess and store sensory experiences. We propose a computationally efficient model with a three-layer architecture. The top layer features an advanced ALM for recognizing, grouping, and remembering audio events. The intermediate layer includes a local salient change detector based on sound feature embedding, which identifies meaningful changes in the auditory environment. When a change is detected, the ALM interprets and remembers the sound. The bottom layer has a memory cell mimicking echoic memory, retaining and reconstructing recent audio inputs. This reconstructed memory is passed to the ALM for recognition when triggered by the salient detector. Tested on the Urban Soundscapes of the World dataset, our model balances computational efficiency with real-time recognition accuracy, paving the way for scalable, intelligent acoustic monitoring solutions.
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| 12:00 |
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Sound environments classification of an university campus using unsupervised machine learning techniques
by J. Montoya Belmonte, A. Pita Lozano, J. M. Navarro Ruiz.
Abstract:
Universities, often comparable to small cities, face similar challenges in monitoring and managing noise pollution within their environments. This study presents an approach to classify the diverse soundscapes of a university campus using long-term acoustic measurements collected through a network of low-cost IoT acoustic sensors. The research was conducted at the Catholic University of San Antonio in Murcia, where sound data was captured and analyzed based on sound pressure levels.In addition to using overall sound pressure levels data, the study explores the advantages and limitations of incorporating more detailed information, such as sound pressure levels segmented by frequency bands, for identifying acoustic patterns. Unsupervised machine learning techniques, specifically the k-means clustering algorithm, were applied to process the extensive dataset generated by continuous monitoring. This methodology facilitated the identification of distinct acoustic patterns across the campus.The results demonstrate the potential of combining acoustic sensor networks with machine learning algorithms to efficiently monitor and categorize urban-like environments such as university campuses. This approach provides a scalable and cost-effective solution for soundscape management, while highlighting the potential benefits of integrating more granular acoustic data for enhanced pattern recognition.
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A09.03/A02.07 AI and machine learning in bioacoustics
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 10:40 |
| Room: SC1-3 - RAYLEIGH |
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| 10:40 |
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Automated Ecoacoustic Monitoring: Evaluating Classifier Performance For Common Cuckoo (Cuculus Canorus) Detection
by H. Whitehead, W. Davies, S. Gashchak, M. Wood.
Abstract:
This study evaluates the effectiveness of automated bioacoustic classifiers in detecting the vocal activity of the common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) within the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone (CEZ). Data were collected from 12 recording locations using Wildlife Acoustics Songmeter 3 (SM3) units during May 2015. Acoustic data were analysed using Kaleidoscope Pro, focusing on the left channel to avoid duplicate detections. The classifier scanned recordings for target sounds based on specified signal parameters and employed cluster analysis to categorise events. The classifier demonstrated high precision (95.1%) and a low false negative rate (0.5%), with most misclassifications due to other bird species with similar frequencies. The recall rate averaged 61%, varying from 40% to 100% across different recorders. Variations in recall rate were influenced by habitat structure, environmental noise, and distance between the target species and the recorder. This study highlights the potential of automated classifiers in ecoacoustic monitoring.
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| 11:00 |
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Clustering and Novel Class Recognition: Evaluating Bioacoustic Deep Learning Feature Extractors
by V. Kather, B. Ghani, D. Stowell.
Abstract:
In computational bioacoustics, deep learning models are composed of feature extractors and classifiers. The feature extractors generate vector representations of the input sound segments, called embeddings, which can be input to a classifier. While benchmarking of classification scores provides insights into specific performance statistics, it is limited to species that are included in the models’ training data. Furthermore, it makes it impossible to compare models trained on very different taxonomic groups. This paper aims to address this gap by analyzing the embeddings generated by the feature extractors of 15 bioacoustic models spanning a wide range of setups (model architectures, training data, training paradigms). We evaluated and compared different ways in which models structure embedding spaces through clustering and kNN classification, which allows us to focus our comparison on feature extractors independent of their classifiers. We believe that this approach lets us evaluate the adaptability and generalization potential of models going beyond the classes they were trained on.
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| 11:20 |
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Development of an Ear Tag System for Diagnosing Swine Respiratory Diseases Using Long Short-Term Memory Networks
by Y. Matoba, S. Ishimitsu, S. Yumoto, O. Mikama, Y. Ogawa, H. Inoue, M. Ishida, D. Tanaka.
Abstract:
In the Japanese livestock industry, while the number of pig farms is decreasing, the number of pigs raised per farm is increasing, leading to larger-scale operations. This scalingup raises the risk of widespread damage from rapid infectious disease outbreaks. Furthermore, respiratory diseases such as pneumonia inhibit growth, delay shipments, and reduce cost-effectiveness for farmers. Consequently, there is a demand for systems that can detect illnesses early. Previous research constructed a disease diagnosis model using the cepstrum and Δ-cepstrum of body-conducted sounds from pigs as inputs, employing LSTM. However, variations among individual pigs were found to decrease the accuracy of the disease diagnosis model. Therefore, this study investigates the construction of machine learning models for individual subjects, aiming to eliminate the effects of individual differences by detecting abnormalities on a case-by-case basis.
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| 11:40 |
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Automated Data Curation for Self-Supervised Learning in Underwater Acoustic Analysis
by H. Hummel, S. Bhulai, B. Ghani, R. Van Der Mei.
Abstract:
The sustainability of the ocean ecosystem is threatened by increased levels of sound pollution, making monitoring crucial to understand its variability and impact. Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) systems collect a large amount of underwater sound recordings, but the large volume of data makes manual analysis impossible, creating the need for automation. Although machine learning offers a potential solution, most underwater acoustic recordings are unlabeled. Self-supervised learning models have demonstrated success in learning from large-scale unlabeled data in various domains like computer vision, Natural Language Processing, and audio. However, these models require large, diverse, and balanced datasets for training in order to generalize well. To address this, a fully automated self-supervised data curation pipeline is proposed to create a diverse and balanced dataset from raw PAM data. It integrates Automatic Identification System (AIS) data with recordings from various hydrophones in the U.S. waters. Using hierarchical k-means clustering, the raw audio data is sampled and then combined with AIS samples to create a balanced and diverse dataset. The resulting curated dataset enables the development of selfsupervised learning models, facilitating various tasks such as monitoring marine mammals and assessing sound pollution.
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| 12:00 |
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Preliminary Results on Audio Event Classification Applied to a University Square in Milan (Italy) Before an Urban Regeneration Project
by A. Potenza, E. Vidaña-Vila, A. Afify, R. Benocci, R. M. Alsina-Pagès, G. Zambon.
Abstract:
Biophonies, anthropophonies and geophonies characterize and shape an environment and contribute to the human appreciation of that place. Thus, sound event classification can be a useful tool to assess its quality and detect changes affecting it. In this study, different machinelearning models for multilabel sound classification are tested to monitor the ante-opera situation of the renewed square “Piazza della Scienza” of the University of MilanoBicocca (Italy). The one-week monitoring was performed in May 2023 using 7 Song-Meter-Micros. The recordings were equalized to correct the devices’ nonlinear frequency response. The paper is structured to: (a) test two sets of features in the Piazza’s polluted soundscape by constant ventilation noise and other anthropogenic sources: YAMNet embeddings and classic audio features (such as MFCCs), (b) find the best algorithm between: decision tree, random forest, k-nearest neighbor and support vector classifier and (c) evaluate their performance when filtering the background ventilation noise to increase the datasets size. Preliminary results are presented with the final aim of optimizing the detection and applying it to describe the Piazza’s soundscape, investigate differences in events spatial distribution, and evaluate the effects of the urban regeneration plan on the soundscape.
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A09.03/A02.07 AI and machine learning in bioacoustics (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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Hardware acceleration of Convolutional Neural Network for Lung Ultrasound segmentation
by A. Rubio, M. Muñoz, G. Cosarinsky, J. F. Cruza.
Abstract:
Lung Ultrasound (LUS) imaging is a valuable diagnostic technique for lung condition evaluation, due to its non-ionizing and portable nature. However, its complex interpretation can be enhanced by Machine Learning (ML) tools, yet traditional solutions often fail to meet the speed demands of real-time applications. This paper presents a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)-based hardware solution for real-time segmentation of lung ultrasound images using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), achieving a throughput of 80 inferences per second.
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Cross-Domain Transfer Learning for Segmentation of Lung Ultrasound images
by M. Muñoz, A. Rubio, G. Cosarinsky, J. Camacho.
Abstract:
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing medical imaging, offering significant potential to enhance diagnostic accuracy and efficiency. Lung ultrasound, which provides real-time visualization of pulmonary lesions, plays a crucial role in diagnosing respiratory conditions. However, interpreting these images requires substantial expertise due to their complexity. This study investigates the use of transfer learning techniques for segmenting lung ultrasound images, leveraging pre-trained convolutional neural network (CNN) models to address challenges associated with limited annotated data. We compared the segmentation performance of a UNet-based model using different pre- trained CNN architectures, such as VGG16, ResNet50, and MobileNetV2, against a model trained from scratch. The methodology involved feature extraction and fine-tuning the pre- trained weights using annotated lung ultrasound datasets, applying consistent criteria across all architectures. Our findings demonstrate that transfer learning significantly improves segmentation accuracy, achieving up to a 30% increase in the DICE coefficient compared to models trained from scratch. This approach allows pre-trained models to adapt to the unique characteristics of lung ultrasound images, enhancing both accuracy and generalization. Additionally, transfer learning reduces the burden of data annotation and shortens training time, making it a practical and efficient solution for overcoming data scarcity in medical image segmentation tasks.
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A09.05/A08.07 Artificial intelligence for industrial applications
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SC1-3 - RAYLEIGH |
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| R. M. Alsina-Pagès |
| G. Licitra |
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| 14:20 |
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Reinforcement Learning To Enhance Computational Fluid Dynamic Simulations With Acoustics
by D. Huergo, M. De Frutos, O. A. Marino, E. Jané, G. Rubio, E. Ferrer.
Abstract:
Reinforcement learning (RL) offers a powerful approach to automate decision-making in Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD), improving accuracy and reducing human effort, leading to more efficient solvers. In this work, we expand our RL-based polynomial adaptation technique for high-order solvers [1, 2] to capture acoustics. We improve aeroacoustic simulations employing RL to define a high-order acoustic path in the highorder solver HORSES3D [3], allowing precise wave capture from source to observer. Offline training eliminates the need for high-fidelity solutions, making the method versatile across various meshes and PDEs. This approach effectively addresses aeroacoustic challenges, focusing computational efforts where needed and ensuring accurate results at a reduced cost.
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| 14:40 |
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Soundscape system based on passenger emotion and conversation perception of autonomous vehicles
by K.-J. Chang, J. Kang, D. Park, G. Cho, C. W. Ahn.
Abstract:
When passengers of an autonomous vehicle have conversations or engage in various activities, the soundscape of the vehicle that suits the atmosphere can play an important role. This study introduces the results of developing a system that recognizes emotions and conversation states from passengers’ face images in autonomous vehicles, selects music or the sounds of nature that match this atmosphere, and automatically adjusts the volume to not interfere with passengers’ conversation. This study consists of the following process. First, algorithms for emotion classification and conversational state recognition using facial expressions are developed, and the program is lightened and implemented in the vehicle’s deep learning control system. Second, a soundscape system is developed that matches and plays sound sources suitable for emotions and conversational states estimated in real time in vehicles. Third, the control and soundscape system are installed in an autonomous vehicle and the accuracy and satisfaction of the systems are evaluated by users. This technology is expected to provide new auditory experiences and increase satisfaction, especially for passengers of autonomous vehicles such as robotaxi.
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| 15:00 |
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Automatic classification of packaging waste at source using acoustic technology
by M. Arnela, E. Vidaña-Vila, A. Fantinelli, A. Moñux-Bernal, J. Vaquerizo-Serrano, S. Rubio-Garcia, J. C. Socoró.
Abstract:
Sorting packaging waste at the source is key to effective recycling. Reverse vending machines (RVMs) can encourage recycling by offering incentives, but they rely on costly sensors like barcode scanners and computer vision, which face issues such as unreadable barcodes, high computational demands, and lighting sensitivity. This paper proposes an alternative approach using acoustic technology. The idea is to use a parametric array loudspeaker (PAL) to emit ultrasonic and audible sound waves towards the recyclable object, and by measuring its interaction, classify the item with the help of machine learning or deep learning. The exponential sine sweep method is used to measure the ultrasonic and audible impulse response of each item, creating a dataset for various containers. Classical and deep learning models are trained to classify items into categories like plastic, glass, cardboard, and metal. The system was tested in a controlled environment featuring a scaled replica of a reverberation chamber, with an omnidirectional parametric loudspeaker (OPL) serving as the sound source. Preliminary results demonstrate high classification accuracy, highlighting the potential of acoustic-based methods to improve the accessibility and efficiency of RVMs in promoting recycling initiatives.
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| 15:20 |
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Deep Learning-Aided Design Of A Broadband Low-Frequency Meta-Absorber For Room Acoustic Applications
by O. Ogun, J. Kennedy.
Abstract:
Designing acoustic metamaterials (AMMs) capable of achieving broadband low-frequency absorption remains a considerable challenge due to the physical limitations imposed by long wavelengths, which typically necessitate thick, voluminous structures. This paper introduces a data-driven approach that employs a pretrained deep learning (DL) model to generate optimized AMM geometries based on targeted absorption spectra, which are tailored to room-specific modal behavior and layout. The resulting designs aim to maximize absorption efficiency within the 100–250 [Hz] range while minimizing structural footprint and material usage. The proposed AMM absorbers are evaluated through finite element simulations and validated against experimental reverberation time (RT60) measurements in a partially evacuated office environment. Performance is benchmarked against a commercial 10 [cm] thick Spektra A10 absorber. Results reveal that the AMM, with only 3 [cm] thickness, achieves competitive performance in the targeted low-frequency range, offering moderate RT60 reduction. While the Spektra A10 exhibits better performance above 200 [Hz], the AMM’s compact form factor and design flexibility provide compelling advantages for low-frequency room treatment. These results highlight the potential of integrating machine learning with acoustic design to develop lightweight, application-specific absorption solutions for modern architectural acoustics.
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A09.05/A08.07 Artificial intelligence for industrial applications (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| R. M. Alsina-Pagès |
| G. Licitra |
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Detection of Operational Regimerelated Faults in Air Compressor Systems Using Acoustic Analysis and Machine Learning
by A. Hvastja, J. Prezelj.
Abstract:
Compressed air systems are critical yet energy-intensive in industrial operations, making operational reliability essential for efficiency and safety. This study presents a novel approach using acoustic monitoring and machine learning to detect and classify operational regime-related faults in air compressor stations. Signal-processing and psychoacoustic features extracted from audio recordings enabled distinct regime identification through dimensionality reduction (autoencoders) and clustering (Gaussian Mixture Models). Regime duration analysis facilitated anomaly detection linked to operational inefficiencies. The proposed method effectively distinguished normal from abnormal patterns, highlighting regimes tied to compressed air consumption variability and equipment cycling, offering valuable improvements for predictive maintenance and reliability.
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Monitoring of Manufacturing process, using unsupervised Sound Event Classification with application of Sound Directivity
by J. Prezelj, A. Hvastja, T. Berlec.
Abstract:
This study explores the use of sound directionality (DOA) as a key feature for unsupervised classification of acoustic events in industrial environments. A novel methodology was developed, combining a custom microphone array with SubWindowing to extract directional, spectral, and statistical features from production noise. Acoustic events were clustered using the k-means algorithm, with the optimal number of clusters determined via the elbow and silhouette methods. Feature importance was evaluated using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), which consistently identified sound directionality as the most influential feature. The results showed that integrating DOA significantly improved clustering performance and enabled accurate identification of machine states. The detected clusters aligned well with manually recorded operational states, confirming the method’s effectiveness. This approach offers a robust and interpretable framework for real-time monitoring and fault detection in industrial settings. Future work will focus on extending this method to predictive maintenance systems and broader manufacturing environments.
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Fault Detection in C-EPS Bearings Based on Unsupervised Learning
by H. Jo, J. Park, I.-J. Cho, J. Seo, S.-S. Yoo, S. Lee, S.-J. Bang, J.-L. Oh, C.-H. Jung, S.-Z. Cho.
Abstract:
The Column Type Electric Power Steering (C-EPS) system consists of a motor, a reduction gear, and bearings that ensure structural stability and minimize friction. Noise in rotating systems mainly arises from motor noise, component defects, and frictional sounds caused by rotational dynamics. Operational noise defects are typically managed within regulatory thresholds. Recently, machine learning-based anomaly detection models have gained popularity, often relying on labeled datasets for training. However, this process demands substantial human and time resources for labeling, and distinguishing between noise types remains a significant challenge. In response to these challenges, this study introduces a method that preprocesses noise input data using Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT), utilizes unsupervised learning for data encoding, and applies clustering to generate labels. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated through a validation process. Mel-spectrogram and MFCC transformations are commonly used for AI noise input, but bearing noise often exhibits distinct high-frequency features. STFT was chosen to preserve high-frequency characteristics without attenuation. Various unsupervised learning techniques were utilized to encode the noise data effectively. As the goal was clustering rather than generation, and C-EPS noise shows limited temporal variation, experiments identified the Convolutional Autoencoder as the effective unsupervised learning method for mapping noise.
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Deep learning for ultrasound surface echo detection with matrix arrays
by M. Larrea, M. Muñoz, A. Rubio, J. F. Cruza, G. Cosarinsky.
Abstract:
In Non-Destructive Testing (NDT), imaging with array probes is frequently performed in a two propagation medium scenario, where the first acts as a coupling medium, and the second is the object under test. Therefore, the position and shape of the refracting interface between the two mediums must be known in order to compute the imaging focal laws. This geometrical information can be inferred from the arrival times of echoes reflected on the object’s surface, which must be identified within the signals. A common approach for detecting these surface echoes is the first-threshold crossing method; however, it is susceptible to outliers, and more robust alternatives are needed. In a recent work, we developed and trained a 3D Convolutional Neural Network (DeepEcho3D) using an 11x11 matrix array to accurately and reliably detect surface echoes. While effective, the model is tailored to the specific array used. In this study, we explore extending DeepEcho3D to other matrix arrays with varying shapes and frequencies. Our findings demonstrate that it is unnecessary to start from scratch for each new array; instead, we can leverage transfer learning from the initial model.
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A09.07 Events detection and localization, and acoustic scenes, using ML techniques
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 16:00 |
| Room: SC1-3 - RAYLEIGH |
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| 16:00 |
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Does Source Directivity Influence Neural Network-Based Speech Position Estimation?
by R. A. Viveros-Munoz, S. Guajardo-Herrera.
Abstract:
This study explores the ability of an artificial neural network (ANN) to estimate the position of speech sources—comprising both direction of arrival (DOA) and distance—by addressing the question: “Does the directivity of a speech source influence an ANN’s position estimation?” A comparative analysis was performed between omnidirectional and directional speech sources, with the latter simulating the natural directivity pattern of a human voice. Stimuli were generated using an acoustic virtual reality framework (RAVEN), encompassing multiple conditions: four reverberation times (0.1, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 seconds), 12 DOA angles (spaced at 30-degree intervals in azimuth), and two source types (omnidirectional vs. directional). Findings from this analysis aim to shed light on the role of source directivity in shaping the performance of machine learning models for spatial audio tasks, such as sound source localization and enhancement in complex acoustic environments. The outcomes have promising implications for applications in spatial audio systems, hearing aids, and autonomous systems that rely on auditory information for navigation and interaction.
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| 16:20 |
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Speech position estimation using neural networks from acoustic signals of hearing aids
by S. Guajardo-Herrera, R. A. Viveros-Munoz.
Abstract:
The localization of sound events, including speech, has evolved with the use of deep learning algorithms. The inclusion of distance in the task of estimating the direction of arrival allows us to obtain the spatial position of the sound source, which is a variable of interest for the improvement of auditory perception. This study addresses speech direction of arrival and distance estimation using signals generated by simulated hearing aid microphones in acoustic virtual reality environments. The approach involves the collection of a dataset designed to represent diverse scenarios, with 96,000 samples distributed at 24 angular positions, varying distances between the source and the listener (ranging from 1 to 3 meters), and 4 reverberation times (0.1, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9). These data are then used to evaluate the performance of a deep learning algorithm in simulated scenarios that replicate real conditions. The objective of this work is to contribute to the development of techniques that integrate direction of arrival and distance estimation in applications related to hearing assistance systems and other acoustic support devices.
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| 16:40 |
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Leveraging Pre-Trained Foundational Audio Models for Acoustic Event Detection in Driving Scenarios
by M. Moghimi, P. Healy, C. Castorena, F. J. Ferri, M. Cobos.
Abstract:
Smart vehicles are experiencing increasing adoption, driven by a growing demand for their applications. To facilitate widespread deployment, it is important to improve the security and trust of these vehicles. This paper focuses on improving smart car safety by developing an audio-based system for detecting important sound events, including emergency vehicle sirens, tire skidding, car crashes, horn types, drifting, and others. Our methodology involves a multifaceted approach to classifying a diverse range of driving-related audio events. We begin with a Convolutional Recurrent Neural Network (CRNN) as a baseline. Subsequently, we investigate the performance of pre-trained foundational models (e.g., BEATS, Audio Spectrogram Transformer - AST) followed by a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) layer, aiming to leverage the pre-trained representations for improved event classification. Additionally, we explore the potential benefits of combining these approaches, considering as well the effect of introducing augmented data. We propose novel hybrid models that integrate features extracted by the convolutional layers of the CRNN with those directly obtained from the pre-trained models. Our experimental results demonstrate significant performance gains when combining these distinct approaches into a unified architecture.
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| 17:20 |
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Exploring the Potentialities of Machine Learning Techniques for the Analysis and the Forecast of Road Traffic Noise Levels
by D. Rossi, A. Mascolo, D. Singh, C. Guarnaccia.
Abstract:
Machine Learning (ML) techniques are gaining interest in many scientific applications, including the analysis and forecasting of road traffic noise. Many alternatives to the classic Road Traffic Noise Models (RTNMs) are then opened: ML provides ways for studying the traffic noise on urban and non-urban environments in a straightforward manner, using the same input data of the RTNMs. In this work, analysis of road traffic noise equivalent levels by using ML regressors is described. Those regressors are calibrated on both real data, (coming from an experimental long-term monitoring station) and on computed ones. When using real data, the 80%/20% calibration/validation split rule has been adopted, shuffling the data to evaluate possible output variations. The computed data have been generated by varying input parameters of emission and propagation models, to simulate different road traffic conditions and scenarios. Even if with some differences, regressors exhibit promising potentialities in the simulation of the road traffic noise levels in the case under study. The mean error of the model calibrated with real data is very low; the one obtained using computed data is comparable with other models available in Literature, underlining the possibility of performing well in absence of real data.
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| 17:40 |
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Urban sound classification on the edge: exploring the accuracy-efficiency trade-off
by L. Cassens, M. Kroesen, S. Calvert, S. Van Cranenburgh.
Abstract:
Sound source classification is a valuable addition to noise monitoring, providing ‘further insights into local soundscapes. For privacy preservation, this classification often must be conducted on the edge, i.e., in real time on noise sensors. This puts constraints on the size and complexity of the classification models that can be used. Furthermore, there is a trade-off between accuracy and efficiency, which needs to be balanced on battery or solar powered sensors. However, little is known about this trade-off under consideration of constraints imposed by such sensors. In this paper, we explore the scope of sound classification models that can run efficiently on low-cost sound sensors. Specifically, we investigate the Pareto frontiers between model accuracy and computational complexity, providing insights into the trade-off necessary for deploying such models on very constrained hardware. Building on these findings, we train new classification models optimized for edge devices. The models are trained on publicly available audio samples and a new Dutch Urban Sounds dataset specifically collected to enhance the accuracy of sound source classification in urban environments. The models and implementation are open source, enabling researchers and practitioners to adopt, adapt, and build upon our work.
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| 18:00 |
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Automatic detection of roadway noise using AI classifiers and sound level features
by E. Betton-Ployon, A. Kacem, J. Mars, N. Martin.
Abstract:
Noise management has become a major public health issue over several decades. To initiate protective measures against noise overexposure, it is essential to accurately evaluate annoyance. This involves detecting sound sources, their emission durations and associated sound levels. Among commonly encountered sources, road traffic is a prominent contributor to noise pollution, according to health organisation reports. This paper presents an automatic roadway noise detection system. The proposed method combines event detection and classification through a multi-layer approach. Sound event detection is ensured by distinct units. First, a sliding window enables signal preclassification by identifying specific patterns on its mel-spectrogram. Simultaneously, sound level features are used to detect prominent periods, often marking off sound events. Both units combined and sharpened provide detection of the most relevant sound events over the acoustic signal. Precise classification is issued by an additional AI model, dedicated to recognising roadway noise among various vehicle types. Our system operates in diverse soundscapes while maintaining a high level of roadway noise detection accuracy. It permits an automatic estimation of roadway noise contribution, which corresponds to equivalent sound level when roadway noise prevails. This estimation closely aligns with manual assessments from experts, validating the proposed system relevance.
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| 18:20 |
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Enhanced Environmental Sound Event Classification through Transfer Learning with CLAP Model
by F. Artuso, G. Pompei, A. Akbaba, G. Iannace, F. D'Alessandro, F. Fidecaro, G. Licitra, L. Fredianelli.
Abstract:
Long-term noise monitoring is essential to ensure compliance with regulations. This process requires the removal of spurious sounds unrelated to the target source or to the typical soundscape of the monitored area. Traditionally, such tasks relied on manual labelling by operators, but recent advancements in data-driven methodologies highlight that it is time to automate the process using cutting-edge machine learning techniques. Pre-trained models, widely available in literature, are trained on extensive datasets covering numerous classes and serve as a foundation for developing specialized machine learning models fine-tuned for specific tasks or subsets of classes. This study presents a Transfer Learning approach to leverage the knowledge of the Contrastive Language-Audio Pretraining (CLAP) model for a classification task focused on a subset of its original classes. Although the CLAP model has demonstrated adaptability across a broad range of classes with good results, the findings of this study suggest that the application of Transfer Learning can enhance classification accuracy for the selected subset of environmental sound classes.
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A09.07 Events detection and localization, and acoustic scenes, using ML techniques (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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A Comparative Analysis of Interior vs. Exterior Vehicle Microphone Placement for Acoustic Event Detection in Driving Environments
by C. Castorena, L. Banchero, J. A. De Rus, F. Vacalebri, S. Roger, J. M. Mossi, J. J. López, F. J. Ferri, M. Cobos.
Abstract:
Safe driving depends on both internal and external factors of the vehicle, including those manifested as acoustic signals. Sounds, whether external, such as sirens or horns, or internal, such as conversations between passengers or the sound system, provide critical information to identify events that could compromise safety. The placement of microphones used for monitoring and feeding into an artificial intelligence-based detection system plays a crucial role. Microphones placed externally are essential for capturing sounds like sirens or horns, but they face challenges such as wind noise and vibrations caused by the movement of the vehicle. On the other hand, detecting these external events from the interior presents difficulties due to attenuation or distortion caused by the acoustic insulation of the body of the vehicle. This work explores the relevance of microphone placement by comparing the performance of models when processing data captured separately from the interior and exterior of vehicles. The challenges associated with capture are also discussed.
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A10.02 Acoustic, vibroacoustic and elastic metamaterials (1)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 11:20 |
| Room: SM6 - HELMHOLTZ |
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| M. Malléjac |
| M. Miniaci |
| D. Torrent |
| B. Van Damme |
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| 11:20 |
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High bulk modulus pentamodes: the three-dimensional metal water
by S. Cominelli, G. Brambilla, M. Verbicaro, M. Pozzi, G. Cazzulani, F. Braghin.
Abstract:
Pentamode metamaterials (PMs) mimic the acoustic properties of liquids and offer a powerful means of controlling sound propagation. However, their design and realisation remains an open challenge, especially in three dimensions. Existing PMs rely on thin junctions to simultaneously achieve high bulk modulus, low shear modulus and adequate density. This is successful in 2D but not in 3D, where an upper bound on the bulk modulus prevents efficient interaction with underwater sound waves. Hence, a fundamentally different geometry is needed. We first apply topology optimisation to find different geometries and test it against the design of a twodimensional Luneburg lens. We show that it offers greater ¨ flexibility than conventional parametric optimisation approaches and the usual geometry based on effective pins is recovered. However, extending this method to three dimensions leads to geometries that are extremely difficult to manufacture. We show that simple pin-like kinematics are no longer sufficient in 3D, but that slider-like joints are required. Applying this paradigm, we propose the first 3D periodic lattice that successfully mimics the acoustic behaviour of water at low frequencies.
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| 11:40 |
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Increasing Helmholtz resonator stability against non-linear resistance increments using chamfers
by D. Jun, J. Plasek, M. Rychtáriková, Z. Fisarova, C. Glorieux.
Abstract:
Weakly damped Helmholtz resonators (WDHRs) are resonant devices with their surface resistance near resonance being substantially lower than the one of air and therefore the sound reflection at their resonance is out-of-phase. They are known for their absorption to increase with increasing in-neck velocities. This nonlinear effect is a consequence of turbulence and jets forming at the interfaces between the neck and the inner cavity and the exterior environment, causing increased acoustic resistance. In many cases, the level dependence of the behavior can be partially overcome by increasing the cavity or neck damping by enhanced increased level-independent resistance of an incorporated porous material, which leads to lower in-neck velocity magnitudes, but leads to at least partial loss of the WDHR-specific reflection characteristics. A WDHR with level-independent reflection characteristics would be beneficial for narrow-band room acoustic corrections such as damping of modes or their redistribution over the spectrum. In this work, chamfering of the resonator neck edges is used as a strategy to obtain a weakly damped resonator with sound pressure level independent behavior.
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| 12:00 |
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Switching Room Acoustics with causality-driven dual-function passive metamaterials for broadband sound absorption and diffusion
by E. Ballestero, Y. Meng, P. Sheng, V. Tournat, V. Romero-García, J.-P. Groby.
Abstract:
Acoustic metamaterials offer unique capabilities for achieving exceptional performance at low frequencies with compact designs. However, many existing designs focus on single-function applications, leaving a need for multi-functional solutions. To address this, we propose a Dual-Function Passive Acoustic Metamaterial (DFPAM) that integrates sound absorption and diffusion within the same structure by applying principles of causality and passivity. The DFPAM delivers broadband performance with excellent sound absorption ( ≈ 0.85) and diffusion ( ≈ 0.8) over 1 octave and a half each, i.e., 400-1100 Hz for absorption and 1000-2500 Hz for diffusion. With a compact thickness of 12 cm-nearly half the size of traditional treatments-it efficiently uses space (1/3 for absorption, 2/3 for diffusion) while optimizing the performance of each state. Importantly, it mitigates the trade-offs often associated with combining these two acoustic mechanisms. This solution offers significant potential for room acoustics and environments where space is at a premium. By addressing multi-functional requirements with dual efficiency, The DFPAM offers transformative possibilities for room acoustics and can be adapted to diverse environments where multi-functional acoustic solutions are in increasing demand.
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A10.02 Acoustic, vibroacoustic and elastic metamaterials (2)
| Thursday 26 June 2025 - 10:40 |
| Room: SM3 - BERANEK |
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| M. Malléjac |
| M. Miniaci |
| D. Torrent |
| B. Van Damme |
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| 10:40 |
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Rotatable Phononic Crystal with Multiresonant Scatterers for acoustic switching applications
by D. Ramírez-Solana, V. Sangiorgio, R. Picó, J. Redondo, M. Gulzari, M. P. Fanti.
Abstract:
This study presents an acoustic switch based on a sonic crystal (SC) with multiresonant scatterers arranged in a square 2D lattice. The scatterers feature Helmholtz resonators (HRs) tuned to different frequencies. A 90° rotation of all scatterers enables switching the interaction between Bragg bandgaps (Bragg- BGs) and Helmholtz resonator (HR) bandgaps, creating selective frequency filtering and wave propagation control. The research targets low to mid frequencies (500-2500 Hz), an underexplored range in current studies. The structure, made via costeffective 3D printing without infill to reduce absorption, is both simple and practical. Tests in an anechoic chamber reveal a notable 20 dB contrast in acoustic insulation. This design offers potential applications in noise reduction for urban and industrial settings, adaptive acoustic systems, sensors, and acoustic energy harvesting.
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| 11:00 |
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Additive Manufacture of Flexible Lattice Absorbers for Enhanced Low Frequency Performance
by C. Neill, J. Kennedy.
Abstract:
Traditionally porous materials have been used to mitigate a range of noise problems with excellent performance in the mid to high-frequency range, but these materials struggle to attenuate low frequencies. Recently additive manufacturing (AM), including stereolithography (SLA), has enabled the fabrication of engineered porous structures that can create tuneable acoustic materials. This research focuses on further development of flexible lattice structures with inclusions that can add local resonances as an additional dissipation mechanism. This study systematically designs, manufactures, and tests flexible lattice absorbers for low-frequency noise control. By controlling the print parameters and lattice geometry, the acoustic properties can be varied and evaluated through impedance tube testing. Numerical modelling is utilised to iteratively manufacture an optimised flexible lattice structure for low-frequency sound absorption. This study focuses on refining the relationship between printing parameters and acoustic properties to enhance sound absorption while also maintaining structural integrity. These flexible lattice structures provide a tuneable lightweight solution for low-frequency sound absorption while also progressing the fabrication process of engineered porous materials. This offers a novel solution that helps to broaden the scope of engineered porous materials, benefiting the field of noise control.
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| 11:20 |
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Tunable Envelope Solitons in a Piezoelectric Metamaterial Obeying the Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation
by C. Wang, A. Erturk.
Abstract:
Solitary waves in nonlinear acoustic/elastic metamaterials have received significant attention due to their shape-invariant properties, where dispersion and nonlinearity are perfectly balanced. Recent efforts in our lab in the domain of piezoelectric structures have introduced a novel approach to incorporating nonlinearity with precise tunability and programmability: integrating piezoelectric patches connected to synthetic impedance circuits on a linear waveguide. These circuits can emulate basic linear or nonlinear electronic components via digital signal processing, offering tunable and programmable characteristics. In this work, we explore nonlinear piezoelectric metamaterials for solitary wave generation. We demonstrate that the dynamics of a piezoelectric metamaterial beam coupled with intentionally designed Duffing-type nonlinear shunt circuits can be described by the Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation (NLSE), a well-known model supporting envelope solitons. By adjusting the linear and nonlinear inductance values in the Duffing shunts, we achieve tunable control over both the dispersion relation and the system’s nonlinearity. This allows for the initiation of solitary waves around the locally resonant bandgap and the generation of solitons with either hardening or softening nonlinearity. This may open new avenues for the development of novel programmable acoustic/elastic metamaterials with potential applications ranging from enhanced sensing and power transfer to physical intelligence.
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| 11:40 |
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Optimizing locally resonant elements distribution on isotropic plate for increased sound insulation and mass reduction
by K. Chojnacka.
Abstract:
Locally resonant metamaterials enhance sound and vibration reduction within specific frequency ranges when attached to a base plate. Typically, these metamaterials are designed with periodically distributed elements across the surface, maintaining subwavelength spacing. Using periodic boundary conditions simplifies calculations and reduces the computational power needed compared to finite-sized models. However, no other practical background states that the elements should be distributed evenly in the whole available space for maximum metamaterial effectiveness. The effectiveness of each resonant element depends on the displacement amplitude of the base plate, making elements placed in areas with lower vibration amplitude less effective than those in higher vibration regions. This work presents a topological optimization of the distribution of locally resonant elements. The Method of Moving Asymptotes is employed to minimize the number of resonant elements while preserving the initial sound reduction achieved by periodic metamaterials. Calculations were conducted in COMSOL Multiphysics with MATLAB, using a combined analytical and numerical approach for sound insulation simulation. The results confirm that the number of resonant elements, and therefore the additional mass of the metamaterial on the base plate, can be reduced while maintaining the initial effectiveness of the solution.
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A10.02 Acoustic, vibroacoustic and elastic metamaterials (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| M. Malléjac |
| M. Miniaci |
| D. Torrent |
| B. Van Damme |
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Initial Analytical Attempts to Handle the Sound Absorption using Segmented Oblique Perforations
by T. D'Orazio, D. Ramos, L. Godinho, C. Guattari, F. Asdrubali.
Abstract:
This research presents a novel geometric configuration for acoustic metamaterials designed to optimize sound absorption, particularly at low frequencies. The design introduces a segmented pathway composed of two sections, creating an effective acoustic path longer than the linear distance between the sound wave entry point and the cavity access. This configuration maximizes absorption while maintaining a constant overall thickness. The study explores various geometric configurations by adjusting the angles of the segmented pathway to enhance absorption at specific frequencies. The research integrates numerical simulations performed with the finite element method (FEM) using COMSOL Multiphysics and analytical analyses based on the transfer matrix method implemented in MATLAB. A prototype fabricated through 3D printing provides experimental validation of the findings. Preliminary results indicate that tuning the angles of the segmented pathway significantly improves acoustic absorption, offering new possibilities for applications in noise control and architectural acoustics.
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Transfer matrix modelling of folded quarter-wavelength resonators with 90° bends
by F. De Bie, H. Denayer, E. Deckers.
Abstract:
Acoustic metamaterials that consist of multiple folded quarter-wavelength resonators in parallel have the potential to realise high and broadband low-frequency sound absorption while maintaining a compact volume. In a previous study, it was shown that folding can alter the acoustic behaviour of a quarter-wavelength resonator significantly and a length correction factor was proposed to account for the effect of a single 90◦ bend in analytical models. In this paper, a transfer matrix approach to model quarter-wavelength resonators with multiple 90◦ bends is proposed. Firstly, the different steps of the transfer matrix method are discussed and the two-port matrix of a 90◦ bend is predicted as a function of the resonator width by applying a passive two-port characterisation technique to the result of numerical simulations. Then, the transfer matrix method is applied to determine the resonance frequency of a set of single-bend and two-bend quarterwavelength resonators. Lastly, these results are verified against other modelling approaches and finite element simulations in COMSOL Multiphysics.
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A10.03 Metamaterials for noise and vibration reduction: novel applications and experimental methods (1)
| Monday 23 June 2025 - 16:20 |
| Room: SM2 - MORSE |
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| E. Deckers |
| L. Van Belle |
| E. Shabalina |
| J. Cuenca |
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| 16:20 |
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Reduced-order modeling analysis of random geometric changes on the vibroacoustic behavior of metamaterials
by Y. Pillot, R. Boukadia, L. Van Belle, E. Deckers.
Abstract:
As metamaterials are coming closer and closer to becoming a mature industrial solution, the question of manufacturing has started to gain importance. Indeed, variability related to industrial processes can cause geometric variability which might degrade the attenuation performance of manufactured samples. Hence, there is a strong need to quantify the impact of uncertainty on the behavior of vibroacoustic metamaterials. However, full-scale metamaterial models can require a relatively high computational time to solve. This makes uncertainty quantification methods like Monte-Carlo simulations either computationally intensive or infeasible due to the high number of model solves required. Hence, this paper proposes a parametric reduced-order model based on the Krylov subspace to predict the vibroacoustic response of a metamaterial structure due to geometric changes without requiring another solve of the full system. Derivation of the response statistics is then achieved by applying a Monte-Carlo simulation on the obtained reduced-order model.
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| 16:40 |
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Shape optimization of inertia-amplified mechanical resonators for vibration damping of mounted plate
by L. Mardini, A. Bergamini, E. Deckers, C. Claeys, B. Van Damme.
Abstract:
A well-known solution for suppressing undesired resonances in a vibrating structure is to place a tuned mass damper tuned to the frequency of the targeted mode. When a range of frequencies needs to be attenuated, vibroacoustic metamaterials are known as an effective solution. However, the periodic placement of resonators increases the added mass significantly, limiting its implementation in industrial applications. To address this, recent works have developed a methodology for optimizing the location and modal properties of a small number of resonators to achieve broadband attenuation in a desired frequency range. The aim of this study is to propose a practical implementation of this method for different mountings of a steel rectangular plate. Applying rotational inertia amplification for the local resonators offers a high dynamic to static mass ratio. The modal properties – mass and frequency - of the resonators are achieved by shape optimization to suit the target frequency range of a specific mounting case. This multi-objective optimization uses a practical data-driven generic design tool to avoid computationally heavy finite element models. The attenuation achieved by the rotational inertia amplifiers is then compared to the one achieved by mass-spring systems with equivalent modal properties.
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| 17:00 |
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Design and experimental characterization of multi-modal metamaterial panels achieving broadband sound transmission and radiation reduction
by D. Giannini, L. Van Belle, E. Deckers, E. P. B. Reynders.
Abstract:
Resonant metamaterials are a promising approach to achieve vibroacoustic attenuation in partition panels. By adding subwavelength resonators to a host plate, free-travelling elastic waves in specific frequency bands, called bandgaps, are prohibited. While conventional resonant metamaterials typically exploit single-mode translational resonators resulting in narrowband attenuation, recent advancements have theoretically indicated that broader attenuation bands can be achieved by resonators with multiple translational and rotational modes. However, the effectiveness of this concept has not yet been experimentally demonstrated. In this study, we address this gap by designing, manufacturing and experimentally validating a multi-modal metamaterial panel aimed at mitigating broadband coincidence effects in orthotropic host plates. The proposed metamaterial panel integrates medium-density fiberboard resonators attached to an orthotropic cross-laminated timber plate. The resonator geometry is optimized to maximize the effect of two distinct directional bandgaps induced by two rotational resonator modes. Extensive vibroacoustic testing is performed to characterize the metamaterial performance. Laser vibrometry measurements under shaker-based excitation confirm the presence of these two resonance-based bandgaps. Sound transmission and radiation tests demonstrate significant attenuation within the bandgaps (by around 8-10 dB) compared to the host plate, as well as the suppression of the broad sound transmission loss dip due to coincidence effects.
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| 17:20 |
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Psychoacoustical design optimization for acoustic metamaterials using global sensitivity analysis
by J. Zhang, J. Cuenca, L. De Ryck, L. Van Belle, E. Deckers.
Abstract:
While acoustic metamaterials have shown promising noise reduction capabilities, their design optimization has traditionally focused on physical acoustic properties rather than perceived sound quality. This research introduces a design methodology that integrates psychoacoustic metrics into the optimization of metamaterial architectures. The methodology uses a previously developed Global Sensitivity Analysis scheme as a basis for an optimization framework that specifically targets desired psychoacoustic outcomes while maintaining practical design constraints. Micro-perforated panels are used as a preliminary case study. The design optimization is validated with multiple prototypes and measured in an impedance tube, with results analyzed for both traditional acoustic measurements and psychoacoustic metrics including loudness and sharpness. The experimental validation demonstrates how optimized designs can achieve specific sound quality targets while remaining practically manufacturable.
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| 17:40 |
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Numerical And Experimental Study Of Acoustic Performance Of Phononic Crystals-Based Ventilated Noise Barriers For Traffic Noise
by N. Ahsan, N. Herrera, L. Sangiuliano, P. Amado Mendes, L. Godinho.
Abstract:
Phononic crystal-based noise barriers offer promising solutions for urban noise mitigation, particularly concerning traffic and highway noise, due to their capacity to efficiently attenuate sound while maintaining ventilation. This study advances the state of the art through two key contributions: first, by developing an experimental setup to analyze stopband frequencies and, second, by creating a numerical model that replicates real-world conditions for further validation. Unlike previous studies, which primarily assessed phononic crystal barriers in semi-anechoic chambers with single noise sources, this work introduces a more realistic experimental approach. The setup utilizes an Alpha cabin with a diffuse sound field, where a 4×6 array of cylindrical scatterers is mounted on the cabin door. Insertion Loss (IL) is measured using an external microphone array, capturing the barrier’s performance in practical conditions. To account for production and assembly tolerances, slight variations in the scatterers’ x and y coordinates are introduced into the numerical model. Results show peak attenuation values between 1 and 2 kHz, aligning with critical urban noise frequencies. This study presents a methodology for evaluating ventilated phononic crystals in real-world scenarios, providing valuable insights for designing efficient noise barriers tailored to traffic and highway applications.
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| 18:00 |
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Validating the use of acoustic metamaterials in industrial applications for low-frequency noise reduction
by E. Cierco, M. Janer, D. Suárez, P. V. Rodríguez.
Abstract:
Vibroacoustic and acoustic metamaterials are promising technologies for noise and vibration reduction. However, their adoption in the industry is limited due to several factors, including a complex design process, industrialization challenges, and costly solutions that constrain their cost-benefit in real applications. The present work focuses on the design and experimental validation of two types of metamaterials designed to address specific acoustic challenges in train interior noise. The first solution is a vibroacoustic metamaterial (VAMM) based on local resonance effect, designed to reduce the transmission of vibrations on a train panel around 160 Hz. The second solution is a ventilated acoustic metamaterial (AMM) for rectangular open ducts, conceived to reduce airborne noise at frequencies around 170 Hz without reducing the airflow. For both cases, a numerical model was developed and a prototype was built using additive manufacturing technologies. Experimental validations showed vibration reductions greater than 30 dB in narrow-band and 17 dB in 1/3rd octave bands at the frequencies of interest for the VAMM. In addition, sound pressure level reductions up to 6 dB in narrow-band and 3 dB in 1/3rd octave bands were achieved for the AMM. These results demonstrate the potential of metamaterials for industrial and railways applications.
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| 18:20 |
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Reciprocity Driven Omni-directional Absorption
by J. P. Escudero, J.-P. Groby, V. Pagneux.
Abstract:
In order to obtain a strong absorption over a large range of incidence angle, the reflection of an incident acoustic plane wave by a rigidly backed lossy architectured layer is studied numerically and theoretically. This layer is composed of a periodic arrangement of inclined resistive wiremeshes. Impedance matching is achieved when the angle of the incident wave corresponds to the angle of inclination of the wiremesh as well as its exact opposite angle, thanks to the reciprocity principle. The structure exhibits either large absorption over a broad frequency band for medium inclination angles or almost omnidirectional large absorption over a subwavelength frequency band for large inclination angles. This peculiar acoustic behavior provides another perspective for the design of perfect omnidirectional subwavelength sound absorbing devices.
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A10.03 Metamaterials for noise and vibration reduction: novel applications and experimental methods (2)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 11:00 |
| Room: SM1 - BÉKÉSY |
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| E. Deckers |
| L. Van Belle |
| E. Shabalina |
| J. Cuenca |
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| 11:00 |
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Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Sonic Crystal Noise Barriers with Hybrid Scatterers
by N. Herrera-Leon, N. Ahsan, L. Godinho, L. Sangiuliano, P. Amado Mendes.
Abstract:
Sonic crystals (SC) have emerged as a promising alternative to solid noise barriers, offering comparable attenuation properties with improved design flexibility. This study presents the design and analysis of a sonic crystal noise barrier covered with absorbing material to reduce urban traffic noise. The scatterers are designed to meet urban aesthetic requirements, with a maximum height of 1 m and a diameter of 8 cm. Numerical simulations and experimental work were conducted to evaluate the sound absorption and insertion loss of the barrier. The results highlight the distinct roles of the rigid core and absorbing material layer, showing significant noise attenuation across a wide frequency range. This research demonstrates the potential of combining absorbing material with rigid structures to develop effective noise barriers for urban environments. Furthermore, it details nonstandard methods to test the attenuation of the barrier. The findings contribute to advancing the practical application of sonic crystals in addressing traffic noise challenges while maintaining aesthetic and functional considerations.
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| 11:20 |
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Comparative Analysis of Lightweight Metamaterial Partitions for Enhanced Acoustic Performance and Perceptual Sound Evaluation
by M. Ribera, B. Van Damme, A. Pereira, P. Amado Mendes, J. Zhang, L. Godinho.
Abstract:
Locally resonant acoustic metamaterials have shown significant potential to enhance acoustic insulation in lightweight partitions, though typically only within narrow bands. We previously developed a highly efficient numerical model of a metamaterial partition to address the coincidence dip of a single panel using equally tuned resonators. This study introduces multiresonant configurations, optimized via a genetic multi-objective algorithm, to broaden the resonators’ impact on diffuse transmission loss near the critical frequency while minimizing the added mass. Comparative analyses between equally tuned and multiresonant systems are performed, evaluating both acoustic and psychoacoustic metrics to investigate the relationship between varying mass ratios and perceptual features. The findings aim to inform the design of lightweight, high-performance acoustic partitions for diverse environments.
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| 11:40 |
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Hierarchical labyrinthine metamaterials for low frequency noise absorption applications
by E. Pérez Compte, F. Nistri, L. Zambila, A. Bergamini, A. Gliozzi, L. Shtrepi, F. Bosia.
Abstract:
We present a proof-of-concept experiment demonstrating the efficient noise absorption of a 3-D printed metamaterial panel. The panel consists of an arrangement of unit cells designed using a fractal-inspired geometry from which a relation between the level of iteration and resonance frequency is derived. An analytical model and numerical simulations are used to study the absorption characteristics of the single labyrinthine units, and optimization methods derived from the causality principle are employed to find the optimal arrangement of unit cells to enhance the absorption performance in the low frequency range (∼ 300 Hz). The performance of the panel is experimentally validated in fully anechoic room, using an impulsive sound source separation technique. Results show close to ideal values of absorption at the desired frequency of operation in a subwavelength regime with a wavelength to thickness ratio of 27.5 for a panel 50 mm thick. This work suggests a design procedure for noise-mitigation panel solutions and provides experimental evidence of the versatility and effectiveness of hierarchical coiled-up metamaterials in providing tunable low-frequency sound attenuation with relatively thin structures.
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| 12:00 |
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The Influence Of Sample Size On The Results Of Sound Insulation Measurement Conducted In Small Coupled Reverberation Rooms
by D. Mlynarczyk, K. Baruch-Mazur, A. Szelag.
Abstract:
The paper presents the results of acoustic insulation measurements conducted in a unique small size coupled reverberation rooms. The volumes of the rooms are approximately 1.36 m³ each, which imply a lower measurement range limit of 400 Hz for the actual dimensions of the samples (and 50 Hz for 1:8 scale testing). Aim of the research was to evaluate the measurement setup and assess its suitability for studying the properties of various types of material including metamaterials. The influence of sample size and geometry on measurement outcomes was analyzed by comparing four square windows of side lengths equal 8.5, 17.5 cm, 35 cm and round 65 cm, and two rectangular windows of dimensions equal 12.5 × 25 cm and 25 × 50 cm. Five samples of different materials with various thicknesses selected to have diverse properties affecting wave propagation were studied: steel 0.6 and 1 mm thick, PMMA 3.8 mm thick, MDF 3.2 mm thick, Sylomer (HD 100) 12.5 mm thick and gypsum board 12.5 mm thick were measured. The analysis showed that the influence of the size and shape of the window on the obtained insulation coefficient dependent on the test frequency and the stiffness of the sample material.
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A10.03 Metamaterials for noise and vibration reduction: novel applications and experimental methods (3)
| Thursday 26 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: SM3 - BERANEK |
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| E. Deckers |
| L. Van Belle |
| E. Shabalina |
| J. Cuenca |
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| 9:00 |
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Injection moulded locally resonant rings for vibration mitigation in pipes
by K. Steijvers, U. Arasan, C. Claeys, L. Van Belle, E. Deckers.
Abstract:
Locally resonant metamaterials (LRMs) are promising lightweight solutions for targeted vibration attenuation, achieved by incorporating resonant elements on a sub-wavelength scale into a host structure. However, manufacturability limitations form a major hurdle in their industrial adoption. Additive manufacturing offers design versatility but lacks industrial-scale throughput, while high-throughput techniques such as laser cutting or punching of resonators often require labor-intensive assembly steps to create the LRM. Furthermore, manufacturing-induced deviations in geometry and material properties can significantly impact the vibro-acoustic LRM performance, often necessitating multiple design iterations.This study addresses these challenges by proposing the high throughput injection moulding process while accounting for process-induced influences on the LRM performance using a process simulation-informed design workflow. Injection moulding enables robust and large-scale manufacturing, whereas dedicated process simulations allow incorporating manufacturing process influences in the vibro-acoustic performance predictions. This work presents the design, manufacturing and experimental validation of an injection moulded LRM to treat a noise radiation problem around a targeted vibration mode of an aluminum pipe. The achieved vibration reduction and good agreement with the model-based predictions demonstrate the strong potential of injection moulding for the mass-manufacturing of LRMs with targeted performance.
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| 9:20 |
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On the Relationships Between Manufacturing Parameters, Geometrical Accuracy, and Vibrational Properties of Selective Laser Sintered PA-12 Beams
by A. Kryuchkov, M. Pavan, C. Claeys, E. Deckers.
Abstract:
Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) enables the production of complex structures, but ensuring their geometrical accuracy and material properties remains challenging due to many parameters that influence the final print quality. This study investigates the vibrational properties of PA-12 beams manufactured using SLS, focusing on the relationships between the manufacturing parameters, geometrical accuracy, and natural frequencies. The beams are evenly distributed across the build volume to investigate spatial and thermal effects on the quality of the part. Dimensional measurements are used to calculate the expected natural frequencies of the cantilever beams, which are then compared with the experimental results obtained using an automated impact hammer setup. The collected data visualizes the relationships between beam dimensions, resonant frequencies, and temperature of the printer bed. This data can further be used to optimize SLS manufacturing parameters for improved precision and mechanical performance of printed components, especially important in the design and reliable performance of produced metamaterials, where small deviations can significantly alter functional behavior.
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| 9:40 |
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Quantifying the impact of injection molding process parameters on the vibroacoustic performance of manufactured locally resonant metamaterials
by A. Karaman, L. Van Belle, E. Deckers.
Abstract:
Locally resonant metamaterials (LRMs) have recently emerged as a promising solution which can combine lightweight design with effective noise and vibration control. These LRMs, typically consisting of a host structure with sub-wavelength added resonators, are often manufactured using additive manufacturing, which is unsuitable for mass production. Moreover, the manufacturing process can significantly affect the performance of LRMs, leading to differences between their intended design and actual results. Injection molding (IM) has been recently explored as an alternative that is suitable for mass manufacturing of LRMs though it still may affect performance. This study focuses on how IM process parameters such as injection and packing pressure, mold and melt temperature, cooling and packing time, and injection speed influence the vibration attenuation in LRMs by investigating their impact on the effective modal parameters of the resonator and on the predicted stop band. A framework is proposed which iteratively calculates these objectives and uses single and multi-objective Bayesian approaches to determine its upper and lower bounds with respect to variation in the process parameters. These process parameters are found to have a significant impact on the vibroacoustic behavior of the LRMs, which may also be leveraged further in view of broadband vibration attenuation.
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| 10:00 |
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Using 3D printed labyrinthine inclusions to improve the low-frequency performance of a thin, conventional sound absorbing panel
by M. Niedzielczyk, T. G. Zielinski.
Abstract:
The development of acoustic materials with broad-spectrum efficiency remains a critical challenge, particularly for achieving effective low-frequency absorption. This study presents a novel composite sound absorber that combines a dense, conventional felt matrix with additively manufactured 3D-printed inclusions designed to enhance low-frequency attenuation. These inclusions, fabricated using cost-effective Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) technology, feature labyrinthine geometries with high tortuosity, designed to achieve subwavelength resonances. The combination of these elements results in a thin, lightweight, and scalable solution for sound attenuation. The design procedure developed for such composites is based on complex but fully analytical modeling. The composite material exhibits exceptional performance, achieving high levels of absorption at the designed low frequency due to inclusions, while maintaining efficient broadband characteristics of the matrix. The analytical predictions are confirmed experimentally by impedance tube measurements. By leveraging the advantages of additive manufacturing and conventional materials, this work paves the way for economically viable, tailored acoustic solutions.
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A10.03 Metamaterials for noise and vibration reduction: novel applications and experimental methods (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| E. Deckers |
| L. Van Belle |
| E. Shabalina |
| J. Cuenca |
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| |
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Rainbow Trapping Resonator Array for High-Level Sound Absorption
by A. Cavanagh, O. Umnova, D. Akiwate.
Abstract:
This study analyses a proof-of-concept ducted rainbowtrapping resonator array designed for high-level sound absorption. By tuning the dimensions of the array’s resonators, it absorbs sound waves over a broad frequency range and with increasing efficiency with incident pressure amplitude. The arrays’ acoustic behaviour was modelled numerically, where the greatest attenuation was observed at the highest level considered, 155 dB. The results show the potential applicability of absorber designs that exhibit rainbow-trapping behaviour to high-intensity environments.
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A10.05/A23.05 Metamaterials and acoustic black holes in vibro-acoustics (1)
| Monday 23 June 2025 - 12:00 |
| Room: SM2 - MORSE |
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| J. Deng |
| F. Gautier |
| W. Jeon |
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| 12:00 |
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Additive acoustic black holes to suppress acoustic energy in a resonant cavity
by J. Deng, O. Guasch, X. Chen.
Abstract:
Conventional acoustic black hole (ABH) periodic arrays have been extensively investigated for their effective vibration reduction performance. However, embedded ABHs are not suitable in many problems due to the loss of structural stiffness. That is avoided with additive ABHs, which have also proven to be very valuable in suppressing vibrations. In this paper, we explore their potential for noise reduction. An additive ABH plate is connected to a uniform base plate through the corners, and then coupled to a resonant cavity filled with air. In the first configuration, the base plate is facing the cavity, while in the second one, the ABH plate is oriented towards the cavity. It is shown that, in the first configuration, the vibrations in the base plate are significantly reduced and, consequently, the acoustic energy in the cavity decreases as well. For the second configuration, moreover, the coupling force at the fluid-structure interface diminishes, so that the acoustic energy in the cavity is even lower.
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| 12:20 |
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Predicting the acoustic response of a resonant cavity coupled to sonic black holes by means of patch transfer functions
by P. De Campos Muradas Cerântola, L. Maxit, O. Guasch, J. Deng.
Abstract:
Reducing broadband noise in enclosed spaces, such as rooms or the cabins of cars and airplanes, is a challenge for acoustic comfort. In recent years, sonic black holes (SBHs) have been investigated to achieve anechoic terminations in ducts, but their potential for room acoustics remains unexplored. A conventional SBH consists of a wave-guide with concentric inner rings of decreasing radius separated by cavities that are partially filled with absorbing material. This arrangement slows down and traps incident sound waves dissipating their energy, which results in very little reflection beyond the cut-on frequency of the SBH. In this work we study the acoustics of a resonant cavitywith an array of SBHs coupled to one of its walls. The patch transfer function (PTF) method is applied to couple the cavity and the set of SBHs. For the former, an analytical modal model is used,while the response of the SBHs is characterized by means of the finite element method (FEM). This substructuring approach provides a low-cost numerical method to investigate how SBH design parameters influence the acoustic response of the cavity.
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| 12:40 |
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Ultra-thin and Ultra-lightweight Meta-panel for Broadband Noise Insulation
by J. Kim, W. Jeon.
Abstract:
This study presents an ultra-thin and ultra-lightweight meta-panel for broadband noise insulation. The meta-panel consists of a multi-scale lattice structure sandwiched between two thin membranes, engineered to induce negative effective material properties for high sound transmission loss (STL) across a wide frequency range. A theoretical model is developed for fast and accurate prediction of the meta-panel’s STL by integrating the effective impedances of membranes under elastic boundary restraints and wave propagation through the multi-scale lattice structure. This model facilitates a systematic inverse design process to maximize STL over the 100-1500 Hz range while simultaneously minimizing the meta-panel’s thickness and weight. The meta-panel is fabricated via 3D printing, and its insulation performance is experimentally validated through impedance tube tests. Experimental results demonstrate an STL improvement of up to 30 dB compared to a same-weight plate, highlighting the meta-panel’s superior weight-to-performance efficiency.
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| 13:00 |
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Ventilated acoustic metamaterial for noise reduction in a duct with non-uniform cross sections
by D. Kim, J. Kim, W. Jeon.
Abstract:
The mitigation of noise propagated along flow path while allowing airflow is crucial in mechanical systems including fluid-guiding structures. While metamaterials are being actively researched to overcome the limitations of conventional materials used for duct noise reduction, most studies have only focused on ducts with uniform cross-sections, limiting their range of application. In this study, we propose a ventilated acoustic metamaterial, called a metaliner, for noise reduction in a duct with non-uniform cross-sectional areas. The design considers the effects of variations in duct cross-sectional areas on noise reduction performance and the influence of locally varying velocity profiles along the direction of flow. In order to achieve this, our impedance model for effective impedance of the metaliner is established to incorporate locally different friction velocities. Using this theoretical model, we design metaliners that achieve high insertion loss and experimentally demonstrate their effectiveness at reducing noise in ducts with non-uniform cross-sections under the presence of flow. .
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A10.05/A23.05 Metamaterials and acoustic black holes in vibro-acoustics (2)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: SM1 - BÉKÉSY |
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| J. Deng |
| F. Gautier |
| W. Jeon |
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| 9:00 |
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Design of a metamaterial plate with acoustic black hole absorbers and its application to floating raft system
by S. Hao, H. Li, Q. Ding.
Abstract:
Acoustic metamaterials have demonstrated great application potential in the fields of vibration and noise control. To suppress the broadband and low-frequency vibration in practical engineering, a novel design of the microunit is proposed, which uses a beam-type acoustic black hole (ABH) absorber as the resonator. By the coupling effects of ABH and the local resonance mechanism, a vibration attenuation band with relative bandwidth up to 0.93 can be generated. Furthermore, the microunit is used as the core layer embedded into a honeycomb raft plate, which is applied to the floating raft system. Due to the sandwich design, the stiffness of the novel metamaterial raft is improved. By analyzing the output vibration response of the foundation and the vibration level difference of the whole system, it shows a broadband and better vibration isolation performance, compared with the normal raft. In all, this study may provide a new idea for the design and application of vibration isolation meta-devices.
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| 9:20 |
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Effects of acoustic black hole pillars on the acoustic energy of a water-filled cavity
by J. Li, J. Deng, O. Guasch.
Abstract:
Acoustic additive black hole (ABH) pillars are known to significantly reduce vibration energy from a host plate. However, little has been done to investigate their performance when the host plate partially encloses a water-filled resonant cavity, a problem that may be important for marine applications. In this work, the ability of ABH pillars to reduce the acoustic energy of the cavity is investigated and compared to that of standard uniform pillars. The elastoacoustic problem is solved using a displacement formulation and Gaussian basis functions are employed to expand all the unknowns of the problem. Boundary and coupling conditions are imposed using the null space method (NSM). The results show that ABH pillars can substantially reduce the acoustic energy of the cavity, outperforming uniform pillars despite their lower mass.
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| 9:40 |
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Vibration control in a honeycomb sandwich metapanel made up of periodic cells with an ABH-like thickness profile
by S. Avetisov, F. Gautier, A. Pelat, S. Sorokin, G. Gabard, M. Versaevel, J. Mardjono.
Abstract:
Acoustic Black Holes (ABHs) have gained significant attention for their potential in vibration control by effectively trapping flexural waves within structures featuring gradually tapered thickness profiles. In this study, we investigate the wave propagation of bending waves in a honeycomb sandwich panel that integrates ABH effects to attenuate vibrations in a high broadband frequency band and also in a low tunable frequency band. By periodically modulating the thickness of the panel with an ABH-like thickness profile, the design leverages both Bragg band gaps and the ABH effect to enhance wave attenuation. The sandwich configuration offers a high stiffness-to-mass ratio, making it particularly attractive for lightweight structural applications. The band structure is analyzed using a plane wave expansion method based on Kirchhoff’s assumptions, and finite element (FE) simulations are conducted to validate the theoretical predictions. The results confirm the existence of tunable low-frequency band gaps controlled by key geometric parameters. This approach provides an effective strategy for designing lightweight, stiff, and highly efficient vibration-damping panels, suitable for advanced engineering applications.
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| 10:00 |
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Absorption and scattering of bending waves by an Acoustic Black Hole embedded in a honeycomb sandwich panel
by A. Besse, O. Aklouche, F. Ablitzer, A. Pelat, F. Gautier.
Abstract:
Acoustic Black Hole (ABH) is a passive vibration control technique that involves introducing a local reduction in the thickness of a panel, combined with a thin viscoelastic coating in the weak area. This approach increases vibration damping with no additional mass, making it particularly attractive for lightweight structures such as honeycomb sandwich panels used in aerospace applications. The vibration field of ABH is mainly controlled by complex localised modes, classified according to their circumferential order. The reflection coefficient of an incident bending wave converging on the ABH, defined for each circumferential order, is analysed in the complex frequency plane. It is shown that each mode corresponds to a pair of poles and zeros symmetrical about the real frequency axis. The viscoelastic ABH coating allows the pairs to rotate about the origin, bringing the zeros closer to the real axis, creating interesting dips in the reflection coefficient as a function of real frequency. A wave-based model is used to identify local modes, study the role of the ABH profile and the effect of the damping layer. The approach provides a list of rules for optimal design of the ABH absorber.
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| 10:20 |
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Efficiency of an Acoustic Black hole embedded into a honeycomb sandwich panel
by A. Besse, O. Aklouche, F. Ablitzer, A. Pelat, F. Gautier.
Abstract:
The Acoustic Black Hole (ABH) is a passive vibration control technique that enhances damping without increasing structural mass. This effect is achieved by reducing stiffness locally, such as tapering plate thickness following a power-law profile, and adding a viscoelastic coating for increased damping. In lightweight honeycomb sandwich panels, the shear effect significantly influences wave propagation, introducing unique ABH characteristics.This study investigates the behavior of an ABH embedded in a honeycomb sandwich panel (with glass fiber skins and a honeycomb core) in the vicinity of a point excitation force. Using models and experiments, the aim is to evaluate the ABH’s ability to absorb vibrations generated by the source.Vibration fields of several samples panels (without ABH, with one and multiple) are measured using a scanning laser vibrometer. The absorption effect ( reduction in the average mobility of the panel mobility) is compared with models predictions. Results reveal that the distance between the excitation point and the ABH is critical for good performance. This finding raises the possibility of seeing an ABH not only as a passive vibration absorber but also as a vibrations isolator to decouple the force entry point and the rest of the structure.
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A10.07/A15.07 Characterization of acoustic materials (1)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 16:40 |
| Room: SC2-2 - KIRCHER |
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| M. Nolan |
| F. Chevillotte |
| L. Jaouen |
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| 16:40 |
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Uncertainties in parameter estimation of porous media in tube measurements
by Z. Chen, N. Xiang.
Abstract:
Characteristic impedance is a critical parameter for porous media. This work discusses the performance of porous materials and how uncertainties in acoustic measurements affect porous material models over an extended frequency range. The three-mic method [Salissou & Panneton, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 128, pp. 2868–2876 (2010)] is employed to measure the characteristic impedance of porous materials. Impulse responses experimentally measured in an empty impedance tube allow acoustic measurement calibration. Bayesian inference is applied to estimate the parameters in characteristic impedance models associated with the measured impulse response at high frequencies. The uncertainties and inaccuracies in the characteristic impedance of porous materials are analyzed. This paper also addresses challenges for an extended frequency range.
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| 17:00 |
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Characterisation of acoustic metamaterials allowing airflow
by G. Memoli, M. Puttock-Brown, J. Eccles, B. Pearce, E. Greenland.
Abstract:
Managing noise and ventilation at the same time is one of the key challenges for acousticians worldwide. This is why, when a new type of solution – e.g. based on acoustic metamaterials – promises to manage both, it is important to have reliable acoustic and pressure measurements. In this study, we review the applicability of ISO 7235 to three different acoustic metamaterials, based on the principle of phase cancellation. We present acoustic measurements in the lab and benchmark them with measurements taken on a building façade, advocating for a potential revision of the standard. We discuss the challenges of measuring total pressure drop and present a dedicated measurement rig. Our work may be useful to any researcher or acoustician considering the placement of metamaterial-based products in their project. .
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| 17:20 |
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Multi-Density Inversion Characterisation Method for Fibrous Material
by A. Santoni, F. Pompoli, C. Marescotti, P. Fausti.
Abstract:
This paper describes a novel inversion methodology for determining the transport parameters of the JohnsonChampoux-Allard (JCA) equivalent fluid model, developed to provide a quick and easy-to-implement characterisation tool. The proposed approach, based on an optimisation algorithm, requires only the experimental evaluation of the normal incidence sound absorption coefficient on fibrous material samples, prepared from loose fibres, at various compression ratios. Unlike existing inversion methods, the proposed approach links the variation of transport parameters to changes in the material’s apparent density. The validation presented in the paper considers experimental data measured on two types of fibres: hemp fibres and glass fibres. Validation of the proposed method shows good agreement with well-established techniques and demonstrates its effectiveness across a broad range of fibrous materials.
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| 17:40 |
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Measurements and simulations of a double-porosity material under variation of perforation parameters
by M. Isenegger, T. Graf, M. Sonderegger, A. Bonnard, S. Fleischli, A. Taghipour.
Abstract:
Porous materials are used for sound absorption, typically either without perforation or with an additional perforated faceplate for aesthetic, structural, or protective purposes. While the influence of perforated faceplates on sound absorption is well documented, the impact of perforations within the sound absorber itself on its acoustic performance remains insufficiently understood. The present study focuses on this research gap. The material used was made from recycled PET fibers. In a first step, the absorption coefficient of 41 small-scale samples (20 × 20 cm²) with varying perforation geometries, sizes, and percentages was measured in an impedance tube. Based on these results, the perforation parameters were selected for a set of larger panels: geometry (circles and triangles), perforation size (1.13–36.19 cm²), and perforation percentage (1–32%). The sound absorption coefficient of these panels was measured in a reverberation chamber. Statistical analysis showed that the absorption coefficient alpha_w primarily decreased with increasing perforation percentage. Secondary influences were also observed, such as perforation size. Additional numerical simulations with boundary element method provided further insight into the acoustic performance of perforated sound-absorbing panels as room dividers. This research provides important insights into the role of double-porosity designs in creating effective acoustic absorber panels.
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| 18:00 |
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A novel algorithm for estimating Biot parameters in acoustic simulation of fibrous materials based on raw material composition
by M.-T. Hoang, M. Tiengo, E. Harry.
Abstract:
For an automotive trim supplier, the production of material and component samples for certification and acceptance by vehicle manufacturers is an expensive and time-consuming task. Circumventing the need for these via pure simulation still requires the correct determination of Biot parameters which can be carried out via batch samples. However, this is a complex task that is sensitive to both the measurement and the condition of the samples. Any discrepancies will propagate through the simulation and will create uncertainties in the results. This paper describes a novel approach, called Genetic, in which the empirical calculation of Biot parameters of fibrous composites is based purely on the blended mixture of fibre types. This technique was the culmination of an extensive measurement and characterisation campaign on a wide selection of fibre types and is part of an ongoing investigation into the use of data science applications to enhance internal methodologies.The next phase of the project is focused on porous media such as foams.
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| 18:20 |
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A multi-modal analysis of anisotropy in porous media
by M. Nolan, S. Félix, J.-P. Groby.
Abstract:
This paper introduces a modal decomposition method to retrieve the effective fluid parameters of a sample of anisotropic porous material from multi-modal reflection and transmission coefficients measured in a squared impedance tube. The approach extends on traditional impedance tube methods to include higher-order modes, allowing to characterize the test specimen for plane-wave and multi-modal reflection and transmission coefficients. The proposed formulation uses a modal expansion of the sound pressure and normal particle velocity in the tube, reducing the problem to a system of two differential equations for the components of the pressure and particle velocity projected over the normal modes. The system is solved analytically, which leads to an exact algebraic formulation of the reflection and transmission matrices. An inverse problem is further formulated to infer the bulk modulus and density tensor coefficients of the anisotropic specimen. The method is evaluated numerically on a synthetic anisotropic sample of known porous properties.
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A10.07/A15.07 Characterization of acoustic materials (2)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: SC1-1 - EULER |
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| M. Nolan |
| F. Chevillotte |
| L. Jaouen |
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| 9:00 |
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Combining absorption coefficient measurements in reverberation rooms with different volumes
by H. Bietz, V. Wittstock.
Abstract:
The measurement of absorption coefficients in reverberation rooms with a volume of at least 150 m³ is standardised in ISO 354 at frequencies between 100 Hz and 5 kHz. ISO 12999-2 describes the uncertainty of these measurements. It increases at both ends of the frequency range, and it is derived from interlaboratory tests with rooms of about 200 m³ volume. If a measurement is performed in a 50 m³ reverberation room, the frequency range of ISO 354 and the uncertainties can be assumed to be shifted upwards by two one-third octave bands. It could then be possible to reduce the uncertainty of measured absorption coefficients by combining the measurement results from a 50 m³ and a 200 m³ room in an overlapping frequency range, similar to the procedure described in ISO 10534-2:2023 (measurement in impedance tubes with different diameters). An internal round robin was conducted, where eight different absorber setups were measured by five different teams, each using a different 50 m³ room with the absorber area scaled accordingly. The absorbers had been measured beforehand in two different reverberation rooms (237 m³ and 204 m³). Against the background of the considerations described, the results were evaluated and will be reported.
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| 9:20 |
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Analysis of the relationship between sound field isotropy and errors in the results of Sabine's absorption coefficient
by M. Berzborn, M. Vorländer.
Abstract:
Sabine’s absorption coefficient is measured in a reverberation rooms under the assumption of a diffuse sound field. Recently multiple authors presented experimentally approaches using microphone arrays to quantify sound field diffuseness within the context of absorption measurements, indeed highlighting the lack of a diffuse sound field for specific lab environments and frequency bands. This was found to be especially prominent when the absorbing test specimen is mounted in the room. This work presents a combined factor analysis and linear regression model to investigate the relationship between the results of the aforementioned diffuseness quantification methods and the error in Sabine’s absorption coefficient. A numerically predicted finite size absorption coefficient serves as ground truth to calculate the relative error in the absorption coefficient. Finally, the suitability of the model to correct the measurements of Sabine’s absorption coefficient is analyzed. .
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| 9:40 |
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Estimating the Impedance of a Material Sample at Low Frequencies
by A. Prinn, R. Maestro-Vallejo, M. L. López Ibañez, M. Larrosa-Navarro, E. Latorre Iglesias.
Abstract:
Reliable descriptions of a room’s physical properties are essential for accurately simulating room acoustical fields. An important model input parameter is the impedance of the materials that comprise the boundaries of the room. However, the impedance information of commonly used sound-absorbing materials is generally unavailable. While databases of absorption coefficients are available for commonly used materials, these are of limited use for simulation tools that require impedance (or angle-dependent reflection coefficients) as input data, and it is uncommon to find absorption coefficients below 100 Hz. This study estimates the normal impedance of a sample of sound-absorbing material at frequencies below 100 Hz. An eigenvalue-based impedance estimation method is used to determine a sample’s complex-valued, frequencydependent impedance from measurements in a reverberation chamber. While the results are encouraging, the method is sensitive to model input parameters, and further refinement is required to make the method practical.
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| 10:00 |
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The measurement of the sound absorption of an array of baffles
by J. L. Davy, M. Debevc, D. Truett, J. Payne, J. Watson.
Abstract:
ASTM E795-23 specifies a Type J mounting WITHOUT A SURROUND for the measurement of the sound absorption of sound absorption units and requires that the measured sound absorption be reported. ISO 354:2003(E) specifies a Type J mounting WITH A SURROUND for the measurement of the sound absorption per unit of rectangular unit sound absorber pads or baffles. ISO 354:2003(E) also says that for a specified array of objects, the result is given as the sound absorption coefficient, and that in the case of a test specimen WITH A SURROUND, it is the area enclosed by the surround that is used. However, ISO 354:2003(E) also allows an array of objects to be measured WITHOUT A SURROUND and requires the sound absorption coefficient to be reported using the area covered by the test specimen. A baffle array could be regarded as being in a Type A mounting without covered edges. ISO 354:2003(E) says that if the edges are not covered, the area of the edges shall be included in calculating the test specimen area. Consultants want sound absorption coefficients that they can enter their ray tracing programs. The existence of five different ways of measuring and/or reporting sound absorption is unacceptable.
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| 10:20 |
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A data-driven two-microphone method for measuring the sound absorption of finite absorbers
by L. Emmerich, P. Aste, E. Brandão, M. Nolan, J. Cuenca, U. P. Svensson, M. Maeder, S. Marburg, E. Zea.
Abstract:
A residual neural network is proposed to predict the sound absorption of an infinite rigidly-backed porous material from a classical two-microphone measurement above a finite porous sample. The network is trained using the microphones’ transfer functions generated by a boundary element model (BEM), with a Delany-Bazley-Miki material model as a boundary condition. The network is validated numerically with BEM simulations and experimentally using two-microphone measurements of a baffled porous absorber of dimensions 60cm x 60cm and 30cm x 60cm, subject to various source locations. The results indicate that the network can significantly enhance the predictive capabilities of the classical two-microphone method. The suggested approach shows potential for accurately estimating the sound absorption coefficient of acoustic materials in realistic operational conditions.
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A10.07/A15.07 Characterization of acoustic materials (3)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 16:20 |
| Room: SC2-2 - KIRCHER |
|
| M. Nolan |
| F. Chevillotte |
| L. Jaouen |
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| 16:20 |
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Diffusion Equation-Based Estimation Of Spatially Non-Uniform Surface Absorption Coefficients
by A. Prinn, E. Habets.
Abstract:
The acoustic diffusion equation provides a generalized statistical model of room acoustical fields, allowing for non-uniform distributions of sound energy and spatially varying surface absorption coefficients. Recent studies have shown that the diffusion equation can be used to estimate spatially uniform, frequency-dependent absorption coefficients from in situ measurements. In this work, we extend this approach to handle spatially non-uniform absorption by using the ratio of intensity to energy density. Numerical simulations demonstrate the feasibility of this method when used to estimate frequency-dependent, spatially non-uniform absorption coefficients in a room.
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| 16:40 |
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Comparative analysis of acoustic absorption testing methods for different Layers of Cotton Wadding
by M. Mastoori, A. M. Lacasta, I. R. Cantalapiedra, F. Merli, C. Buratti.
Abstract:
Sound-absorbing materials play a crucial role in various applications, ranging from noise control to architectural acoustics, enabling us to enhance the acoustic environment and improve our quality of life. Cotton wadding samples with four thicknesses and dimensions were investigated in the present paper. They were assembled in panels, including cylindrical (29 mm and100-mm diameter) and square (400*400mm²) samples. A comprehensive investigation into the differences observed when evaluating the acoustic properties of a multi-layered material using two standardized methods was carried out. Through a series of experiments, including impedance tube and in-situ absorption measurements, this study investigates the complexities of accurately estimating sound absorption characteristics in multi-layered materials. The experimental findings highlight the importance of selecting an appropriate evaluation technique for multi-layered materials, particularly in applications where acoustic performance is critical at lower frequencies.
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| 17:00 |
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An experimental data set focused on methodologies for the in situ characterization of acoustic materials
by J. V. Pontalti, E. Brandão, W. D.'A. Fonseca, P. H. Mareze, G. Netto, E. Fernandez-Grande.
Abstract:
The in situ characterization of acoustic materials is used to assess material properties of installed devices. The use of sensor arrays guarantees access to spatio-temporal information about the scattered sound field that finite samples or diffusers create in realistic conditions. Such effects can be investigated by formulating suitable inverse problems, which incorporates the complexity of acoustic fields. Since this line of research is in constant evolution, this paper describes the construction of a database of impulse responses obtained with in situ measurement techniques and some of the results obtained with different techniques. A 3D scanner is used to move and position the microphone at the coordinates of a pre-established array geometry. The exploited measurement scenarios, the data organization, and post-processing strategies are described. Initial results considering the classical 2- microphone method, plane-wave expansion and the discrete complex image source methods are presented and compared.
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| 17:20 |
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Measurement Of Sound Absorption Of Wood Chip-Based Materials For Noise Barriers: Effects Of Testing And Casting Conditions
by L. Shtrepi, V. Buggè, S. Fasana, M. Zerbinatti, A. Astolfi.
Abstract:
The territories characterized by a large woodland area, offer considerable potential for the development of a wood supply chain based on principles of circular economy and sustainability. However, there are limited products and applications of virtuous processes for the valorization of local materials with an optimized acoustic performance. This work focuses on recycled and reused by-products as a secondary raw material for the implementation of acoustic materials for noise barriers applications. Different typologies based on the use of loose wood chips (WCh), stone sawing waste (SS) and their combination in mix designs (WChS), where the WCh has been used as an aggregate, have been investigated. Sound absorption measurements were conducted on cylindrical samples in an impedance tube and on larger samples in a small-scale reverberation room (SSRR). The work analyzed the variability of the sound absorption coefficients in terms of reproducibility due to the loose material selection, mix design casting and testing methods. Experimental results demonstrated that the variability of the sound absorption of the WCh samples are affected mainly by the measurement method, while the WchS samples are significantly affected by the sample size, the mix design casting conditions, and measurement method.
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| 17:40 |
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Sound absorption prediction of high-density foam-formed softwood fibers
by J. Heldmann, J. Cucharero Moya, T. Lokki.
Abstract:
Nowadays, porous absorption materials need to be environmentally sustainable. This concerns the sources of raw materials, low energy consumption in the manufacturing process, and options for recycling. Therefore, alternatives for mineral wools are needed and biomaterials offer an attractive solution. Some recently studied sustainable acoustic materials, such as foam-formed wood fibers, can be produced with negative carbon footprint. However, sound absorption performance must match the less sustainable variants to ensure competitiveness. Therefore, the prediction of sound absorption is important because it supports optimization of processes and functionality to achieve the best possible solution. This includes choosing the right model, taking the microstructure of the material into account. However, it has been observed that the microstructure of foam-formed pulps can change with increasing density, challenging the choice between foam and fiber-based models. In this study, foam-formed wood pulps with increasing density are produced, characterized and modeled by fibrous and foam-based analytical models. The model accuracy across densities is then evaluated against experimentally measured sound absorption. The results show that foam-based models become more precise at higher densities, while the fibrous model’s precision deteriorates. The finding contributes to the optimization of foam-formed pulps by choosing the proper model for the aimed density.
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| 18:00 |
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Characterization Of The Sound Absorption Properties Of A Fibrous Biomaterial: A Key Input For Room Acoustic Simulation Software
by J. Garcia, P. Alloza, E. A. Piana.
Abstract:
In recent years, the search for sustainable materials has gained increasing importance in order to optimize resource use and reduce carbon emissions. In this context, bio-materials have emerged as an alternative due to their low environmental impact. In particular, those with a fibrous morphology, such as coconut fiber, kenaf or wool, have proven effective as sound absorbents in room acoustics applications. In this study, the acoustic absorption properties of a fibrous biomaterial are analyzed. To this end, the characterization of the acoustic absorption coefficient under normal incidence was carried out using the four-microphone impedance tube method. Subsequently, a study was conducted using sound localization systems based on spherical microphone arrays to evaluate the in-situ absorption of the proposed material in a room. Using three-dimensional beamforming algorithms, the first reflections in the room were localized through impulse response measurements. This approach allowed for the spatial visualization of reflections, quantification of their level and frequency, as well as evaluation of the effectiveness of the absorbent material at specific locations and optimization of its distribution in the room.Keywords: Acoustic camera, sound absorption, visualization, beamforming, early reflections.
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| 18:20 |
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Characterization of the Acoustic Behavior of Raw Earth Coatings
by M. Ziapkoff, P. Glé, A. Héllouin-De-Ménibus, T. Blinet, C. Guigou Carter.
Abstract:
Raw earth systems are gaining increasing interest in civil engineering due to their low energy and carbon impact, particularly raw earth coatings, which are still underexplored compared to other types of coatings such as those using lime or cement. The objective of this article, which is part of the CarAc’Terre project, is to characterize the behavior of these coatings in terms of acoustic dissipation. The aim is to analyze whether these materials behave in a purely elastic manner or if visco-thermal phenomena need to be taken into account. Experiments have been conducted at material scale on different coatings prepared by masons, with different earths and fiber contents. Acoustical properties were determined with a Kundt Tube in normal incidence and resistivity, porosity, and elasticity of the materials were also measured. These results were then compared with specific models based on theoretical approaches. The analyses revealed that raw earth coatings exhibit complex behaviors that may require consideration of both elastic and visco-thermal dissipation mechanisms. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the acoustic properties of these materials, opening up new avenues to model the acoustic behavior of a wide variability in earth coating formulation.
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A10.07/A15.07 Characterization of acoustic materials (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| M. Nolan |
| F. Chevillotte |
| L. Jaouen |
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Streaming over Micro-Perforated walls submitted to acoustic plane wave
by D. Mazzoni, M. Amielh, L. Genevay, T. Bravo, C. Maury.
Abstract:
Micro-perforated panels (MPPs), lightweight structures, are investigated as alternatives to huge or active devices, to attenuate noise induced by external flow into the passenger compartment of automobile or aircraft cabins. Optimal sound absorption performance is achieved by appropriate selection of MPP geometry. The viscous losses through the apertures dissipate the acoustic energy around the Helmholtz resonance and provide high absorption efficiency over a wide bandwidth. Acoustically induced vorticity, due to streaming at the hole inlet/outlet, could also contributes. The experiment quantifies the flow induced by acoustic pressure fluctuations (”streaming”) in the vicinity of the perforations of an MPP placed on a cavity arranged on the wall of a closed tube. Three diameters of perforations (1mm, 0.6mm, 0.3mm) are tested. The flow induced by an acoustic plane wave parallel to the surface of the MPP is characterized by TR-PIV (”Time Resolved Particle Image Velocimetry”), a laser optical diagnostics, synchronized with acoustic measurements by microphone. The dynamics of the jets emitted at the holes according to their relative position to the wavelength associated with different identified eigenmodes of the closed tube is highlighted. The objective is to estimate the viscous dissipation associated with these micro-jets and to link it to acoustic absorption.
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Method for assessing the impact of aging of selected building materials on their acoustic properties
by E. Nowicka.
Abstract:
The aim of the work is to assess the impact of aging of selected different building materials. Natural climatic exposures of building materials result in the deterioration of their acoustic properties. Laboratory tests performed on small samples, including acoustic tests correlated with climatic exposures in laboratory conditions, will allow for the assessment of the durability of the functional properties of building materials at the stage of introducing the product to the market. Assessment of the durability of acoustic properties of building materials is to consist in changes in acoustic parameters as a result of exposing samples to various weather conditions. This paper presents the results of preliminary tests carried out on small samples in an impedance tube. Based on the tests performed, an analysis of the results will be carried out in terms of the impact of exposure on the acoustic properties of the elements, mainly in terms of parameters specific to road screens.
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Influence Of Moisture Content On The Acoustic Properties Of Textile Materials
by L. Euler, A. Mehrem, E. Shabalina.
Abstract:
Moisture content in a material affects its ability to dissipate sound energy, particularly at mid to high frequencies. This effect has already been investigated for materials such as soil, perlite, or mineral wool, and trends appear to depend on the material. Therefore, acoustic models might not be accurate for hygroscopic materials in humid environments. Even though some explanations were suggested, underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Hence, in this study, fibrous absorbers (cotton and polyester) were analyzed in terms of their acoustic absorption behavior depending on the moisture content. Experimental methods were employed to measure the sound absorption coefficient with varied moisture contents reaching up to 20 wt- %. The results show an influence of the moisture content on the sound absorption, with an increased absorption coefficient for higher moisture contents. This means that changes in the relative humidity of the surroundings can affect the performance of fibrous sound absorbers. Further, when it comes to acoustic material characterization, conditioning of the test samples might be required to achieve reproducible and comparable results.
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Study of some influences on the acoustic behaviour of disintegrated samples of used cigarettes
by C. Moreno González, V. Gómez Escobar, G. Rey Gozalo.
Abstract:
Used cigarette butts are one of the most common types of waste in today’s environment. However, there are not many proposals for its recycling, if we take into account the amount of waste generated annually.Our research group has been working in recent years on the recycling of these wastes to give them an acoustic use. Thus, cigarette butts’ samples are prepared by disaggregating the filter of used cigarettes, which, as shown in previous studies, presents promising properties as acoustic absorber. However, due to the heterogeneity of the filters and the disaggregation process, these samples tend to lack consistency and lose their shape when handled. Thus, the use of binders is advised in case of severe disaggregation.This study examines the use of binders on cigarette butts’ prepared samples for acoustic applications. Thus, some natural binders has been applied to enhance the structural strength of the samples and their effect onto the acoustic samples performance is analysed. The results indicate that samples treated with low binder concentrations retained their acoustic absorption properties while achieving a stronger and more durable structure.
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A practical approach to the determination of reproducibility precision (σtarget) in the field of sound absorption measurements: Evaluation of Proficiency Testing data according to ISO 354:2003
by P. Rosario, J. L. Martínez.
Abstract:
ISO 354:2003 specifies a method of measuring the sound absorption coefficient of acoustical materials used as wall or ceiling treatments. The measured values in one-third octave bands of the sound absorption coefficient are converted to values in the corresponding octaves (practical and weighted sound absorption coefficients - ISO 11654). Adequacy of proficiency tests is guaranteed by means of the assessment of global precision criteria in compliance with the scope stipulated by the normative references in order to determine the reproducibility limits in a regulated measurement method. Unfortunately, the latest revision and endorsement of the ISO 354 standard in 2024 does not include precision data. With the experience acquired after seven rounds of an international interlaboratory comparison scheme for sound absorption measurements managed by RPS-Qualitas between 2012 and 2024, according to the methods specified in ISO 354:2003, and in this scenario, we propose a practical approach to determine the reproducibility precision (σtarget) in the field of sound absorption measurements by evaluating historically relevant proficiency testing data according to ISO 354:2003 The aim is to provide reliable and up-to-date criteria for the evaluation of repeatability and reproducibility limits in this field, particularly where there is no or very poor normative reference.
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Acoustic characteristics of a hydroponic material
by G. Iannace, A. Bevilacqua, A. Trematerra, G. Amadasi.
Abstract:
Green materials developed in recent decades have found numerous applications. These materials are designed to be recycled after their primary use, reducing waste and environmental impact. Hydroponic systems, widely used for growing plants without direct soil use, often employ alternative sublayers such as expanded clay, glass wool, perlite, paper, hemp and similar materials immersed in water. This study focuses on wheat grains planted on porous sublayers, including straw, triturated paper, wood sawdust, triturated sugarcanes. The growth of the wheat plants allowed the roots to penetrate these porous materials, forming a single, compact material with a rigid skeleton. In the second stage, the resulting material was dried to thicknesses of 5 and 10 cm and tested using an impedance tube. Acoustic absorption at normal incidence was measured across a frequency range of 100 Hz and 2 kHz. The measured results demonstrate that the hydroponic tile exhibits excellent acoustic absorption properties, making it suitable for use in acoustic applications.
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A10.08 Modeling acoustic wave propagation in viscothermal structures, including porous materials
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SM5 - SCHROEDER |
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| T. Bravo |
| M. Nolan |
| L. Jaouen |
| C. Maury |
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| 14:20 |
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Boundary Element Method with visco-thermal losses: development, improvements and applications
by V. Cutanda Henriquez.
Abstract:
Sound waves are affected by viscous and thermal losses, which manifest mainly inside a thin region close to the domain boundaries, the boundary layers. Losses at boundaries cannot usually be neglected when modelling small or intricate devices, such as micro-transducers and metamaterials. Over the last years, several numerical methods have been proposed and implemented to include viscothermal losses. Some methods assume restrictive hypotheses, as in the cases of the low reduced frequency model by Beltman or the boundary layer impedance reported by Berggren. A full implementation using the Finite Element Method (FEM) was described by Malinen et al. and later included in commercial FEM software. The Boundary Element Method (BEM) has also been adapted by Cutanda Henríquez and other authors as a full implementation of viscothermal losses, and it is employed as a research tool originally based on the open-source software OpenBEM. This contribution summarizes the work done on the BEM with losses, starting with a description of the method, successive implementation improvements, additions such as optimization and applications in transducers and metamaterials. Finally, current work on the method will be described.
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| 14:40 |
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Low-drag rainbow-trapping filters for broadband sound dissipation in a low-speed ducted flow
by C. Maury, T. Bravo, F. Ali, D. Mazzoni, M. Amielh.
Abstract:
Rainbow-trapping filters (RTFs) have mostly been designed with closed-end terminations to achieve near-unit broadband absorption under acoustic excitation, with applications as shallow wall-treatments in building acoustics or short anechoic terminations. The current study considers opened rib-designed RTFs being traversed by a low-speed grazing flow. The double objective is to design an enhanced silencer able to achieve broadband sound dissipation, e.g. with minute reflection and transmission of the incident wave, while ensuring a low friction factor. A key element is the lining of the interface between the RTF cavity mouths and the flow duct. Micro-perforated panels (MPP) have been chosen that provide holes diameter – holes pitch parameters optimized to determine maximal total dissipation or minimal friction factor. MPPs also contribute to enhance slow sound effects towards low frequencies. Finite Elements (resp. Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes k-epsilon) models have been developed to produce acoustic (resp. aerodynamic) design charts with respect to the MPP parameters, a set of which has been found that maximizes the aeroacoustic performance of the MPP-RTF silencer. It has been validated against low-speed wind-tunnel experiments that showed an adverse effect of downstream propagation conditions on the wideband dissipative performance of the MPP-RTF. .
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| 15:00 |
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Tunable Microperforated Panel Acoustic Absorbers with Coupling Effects Under Grazing Flow
by Y. Li, Y. S. Choy.
Abstract:
Design for highly effective acoustic meta-liners with broadband sound attenuation under grazing flow is challenging due to performance degradation with high flow speeds and intricate internal structures involved. In this study, a tunable microperforated panel (MPP) acoustic absorber is proposed that leverages the coupling effects between its sub-components to achieve broadband sound absorption across static and flow conditions. A theoretical framework combining acoustic radiation theory with modal superposition principles is developed to predict the performance of the proposed absorber. The theoretical and numerical analysis clarifies how coupling effects enhance the absorption troughs in the proposed absorber. Finally, a broadband acoustic liner, composed of multiple optimized coupled MPP absorbers is proposed. Experimental investigations validate the sound absorption performance of the proposed acoustic liner under grazing flow, highlighting the potential of our theoretical model and coupled MPP absorbers to advance acoustic meta-liner design.
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| 15:20 |
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Modelling Sound Absorption Of Vegetal Wools: Consideration Of Fibre Polydispersity
by L. Mutel, C. Piégay, P. Glé, E. Gourdon, C. Segovia.
Abstract:
Vegetal wools are highly porous materials made of vegetal fibres and bicomponent polymer fibres. But despite their high-level multifunctional properties they suffer from poor low-frequency acoustic absorption for thin panels. A solution to this problem can be found in metamaterial methods and in particular double porosity. By using perforated multi-layered hemp wool panels, very good results have been obtained. This promising use of double porosity has highlighted the necessity to accurately model the acoustic behaviour of vegetal wools in order to optimise their low-frequency sound absorption properties. However, unlike more conventional materials, vegetal wools don’t have calibrated fibres, which poses a stalemate this work aims at answering. Vegetal fibres exhibit high radius polydispersity. Most studies use a mean radius for simulations, and more recent works considered composite methods and used two mean radii (for vegetal and polymeric fibres). This work investigates weighted averaging methods with the aim of improving the estimation of the acoustic absorption for vegetal wools having large radius distribution. ␁ .
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| 15:40 |
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Evaluation Of Methods For Modelling The Impact Of Flame-Retardant Treatments On The Acoustic Performance Of Hemp Wools
by C. Piégay, T. Schatzmayr Welp Sa, H. Bossert, L. Mutel, S. Marceau, P. Glé, C. Segovia.
Abstract:
Hemp wools are bio-based insulating materials whose applications in green buildings are limited due to their flammable and flame-spreading nature. To overcome this problem while respecting their nature, an environmentally- friendly fire-retardant based on a mix of phosphorus and urea products has been identified. However, experimental characterizations using an impedance tube have shown that this treatment has an impact on the acoustic performance of vegetal wools and therefore on the microstructure of the materials. Until now, this type of impact has not really been studied in the literature. To better understand the effects of fire retardant treatments on the porous and fibrous structure characteristics of hemp wool samples, parameters related to the effects of viscothermal dissipation such as porosity and airflow resistivity were determined and analyzed. Then, their evolution before and after treatment was evaluated. On the basis of these data, the acoustic absorption of hemp wools could be simulated using equivalent fluid modeling methods (JCAL) and compared with the experimental results for validation. In addition, the variation in fiber radii due to the fire-retardant treatment can be assessed indirectly using micro-macro homogenization methods.
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| 16:00 |
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Multi-functional rainbow trapping filters for particle acoustic agglomeration
by T. Bravo, C. Maury, M. Amielh, D. Mazzoni.
Abstract:
Moving towards global zero-emissions in transport and energy supply industries would enable to achieve a quieter, cleaner and healthier urban environment, more resilient to climate-change. The World Health Organisation has classified traffic noise as the second most important cause of ill health in Western Europe, behind only air pollution caused by very fine particulate matter. A leverage effect would be to enhance the agglomeration of the released ultrafine and fine particles into larger particles easily filtered out by classic clean air solutions. However, a major, still unsolved, challenge is to achieve it without requiring intense sound fields or high-drag flow mixing devices prone to increase flow-particle or particle-particle relative motion. Acoustic rainbow trapping filters (RTFs) have been shown to provide solutions for wideband low-frequency sound dissipation. In this work, we aim at exploiting the effective slow sound – small wavelength properties of acoustic metamaterials traversed by a low-speed flow to provoke mixing and nucleation of the convected ultrafine particles. We will explore conditions on the physical parameters of the RTFs and the seeded particles to produce simultaneous sound dissipation and particle agglomeration. The results open up multi-functional objectives to achieve simultaneous aerosol agglomeration, sound attenuation and low drag performance.
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A10.08 Modeling acoustic wave propagation in viscothermal structures, including porous materials (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| T. Bravo |
| M. Nolan |
| L. Jaouen |
| C. Maury |
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Multi-resonant material based on channels with contrasting tortuosity
by T. G. Zielinski, M.-A. Galland.
Abstract:
The paper presents theoretical and experimental studies on the original multi-resonant sound-absorbing material. A representative geometry of the material contains several channels (disjoint pore networks) of contrasting tortuosity. For the assumed material thickness, one can estimate the quarter-wavelength resonance frequency of each channel based on its tortuosity. The proposed estimate is sufficiently accurate or can be systematically adjusted to eliminate the predictable error. It can therefore be used to design a very effective sound-absorbing layer by tuning the resonance frequencies. This is because the sound absorption peaks for such a layer backed by a rigid wall occur at the resonant frequencies. The tuning is performed by tailoring the shape of the channels to obtain contrasting tortuosities that should distribute their corresponding resonant frequencies over the desired, wide frequency range. In this way, broadband absorption can be achieved. An additional goal of tailoring the channels is to fit them tightly inside the representative space of the material while maintaining their separation. In the proposed material design, all shapes and characteristic sizes are suitable for additive manufacturing, so a sample of the material was 3D printed. It was tested in an impedance tube for sound absorption to validate the theoretical results.
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A10.09/A12.10 Acoustic wave propagation in complex media
| Monday 23 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SM2 - MORSE |
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| V. Romero-García |
| T. Valier-Brasier |
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| 14:20 |
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Numerical simulations of elastic wave propagation in solid materials containing a random distribution of spherical particles
by T. Bertels, T. Valier-Brasier, J.-M. Conoir.
Abstract:
The propagation of elastic waves in multiply scattering solid media is an old problem that has been less studied than the case of acoustic waves (in fluids) or electromagnetic waves. One of the reasons lies in the existence of conversions between longitudinal and transverse waves at the surface of each scatterer. This work presents a new method for simulating elastic wave propagation in heterogeneous media composed of spherical inclusions embedded in a solid matrix. The MuScat code, initially developed to simulate acoustic wave propagation in heterogeneous fluids, is adapted to take into account the vectorial nature of elastic waves in three dimensions. It is based on the analytical solution of the multiple scattering equations using the spherical harmonic expansion of the incident and scattered fields, which allows to consider very large dispersions of particles. We validate the code by comparing the numerical results to experiments performed with samples made of epoxy resin containing tungsten carbide spheres. Then, an alternative method for characterizing multiply scattering media is presented, based on the measurement of the field within the medium. This numerical approach opens up new perspectives for the study of multiple scattering of elastic waves (coherent field, fluctuations).
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| 14:40 |
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Dynamic Wave Manipulation in Spatiotemporal Interfaces and Slabs for Acoustic Control
by R. Picó, J. Galiana Nieves, J. Redondo, V. J. Sánchez-Morcillo.
Abstract:
Time-varying systems have emerged as a pivotal approach in wave physics, enabling unprecedented control over wave dynamics through the modulation of spatial and temporal properties. In this work, we analyze wave interactions at spatiotemporal interfaces, exploring the resulting scattering phenomena and their implications for acoustic wave manipulation. Building upon foundational principles, we classify interaction regimes—subsonic, supersonic, and intersonic—through a novel α-γ diagram, offering a comprehensive framework for understanding wave-interface dynamics. We extend this analysis to spatiotemporal slabs, which consist of two parallel interfaces moving with the same velocity. These structures combine spatial and temporal modulations, enabling intricate wave behaviors such as asymmetric interference patterns and dynamic frequency shifts. By employing numerical simulations and theoretical analysis, we demonstrate the scattering coefficients and frequency conversion characteristics within these slabs. The results highlight the transformative potential of spatiotemporal slabs for broadband acoustic wave control, paving the way for innovative applications in sound insulation, communications, and wave manipulation technologies.
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| 15:00 |
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Ultrasonic Hologram for Bi-directional Diffusion by Phase Controlling the Scattering Coefficients
by E. Ballestero, J. Rodríguez-Sendra, V. Romero-García, J.-P. Groby, N. Jiménez.
Abstract:
In this work, we present a bi-directional asymmetric ultrasonic hologram that can simultaneously control both the reflected and transmitted wave-fields. To do that we design a surface made of a discrete spatial distribution of monolithic elements with different properties than the surrounding medium. This allows to compress two identical or different wavefield scattering patterns (for transmission and reflection) into a single monolithic object. We report an ultrasonic hologram based on Quadratic Residue sequences encoded with resonant building blocks behaving as an ideal Lambertian scatterer from both sides, with spatial autocorrelation coefficients of 0.7 each one, therefore diffusing waves in both transmission and reflection. Depending on the applications, such hologram could be useful in situations where transmitted and reflected wavefields need to be controlled at the same time, such as a bi-directional diffusing system emitting and receiving equally in and from all directions (equivalent of perfect optical diffusers in optics) or as a bi-directional beam directivity selector. Such hologram could also be used directly in reflection situations for minimizing unwanted specular reflections.This work was supported by ANR-17-EURE-0014 and ANR-18-CE08-0021, CIAICO/2022/052, and the Ministerio Español de Ciencia e Innovación grants RYC2021-034920-I, PID2022-142719OB-C21, PID2023-146237NB-I00, and CNS2023-145707 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and MICIU/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033.
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| 15:20 |
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Conditions for weak scattering and the Born approximation in beams with multiple resonators
by M. Lázaro, R. Wiltshaw, R. Craster, V. Romero-García.
Abstract:
We report the necessary conditions for weak scattering in a beam loaded by multiple resonators that support both longitudinal and flexural waves. Using a Green’s matrix approach we derive the equations of motion of a one-dimensional elastic waveguide with several point resonators, for any resonator morphology modeled by the transfer matrix method, even when considering the resonators to have any number of natural frequencies. The methodology is based on multiple scattering theory, expressing the response as an infinite series whose convergence is closely linked to the scattering intensity provided by the resonators. The convergence conditions are reduced to the study of the spectral radius of the scattering matrix. Furthermore, the leading order of the multiple scattering expansion is associated with the Born approximation. Results offer approximate expressions for the spectral radius, providing a clear physical interpretation of weak scattering. Several numerical examples are presented to validate the proposed approach, demonstrating its effectiveness and applicability.M.L. and V.R.-G. are grateful for the partial support under Grant No. PID2020-112759GB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, and also for the partial support under Grant No. PID2023-146237NB-I00 funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. R.W and R.V.C acknowledge financial support from the EU H2020FET-proactive project MetaVEH under grant agreement number 952039.
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A11.01 Musical acoustics - General
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 16:40 |
| Room: SC1-4 - SABINE |
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| V. Chatziioannou |
| M. Ducceschi |
| V. Debut |
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| 16:40 |
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Acoustical Behaviour of Vent Holes on Brasswind Instruments
by M. Aragó Bishop, A. Myers, M. Campbell.
Abstract:
In most brass instruments, the acoustical resonator forms a cylindrically symmetric tube open at both ends. Sound is produced by the vibrations of the player’s lips at the input end and radiates through the bell at the exit. Typically, these are the only two openings in brass instruments. However, in specific categories, such as the trumpets used in many modern performances by period orchestras, additional holes are drilled into the sides of the tube. The player can open or close these holes to improve the instrument’s intonation and stability, particularly in baroque performances. This paper studies the acoustical behaviour of two of the vent holes in a four-hole vented trumpet, for which the most notable behaviour is observed. The input impedance is measured using the BIAS system for all possible venting fingerings. These experimental results are compared with numerical simulations using the Openwind framework, with input data derived from mechanical measurements of the bore profile of the trumpet.
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| 17:00 |
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Embouchure Parameter Variations Across Brass Musicians Of Different Levels Of Proficiency
by P. Amann, V. Chatziioannou, P. Nicolay, R. Willmann.
Abstract:
Sound production in brass instruments requires complex interactions between embouchure parameters such as blowing pressure, mouthpiece force, etc. This paper presents findings from the use of a custom-developed digital mouthpiece designed to efficiently acquire embouchure data. The digital mouthpiece is able to record the forces of the upper and lower lips separately, as well as air pressure both inside the oral cavity and inside the mouthpiece. Data from 31 trombonists of different levels of progress were recorded, including a wide range from beginners to experts. In this context, the study enhances and expands the existing understanding of forces exerted on the mouthpiece, by considering the forces of the upper and lower lip separately. The collected data demonstrate the widely-discussed pivoting movement during the performance of a brass instrument, and dominant types of playing can be seen with regard to the load conditions of the upper and lower lip. In addition, data from the 31 participating musicians is shown, demonstrating the relationship between the mouthpiece force applied, the pitch, intensity and air pressure in the mouth under realistic playing conditions.
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| 17:20 |
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Modal approaches for modelling nonlinear acoustics in 2D axisymmetric domains: application to brass instruments
by F. Soares, B. Cochelin, V. Fréour, C. Vergez, K. Arimoto.
Abstract:
The modelling approach presented here aims at developing accurate, yet computationally efficient, numerical models of brass instrument resonators including nonlinear propagation, viscothermal losses and 2D radiation effects. Firstly, we propose the use of the Blackstock equation to model the nonlinear acoustic propagation inside the resonator, a more appropriate choice when dealing with nonlinear standing wave patterns, compared to the commonly used Burgers equation. An initial step consists in obtaining a complex modal basis from a 2D-axisymmetric finite element model of the linearized equations. Here, we include a bounded domain outside the resonator with a nonreflecting boundary condition as well as the effect of viscothermal losses at the interior walls. The nonlinear Blackstock equation is then projected onto the resulting complex modal basis, leading to a compact set of nonlinear ODEs. This leads to exploitable reduced formulations adapted to quick temporal simulations, bifurcation analysis or parametric studies, retaining nevertheless the accuracy of 2D models. The explicit account of the exterior acoustic field also allows for the calculation of radiated sound pressures as well as directivity patterns. Experimental validation and illustrative numerical results are presented for a simplified trumpet geometry in both linear and nonlinear scenarios.
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| 17:40 |
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Estimating Sound Radiation Characteristics of Complex-Shaped Plates Using Reduced Sets of Elementary Sources
by F. Soares, V. Debut.
Abstract:
When calculating the acoustic radiation from vibrating planar structures, engineers are most often obliged to use computationally heavy approaches, like BEM or FEM. These are, however, largely unfit for parametric studies, optimizations, or real-time sound synthesis. The approach proposed here aims to approximate the acoustic fields produced by a vibrating plate via minimal sets of elementary sources. Based around a modal description of the plate vibration, each lobe region in a mode shape is to be represented by an equivalent punctual source. Aside from its evident computationally efficiency, the proposed approach is versatile since baffled and unbaffled cases can be treated using monopole and dipole arrays, respectively, and complex-shaped plates can be dealt with via automatic image segmentation techniques. Additionally, it enables the calculation of both modal radiation curves as well as forced multi-modal scenarios and transient responses. Because it is set in a modal framework, it can easily be combined with typical structural vibration models. The benefits of this reduced multipole approach are demonstrated through a series of illustrative examples, where approximate solutions are compared to reference results from either analytical or large-scale FEM models.
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| 18:00 |
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Effects of Different Auditory Monitoring Conditions on Vocal Intonation Accuracy
by A. P. Pietrzak.
Abstract:
Precise intonation is crucial for ensemble singing performances, particularly when singers record their parts separately under varying monitoring conditions. This study investigated the intonation accuracy of five female choristers from an academic choir under three common feedback setups: speaker, open headphones, and closed headphones. Recordings were made in an anechoic chamber, where participants sang a perfect fifth (while the reference sound was still audible) and a major third (after the reference sound had ended). Intonation accuracy was measured in cents as the difference between the sung pitch and the expected frequency. Results showed that, for the perfect fifth (harmonic interval), using closed headphones resulted in the smallest median error (11 cents), suggesting that greater isolation may enhance pitch focus. However, for the major third (melodic interval), open headphones produced the lowest error (16 cents), indicating that too much isolation can lead to pitch overestimation when reference tones are no longer audible. Across both tasks, speaker monitoring exhibited the highest overall error values. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirmed statistically significant differences between these monitoring types. These findings suggest that selecting appropriate auditory feedback in both recording and rehearsal settings can optimize singers’ intonation.
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| 18:20 |
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Absolute Pitch among non-global possessors - Timbre and Categorization
by É. Resende De Souza.
Abstract:
Perfect or absolute pitch (AP) is typically considered to be an asset for any musician, however it is not well understood and may have some drawbacks. From a case study among students from the Musicology and Analysis Department of the Conservatoire National de Musique et Danse de Paris - CNSMDP (under direction of Dr. Adrien Mamou-Mani - CNSMDP/IRCAM and Dr. Michèle Castellengo - LAM), we noted important issues raised by the students, in particular the relevance of timbre for AP identification. Among our findings we can highlight: 1) the strong relationship between AP identification and primary instrument; 2) the importance of the piano (pointed as the easiest timbre for recognition) and the voice (which occupies an important place among the hardest timbres for recognition, due, probably, to the overlap between AP label and the lyrics of the song) during AP identification and, 3) the loss of musical pleasure indicated by a considerable number of AP possessors. These highlights call for further research in Psychoacoustics field, including to understand to what extent AP perception can hinder RP perception and therefore the joy of music. .
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A11.01 Musical acoustics - General (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| V. Chatziioannou |
| M. Ducceschi |
| V. Debut |
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A measurement system to capture the player’s control in the natural playing condition of single-reed musical instruments: Application to the performance log of a beginner player
by T. Shoji, Y. Wada, Y. Takahashi, K. Arimoto.
Abstract:
It is well known that the control by players (e.g. embouchure, tonguing, respiration, and so on) gives significant effects on the sound generation of wind instruments. However, it is hard to measure them in an actual playing condition due to the difficulty in putting sensors without disturbing the performance. This paper proposes new devices for measuring the control induced by players of single-reed musical instruments. These devices are capable of acquiring various aspects of the player’s control including blowing pressure, biting force, acoustic pressure inside a mouthpiece, abdominal motion, and chest wall motion. The devices are designed to minimize disturbance for players in order to realize measurements in a natural playing condition. A test measurement using the devices was conducted on a person who was completely new to playing the saxophone. The player was asked to engage in daily practice for three months under the supervision of an experienced player, while consistently measuring the control information. The analysis of the performance log reveals clear improvements in certain performance indicators such as loudness, spectral centroid, and respiratory motion.
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A11.02/A09.08 Artificial intelligence in musical acoustics
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SC1-4 - SABINE |
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| 14:20 |
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A procedure for evaluating the softness of sound played on the Clarinets
by N. Yasui.
Abstract:
In wind ensembles, aligning not only pitch and timing but also the softness of the sound is said to be essential when multiple performers play the same piece. Particularly in clarinet performance, it is said that without the ability to control the softness, it becomes difficult to adapt to the wind ensemble’s repertoire. While many instructional books provide basic exercises for aligning pitch and timing, there are very few that focus on exercises addressing the softness of sound, and there is little research that has investigated procedures for objectively evaluating softness. Therefore, this study proposes a procedure for evaluating the softness of the sound played on the clarinet. Specifically, this study conducted a subjective evaluation experiment by recording clarinet performance sounds and investigating whether listeners could perceive the softness intended by the performer in the same way. The acoustic characteristics of the performance sounds were extracted. The relationship between the characteristics and the softness was analyzed. Based on the results, a procedure for evaluating the softness of clarinet performance sounds was investigated. As a result, it was found that the softness in clarinet performance can be evaluated by three acoustic characteristics: slope of the attack, spectral centroid, and spectral flux.
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| 14:40 |
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Psychoacoustic Analysis of Viscoellastically Damped Membranes Using Physics-Informed Machine Learning
by C. F. Martínez Orellanos, R. Bader.
Abstract:
The perceived sound of percussion instruments is significantly influenced by Viscoelastic Damping (VD), a mechanism whereby damped energy is temporarily stored and released back into the system, modifying the frequency spectrum. Performers harness this influence by choosing different materials and damping additives to shape the sound of their instruments. However, this process is still not fully understood. To address this, we apply physics-informed machine learning within a psychoacoustically grounded framework to investigate how changes in VD parameters influence the perceived sound of musical membranes. By analyzing a physics-informed dataset, we track spectral centroid differences and spectral flux across time and frequency ranges. Results show that the perceptual influence of VD strongly depends on where along the frequency spectrum the damping occurs, particularly in relation to the fundamental frequency. A temporal drift of the affected spectral region toward lower frequencies was also observed. Self-organizing maps (SOMs), initialized with physically informed features, were used to explore these complex, high-dimensional relationships. This method offers new insights into how specific damping conditions shape perceived sound and provides a foundation for more detailed analyses using alternative time–frequency representations in future research.
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| 15:00 |
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The Revolution is Here: Deep Audio Processing Redefines Offline and Real-Time Audio Experiences
by B.-Y. Yossi, T. Yami, F. Nir.
Abstract:
Deep Audio Processing (DAP) introduces a novel approach to personalized audio optimization, bridging established techniques such as time stretching, remixing, and audio channel separation with a groundbreaking dualmode application for offline and real-time scenarios. While traditional audio processing methods excel in specific domains, their adaptation to dynamic real-time environments or offline pre-processing with synchronization constraints has been limited. DAP addresses this gap by integrating adaptive latency management and user-specific audio adjustments to deliver an enhanced listening experience tailored to diverse hearing capabilities and preferences. Key innovations in DAP include latency reduction techniques leveraging silent or non-speech segments and extended temporal flexibility for optimizing speech rates, singer-toinstrument ratios, and dynamic loudness ranges. Additionally, machine learning–driven auditory scene classification dynamically adjusts acoustic weights and parameters, optimizing intelligibility and comfort. This unified framework supports applications ranging from live-streaming accessibility enhancements to personalized audio delivery in cinema, teleconferencing, and music playback.
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A11.02/A09.08 Artificial intelligence in musical acoustics (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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Individual violin sound identification using audio features and machine learning
by H. Pauget Ballesteros, P. Lalitte, C. Fritz.
Abstract:
Identifying individual instruments of the same type from their recordings is a rarely addressed challenge. This paper explores violin sound identification using two datasets of recordings, featuring multiple violinists playing multiple violins. Several long-term audio features were compared, and their performance in violin classification was evaluated using classical machine learning algorithms. Among these features, long-term MFCCs demonstrated the ability to distinguish individual violins, even with player-induced variability, enabling reliable violin recognition. Additionally, the influence of key parameters—such as the number of violinists, recording duration, and choice of musical excerpts—on classification performance was analyzed. These findings offer guidelines for optimizing future data collection aimed at capturing a violin’s unique sound signature.
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A Data-Driven Transfer Matrix Model for the Design of Saxophone Mouthpieces
by G. Greco, X. Luan, A. Bernardini, F. Antonacci, A. Sarti.
Abstract:
This study presents a data-driven methodology to derive transfer matrices modeling saxophone mouthpieces based on their geometric parameters. More than 1000 unique mouthpiece geometries were generated using a novel parametric model. Key geometric features, such as chamber and throat cross-sections, shape radii, and baffle inclination angle, were varied to create the dataset. The training data were generated through Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations, from which transfer matrices were extracted and approximated using Chebyshev polynomials. Polynomial coefficients were then modeled using fully connected neural networks to enable efficient prediction. The results demonstrate the system’s ability to accurately predict transfer matrix coefficients, highlighting the potential of computational methods to enhance the customization and design of specific elements of musical instruments, such as mouthpieces.
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A11.03 Consistency of musical instrument making
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 15:20 |
| Room: SC1-4 - SABINE |
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| L. Ausiello |
| J.-P. Dalmont |
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| 15:20 |
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Evaluating the Reproducibility of Impedance Measurements of Wind Instruments
by J.-P. Dalmont, A. Ernoult, J. Cabaret, H. Boutin, T. Colinot, V. Fréour, R. Viala.
Abstract:
Input impedance is a physical quantity that allows the objective characterization of wind instruments. It is now a common measurement in research labs and wind instrument factories. To be relevant, these measurements must achieve a precision higher than what a musician can detect. Although the sensitivity of musicians to slight impedance variations is not known, it is important to have an idea of the precision of impedance measurements in realistic situations. In order to evaluate the accuracy and different type of variability (e.g.: intra- and inter-operator) of impedance measurements and to identify key sources of error in the process, a collaborative study has been conducted involving multiple operators using the experimental setups developed by the CTTM. Measurements were performed on simple pipe geometries, including cylindrical, with a focus on boundary conditions, material properties, and calibration procedures. Variability in experimental results is linked to the calibration steps, the pipes manipulation, and challenges with wall surfaces, particularly in wooden pipes. The study also revealed significant inter-operator variability and emphasizes the importance of rigorous calibration procedures and standardized measurement practices. These findings provide actionable insights for enhancing the reliability of experimental methods and support further research into more complex and realistic geometries.
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| 15:40 |
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Assessing the consistency of numerical models for wind instrument impedance
by A. Ernoult, J. Cabaret, J. Chabassier, T. Colinot, J.-P. Dalmont, J.-B. Doc, V. Fréour, R. Viala.
Abstract:
Numerical simulation of the input impedance of wind instruments is the basis of much work in music acoustics. However, the accuracy and reproducibility of such simulations across different contributors remain little documented. This study aims to benchmark the reliability of numerical simulations for pipe impedance, focusing on simple geometries such as cylindrical and conical pipes, and to identify key factors influencing simulation variability. A collaborative approach was adopted, involving multiple contributors employing various numerical models, including TMM, FEM (1D or 3D), etc., and eventually different physical models for the propagation, the boundary conditions, and the thermo-viscous effects. Significant variability in simulation results was observed due to differences in implementation, numerical precision, and boundary condition modelling. Incomplete convergence in some methods also contributed to discrepancies. Despite these challenges, the collaborative work and exchanges reduced variability and improved consistency across contributors. The study highlights the importance of such benchmark and the interest to adopt good practices including verification of the numerical tools through comparative analysis and identification of convergence criteria. This work provides a framework for improving the reproducibility an accuracy of numerical simulations in musical acoustics context.
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| 16:00 |
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Is it possible to predict single cane reed mouthpiece interaction by measuring the reed alone?
by A. Gaillard, M. Tahon, C. Urban, E. Brasseur, B. Gazengel.
Abstract:
This paper deals with the experimental characterization of single cane reeds.According to some authors, the reed stiffness symmetry of the unmounted reed may explain it’s perceived quality. Other studies show that the nonlinear stiffness of a reed mounted on a mouthpiece partially explains its behavior in playing situations. According to these results, the aim of this work is to study the link between measurements performed on unmounted and mounted reeds.We adapted two experimental test rigs to characterize 90 reeds with 3 different strengths. The first is dedicated to unmounted reeds. It enables to measure the local compliance at a known distance from the reed tip by imposing a displacement and measuring the force.The second test rig focuses on the reed mouthpiece interaction. Using a force sensor and a camera, it enables to estimate the nonlinear characteristics between lip force and reed channel area.Using these numerous measurements, we investigate the relation between the indicators by the use of statistical analysis and machine learning techniques.These methods enable to show several correlations between parameters obtained from unmounted and mounted reed measurements.
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A11.03 Consistency of musical instrument making (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| L. Ausiello |
| J.-P. Dalmont |
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Reproducibility in the construction of traditional wooden and 3D-printed plastic soundboards for string instruments
by S. Labraña, V. Correa, A. Montoya, C. Espinoza.
Abstract:
This study aims to quantify the reproducibility of 3D-printed soundboards for string musical instruments by comparing the frequency responses of ukulele tops made of three materials: Engelmann spruce (traditional tonewood), Chilean laurel (local tonewood), and PLA+ (3D printing material). Traditional Latin American luthiers fabricated the soundboards and the PLA+ plates were produced using FDM printing. The frequency response of free soundboards and admittance measurements coupling the plates to printed bodies were performed. Pearson correlation coefficients assessed the similarity between free plates’ responses within each material. As expected, the results show notable variability in the wooden plates: correlations between laurel plates range from 0.19 to 0.50, and between spruce plates, from 0.36 to 0.65. In contrast, the PLA-printed plates show high consistency, with correlations close to 0.94. Similar trends were obtained comparing admittance measurements in plates coupled to printed soundboxes, although the correlation values decrease significantly when compared to those of the free plates. These findings suggest that 3D printing offers promising consistency for the construction of reproducible musical instruments, which may benefit not only the commercial manufacturing of instruments but also research based on them.
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Design, Construction, and Acoustic Characterization of a Fully Functional 3D-Printed Guitar
by C. Espinoza, C. Adasme, V. Correa, J. Baeza.
Abstract:
Crafting a guitar demands expertise and skill from the artisan in selecting the appropriate tonewood and working with it. Despite these efforts, the outcome remains highly unpredictable. The above is due to inherent variability in material properties and manufacturing procedures. In contrast, 3D printing, coupled with parametric modeling, enables precise control over structural characteristics, replicability, and quick prototyping. Furthermore, the printing process offers potential benefits, including reduced waste generation and the use of bio-based materials. In this work, an interdisciplinary team of luthiers, designers, and scientists designed, constructed, and characterized a scaled-down, fully functional guitar with a modular design, enabling its fabrication in desktop 3D printers. Acoustic measurements were conducted compared to a mass-produced guitar, highlighting the need to improve certain key aspects of the printed one, such as sustain and low-frequency response. Despite that, the results pave the way for future studies to optimize materials and techniques to enhance the acoustic quality of 3D-printed instruments.
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Perceptual Comparison Between a Low-Cost Guitar and a 3D-Printed Guitar
by C. Espinoza, T. Ibanez, C. Adasme, M. Denzer, C. Díaz, T. Moreno.
Abstract:
This study evaluates perceptual and acoustic differences in timbral characteristics between two guitars: (1) a wooden, mass-produced, low-cost guitar designed for beginners and (2) a 3D-printed guitar. Blind listening tests were conducted with seven students specializing in musical performance, composition, and music theory. An experienced performer played identical musical pieces on both instruments—strumming, arpeggios, open strings, and harmonics—under controlled recording conditions. Participants rated the perceived timbral characteristics in low, mid, and high-frequency ranges and sustain for each recording using a five-point Likert scale. Results showed considerable variability in participant responses, suggesting that the timbral differences between instruments were not easily distinguishable. The most significant difference was observed in the sustain rating, which was generally lower for the printed instrument. A preliminary acoustic analysis was conducted using the same evaluated recordings, and the results aligned with the perceptual findings. These results highlight the timbral characteristics of the 3D-printed guitar that require further development and demonstrate the potential of 3D printing in musical instrument manufacturing.
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Numerical design of a trumpet lead pipe: from the numerical model to the evaluation of the hardware prototype
by J.-F. Petiot, V. Fréour, K. Arimoto.
Abstract:
In a previous work, a machine learning model was trained using numerical simulations in order to predict intonation and playability descriptors of trumpets from the bore geometry [Petiot et al., Acusticum 2023]. Using this technology, a numerical design procedure was conducted where a new lead pipe geometry was proposed using a bi-objective optimization on the Equivalent Fundamental Pitch (EFP) and minimum blowing pressure (Pthres) computed over five regimes. This recommendation led to a lead pipe numerical prototype that was manufactured by Yamaha Corporation of Japan. In this paper we present recent investigations conducted on this hardware lead pipe prototype in order to compare the performances of the real instrument with the numerical expectations in the design phase. At first, impedance measurements and computation of the EFP and Pthres descriptors were performed from these measurements in order to compare the results with the numerical prototype. In a second step playing tests with musicians were conducted in order to assess perceived differences between the original and prototyped lead pipe. These results will be discussed in light of the potential sources of uncertainties through the whole procedure, from the model to the perception.
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A11.04 Articulated musical instrument modelling
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SC1-4 - SABINE |
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| M. Van Walstijn |
| V. Chatziioannou |
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| 14:20 |
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Real-time bowing parameter sensing methods for articulated bow-string physical modelling
by E. Ó Néill, M. Van Walstijn, M. Ortiz.
Abstract:
This paper presents bowing parameter estimation techniques developed specifically for real-time control of bowed-string physical models. By placing the sensors on the resonator instead of on the bow, the ability to seamlessly employ traditional bowing techniques is preserved. The sensing methods presented here are part of a larger project that aims to design and develop stage-ready virtual-acoustic bowed-string instruments. The proposed approach utilizes load cells mounted beneath the string supports to sense bowing force and position in real time. An automatic offset adjustment algorithm is implemented to counter sensor drift, which enhances accuracy and long-term reliability. A Kalman-like feedback loop that implements level-dependent adaption of the bowing position was designed to avoid noisy estimates at small bowing forces. Experimental validation shows that this approach provides robust, usable estimates of bowing force and position with minimal calibration. Bow velocity is inferred from string velocity data captured by an electromagnetic pickup system, utilising an approximation of the short-time probability density function. Preliminary bow velocity estimation results were obtained with an offline algorithm, showing promising capability for real-time application.
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| 14:40 |
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A two-register haptic interface for articulated control of harpsichord physical models
by M. Hamilton, R. Russo, C. Webb, M. Ducceschi.
Abstract:
A two-register haptic interface is presented for the articulated control of physically modelled harpsichord sounds. While physical modelling synthesis affords realism and nuance, standard MIDI-based controllers lack the resolution to capture the fine temporal detail required for historically informed keyboard performance. A custom threekey harpsichord mechanism was commissioned from an expert builder, and augmented with optical and forcesensitive sensors to track independent jack displacements per register. These data inform a real-time nonlinear string synthesis engine, enabling control over subtle interregister plucking delays characteristic of historical instruments. The interface supports velocity-sensitive articulation across registers and integrates with a real-time software model employing modal energy-preserving techniques. The system reintroduces key expressive features absent from sample-based approaches, offering a viable solution for high-fidelity digital reconstruction of early keyboard gestures.
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| 15:00 |
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Real-time demonstrators to exhibit, investigate and teach transient behaviors in nonlinear dynamics, focused on musical instruments
by T. Colinot.
Abstract:
Nonlinear dynamical systems exhibit various transient behaviors, whose understanding is required to fully apprehend how the system responds to sollicitations. This work focuses on multistable systems, where several stable solutions coexist for a given value of the system’s parameters. In these settings, transients condition which solution actually appears during time integration. Then, a comprehensive description of the system’s behavior entails mapping out the infinite possibilities of variations of the system’s parameters with respect to time. This is impractical for models whose phase space is of high dimension, or in limited timescales such as practical activities for students. This work proposes real-time demonstrators of dynamical systems as a way to still investigate these phenomena. The construction of such demonstrators is detailed, including a display outlining the zones of stability of the solutions, and control inputs mimicking a musical instrument (such as a MIDI controller). We show how these elements coupled with audio and visual feedback enables users to quickly gauge a large variety of transient behaviors, for academic proofs of concept or pedagogical activities. A demonstrator for a Van der Pol toy model and one for a woodwind model used for a lab in a master’s degree are used as examples.
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| 15:20 |
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Influence of the basins of attraction in the register jumps of the clarinet
by N. Szwarcberg, T. Colinot, C. Vergez, M. Jousserand.
Abstract:
When playing the clarinet, opening the register hole enables to jump from the first register to the second through a twelfth interval. On an artificial mouth, the blowing pressure range for which the second register is stable can be determined easily by varying the blowing pressure while the register hole stays open. However, in the case where the register hole is opened while a first register is established, the blowing pressure range leading to a stable second register is smaller than the stability zone of the second register itself. The experiment is reproduced numerically. For each value of the blowing pressure, the basin of attraction of the second register is computed. Their influence on the playability of the register jumps is explored.
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| 15:40 |
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Imaging based saxophone reed modelling
by D. Tonetti, E. A. Piana.
Abstract:
Accurate sound synthesis of reed instruments based on physical models is of primary importance in the development and prediction of the sound produced by such devices. Since the sound is produced by reed oscillation, correct modelling of this part is mandatory. Several attempts have been explored in literature both by direct and inverse modelling. Here an imaging-based approach for characterising the reed dynamic behaviour is presented, using a high-speed camera and a Digital Image Correlation technique that allows the measurement of the reed vibrations under exponential sine sweeps pressure excitation signals. The transfer function between the reed and the driving pressure is estimated at different jaw forces using an artificial lip. This approach allows for direct modelling of the reed as a single-degree-of-freedom oscillator that can be implemented in sound synthesis.
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| 16:00 |
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Vocal tract turbulence and recorder sound – a CFD approach
by N. Nordblom, R. Bader.
Abstract:
Whether it is possible to change the timbre during recorder playing is a much debated question among recorder players. Chen et al. (2007) showed that it is indeed possible to alter the timbre of the recorder as a player. As the underlying mechanism is not clear, a large eddy fluid simulation in two dimensions of four different vocal tract shapes has been carried out. One vocal tract is straight, the second one has a constriction in the back, the third one has a constriction in the front and the last one is a short reference model. The velocities and the pressure point to the hypothesis that turbulence created in the front of the mouth cavity is associated with lesser correlated velocities in the jet region and reduced harmonics.
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| 16:20 |
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Dynamical Behavior of a Brass Instrument Around a Double Hopf Bifurcation
by M. Pégeot, T. Colinot, J.-B. Doc, V. Fréour, C. Vergez.
Abstract:
Self-sustained musical instruments, such as wind or bowed string instruments, are capable of producing sustained sounds from a continuous supply of energy. These instruments exhibit transient regimes when the sound appears and during note changes. In this study, we focus on certain transient behaviors of a soprano trombone around a double Hopf bifurcation, induced by a slide displacement. To numerically study these transients on a model, the input impedance of the instrument is interpolated between different slide positions. Linear stability analysis and time integration are applied to a brass model for this situation. These simulations show that around a double Hopf bifurcation and at constant blowing pressure, it is possible to select the equilibrium or two different periodic regimes by only controlling the slide position.
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A11.05 Instruments, hyperinstruments and beyond
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:20 |
| Room: SC1-4 - SABINE |
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| A. M. Barbancho |
| S. Guillén |
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| 9:20 |
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Musical Acoustics students faced with the challenge of building new musical instruments
by A. M. Barbancho, I. Barbancho, L. J. Tardón.
Abstract:
One of the most difficult aspects to work on and assess in university students is their level of creativity: teaching usually focuses on learning techniques for practical problem solving, mostly with systematic solutions. For this reason, in the subject Musical Acoustics, an optional subject in the fourth year of the Degree in Sound and Image Engineering at the School of Telecommunications Engineering of the University of Malaga, since the 2013-2014 academic year, students have been asked to make a new musical instrument as part of the assessment of the subject. The only condition that the instrument must meet is that it must produce three musical sounds of different frequencies. This article is a brief compilation of all the instruments, focusing on the physical studies of the most original and creative ones. It should be noted that over the years, students have been making better and more creative instruments.
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| 9:40 |
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What do bells made from lunar regoliths sound like?
by A. M. Barbancho, I. Barbancho, L. J. Tardón, C. Traginer.
Abstract:
Building permanent bases for human life on both the moon and Mars is one of the greatest challenges facing humanity. All civilisations, from the most ancient to the present, have had their own music. This music has been conditioned, among other factors, by the material means that were naturally available. Moreover, the initial musical instruments of all civilisations have been percussion instruments. Therefore, if in the future humans are to inhabit the moon or Mars, they must be able to make musical instruments with the materials available in their environment. This article presents the design and the acoustic characterisation of bells made from lunar regolith. This will make it possible to analyse the ability to create music with the materials available on the moon and thus to improve the adaptation of humans.
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| 10:00 |
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Acoustic Design of a Dual-Purpose Sound Tube Organ
by E. Pérez, S. Guillén, A. M. Barbancho, I. Barbancho, L. J. Tardón.
Abstract:
This paper presents the design and construction of a homemade sound tube demonstrator that doubles as a functional musical instrument. Developed as a pedagogical tool, the prototype aims to introduce children to fundamental musical concepts such as sound production, pitch, and scales. The design process involved validating the instrument’s operation as both an open and closed tube, with special attention given to determining the precise tube lengths required for accurate tuning. The study addresses theoretical challenges, such as material selection and tuning techniques, alongside practical considerations to ensure the prototype is both accessible and durable. Acoustic measurements were conducted to validate the theoretical predictions and ensure accurate tuning of the instrument. To assess its educational impact, the demonstrator was tested in a public educational setting, where children engaged with it through guided activities. The results show that the tool helps inspire musical curiosity and makes learning more engaging through hands-on activities. This work highlights the potential of simple, low-cost instruments as educational resources, contributing to both acoustic design and music. The sound tube demonstrator exemplifies how functional hyper-instruments can bridge science and art, inspiring future generations to explore music and acoustics.
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A11.05 Instruments, hyperinstruments and beyond (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| A. M. Barbancho |
| S. Guillén |
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Enhancing Music Visualization with Haptic Feedback to Ease Perception for DHH Listeners
by N. Mauri, M. Sacchetto, P. Bagnus, C. Nicora, M. Zanoni, A. Bianco, C. Rottondi.
Abstract:
This paper introduces a novel integration of visual and haptic feedback to improve music perception for Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing (DHH) individuals. The proposed prototype leverages a touchscreen augmented with electroadhesion-based haptic technology, enabling dynamic overlay of tactile textures on visual content. The system processes pre-recorded audio tracks to extract spectral, harmonic, and rhythmic features, which are mapped to both visual and haptic representations. More in detail, key features such as chroma, Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs), and rhythmic figures, are translated into corresponding visual attributes (e.g., color, shape, and size) and tactile textures. Users can explore music in real-time through these multisensory outputs, which evolve synchronously with the audio playback. A preliminary user assessment demonstrates the system’s potential to enhance musical interaction by combining visual-haptic feedback.
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MeloPad, a portable device for music composition based on the Bela audio and interaction platform
by J. Thieme, L. Molina-Tanco.
Abstract:
For my bachelor thesis I created MeloPad: The prototype of a portable device for recording short musical annotations. The idea of being portable arises from the need to be able to make notes in any situation and place without the need for a power supply. It is possible to choose between different physically interchangeable covers that simulate instrument families. MeloPad detects the placed cover and offers different sounds of this instrument-family in a menu from which to select the desired one. To create a melody as close as possible to the idea in your mind, you can also select the frequency range. The selection of these options is done thanks to an OLED display and three buttons implemented in the prototype. The user can practice the melody and record it, check whether it has been successful and, if so, save it in the MeloPad’s memory. The stored recordings can be consulted when no cover is detected. This interaction and audio processing is done with Bela, an open source embedded computing platform for creating real-time interactive systems with audio and sensors. MeloPad is inspired by a MIDI-peripheral created by the French company Joué Play.
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Alfonso and Theresa: Merging Traditional Lutherie with Modern Electronics in the Design of an Expanded Lute and Contrabass
by C. Betancur Gutierrez, L. Valentin.
Abstract:
This paper details the parallel engineering and building processes for an electric and extended lute (Alfonso) and an electric and extended contrabass (Theresa). We illustrate how the fusion of craftsmanship, acoustic tradition, and modern electronic design can redefine the sonic possibilities of heritage instruments and traditional lutherie. We begin by discussing the initial concept and design phases, where musical and aesthetic considerations guided the instruments’ form, function, and ergonomics. This step also relied on acoustical measurements made on a traditional lute from the Stanford collection and a traditional European Contrabass. Next, we delve into the woodworking and carving techniques used to shape each instrument’s body, discussing the role of material choice in achieving desired tonal and structural properties, and the accessibility of such techniques for novice instruments makers. Finally, we examine our approach to integrating pickup systems of various types, real-time signal processing and onboard electronics. The instruments can produce a variety of signals that then can be remapped into control, audio or both, ultimately making them hyperinstruments.
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A12.01 Physical acoustics and ultrasound - General
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 17:40 |
| Room: SM5 - SCHROEDER |
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| 17:40 |
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Ultrasonic Imaging for Quantifying Microplastic Concentrations in Liquids
by O. Martinez-Graullera, P. Moreno, C. Pinillos Boralla, J. Huecas, R. Shaporin, M. Parrilla, L. Elvira.
Abstract:
In recent decades, the uncontrolled disposal of plastic waste into the environment has caused widespread contamination, infiltrating even the food chain. The issue of microplastics, particularly in oceans, poses significant challenges with negative implications for marine ecosystems, human health, and the economy. Furthermore, emerging contaminants and their interactions with climate change exacerbate these impacts. To address this problem, active monitoring programs are being developed to detect contaminants such as microplastics, antibiotics, and chemicals in coastal waters. Advancing technologies to implement these strategies effectively is essential. This study aims to develop an analytical procedure to quantify microplastic concentrations in liquids (5–50 microns), optimized for onboard instrumentation. A system has been designed to channel the flow through a 1 mm diameter pathway, utilizing high-frequency ultrasonic imaging (20–50 MHz). Ultrasonic image processing enables the measurement of reflected energy to estimate microplastic concentrations. This method is calibrated using controlled monodispersive polystyrene particle concentrations, establishing a relationship between reflected energy and particle concentration. The proposed approach provides a pathway for real-time, accurate microplastic detection, supporting environmental monitoring and mitigation efforts. This paper presents a preliminary study, employing a 20 MHz transducer and an experimental setup with monodispersive polystyrene particles in continuous flow.
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| 18:00 |
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Ultrasonic intensification reactor applied to the agri-food and pharmaceutical industry
by R. Fernández-Clement, F. J. Pastor-Rodríguez, F. J. Navarro-Brull, P. Poveda Martinez, R. Gómez.
Abstract:
Ultrasound has a wide range of applications in fields such as medicine, architecture, and chemistry. In particular, ultrasound-intensified reactors have proven to be more efficient than traditional reactors in multiple situations, offering a benefit to the industry due to the increased control over the conditions in the mixture, helping to accelerate reactions and replace solvents, among other things. Two examples of this are the agri-food and pharmaceutical sectors. In the first case, ultrasound reactors can improve continuous production, product stability, and allergen removal. In the second, issues such as capillary blockages and crystallization treatments can be mitigated through this technology. This paper presents a preliminary design of an ultrasonic reactor aimed at these applications. The device utilizes a long sonotrode to enhance energy transmission to a continuous flow. This sonotrode consists of a solid cylinder with a helical slit along its surface, into which a tube is inserted through which the sample to be treated is passed. Analytical and numerical methods have been used for its design, which have subsequently been reflected at the experimental level for the agri-food and pharmaceutical industry applications.
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A12.01 Physical acoustics and ultrasound - General (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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Preliminary Study On Theoretical Corrections To The Equation Of State In Single-Bubble Sonoluminescence And Extension Of The Minimum Radius Stage
by R. Fernández-Clement, P. Poveda Martinez, R. Gómez.
Abstract:
Single bubble sonoluminescence (SBSL) involves the emission of very short flashes of light by bubbles subjected to a periodic ultrasonic acoustic field in a liquid medium, which slowly expand and rapidly contract, emitting light at the minimum radius stage. Several theories have been proposed to model the behavior and thermodynamic conditions inside the bubble, and most of them treat the gas inside as an ideal gas. Nonetheless, the experimental results obtained to date show conditions that deviate from the range of applicability of the ideal gas equation. This paper proposes a first approach to the study of the SBSL phenomenon through the application of an equation of state corresponding to real gases, and even to plasmas, in order to obtain theoretical corrections to the dynamics and thermodynamic conditions (mainly pressure and temperature) inside the bubble. In addition, the possibility of prolonging the minimum radius stage of the bubble by modifying the applied acoustic field will be analyzed, in order to examine whether the thermodynamic conditions inside the bubble vary or not in this case, and whether these conditions are stable in time.
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A12.02 NDT & SHM Applications
| Monday 23 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SC1-4 - SABINE |
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| L. Chehami |
| M. Ben Tahar |
| M. Ech-Cherif El-Kettani |
| G. Cosarinsky |
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| 14:20 |
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Modelling of the Acoustic Emission (AE) wave propagation using the AE transmitting sensors’ responses
by V.-D. Le, M. Perrin, L. Espinosa, M.-L. Pastor, Y. Le-Maoult.
Abstract:
Acoustic Emission (AE) testing is a non-destructive evaluation technique widely used in numerous fields providing ongoing monitoring to detect and track early signs of damages within structures. To ensure an effective interpretation of AE signatures in relation to damage mechanisms, a combination of numerical and experimental approaches is crucial for a comprehensive study of the measurement chain, including excitation sources, propagation mediums, sensors, acquisition systems and signal processing. This study aims to model the AE measurement chain using highly reproducible and reliably characterized emission waves from a piezoelectric sensor. To achieve this, a first step was to calibrate the source using a laser vibrometer. The aperture effect and several parameters of the sensor responses were investigated. Then, 3D models incorporating these source mechanisms within a metallic material were developed simultaneously by experiment and simulation to analyse AE wave propagation and measurement chain effects. Validated results in time and frequency domains showed good agreement, demonstrating the accuracy of the numerical approaches. These findings are crucial for gaining a significantly understanding of AE sensors, contributing to sensor calibration processes, modelling of the entire measurement chain to enhance the interpretation of damage mechanisms.
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| 14:40 |
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Adaptive 3D Plane Wave Imaging through interfaces
by G. Cosarinsky, A. Rubio, M. Muñoz, J. F. Cruza, J. Camacho.
Abstract:
Plane Wave Imaging (PWI) with ultrasonic arrays, initially developed for fast medical imaging, is nowadays being applied in Ultrasonic Testing (UT) for Non-Destructive Testing (NDT). In NDT, the Total Focusing Method (TFM) is regarded as the gold standard for image quality. However, TFM requires multiple transmission events (one for each array element), which can be slow for applications demanding very fast image acquisition. Since PWI can generate images of comparable quality with fewer transmissions, it presents a promising solution for such high-speed applications. This study demonstrates how volumetric PWI can be achieved using matrix arrays for testing arbitrarily shaped components, where a coupling medium is required and ultrasound waves are refracted on the component surface. This introduces complexity in calculating the time delays required to generate a plane wave within the component, a process that is straightforward in a single propagation medium scenario. Additionally, since the computation of those delays requires knowledge of the surface shape, we also explore how plane waves can be utilized for fast estimation of the surface shape.
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| 15:00 |
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Ultrasonic pulse-echo system for measuring the inter-plate distance of an irradiated fuel element
by R. Mrabti, E. Le Clézio, T. Delaunay, Y. Calzavara, G. Despaux.
Abstract:
The High Flux Reactor at the Laue Langevin Institute produces the most intense neutron flux in the world, with a thermal power of 58 MW. As part of the global non-proliferation initiative, the Laue Langevin Institute aims to convert highly enriched fuel into low enriched uranium. This conversion is a challenging process, requiring strict compliance with safety standards and the preservation of the same performance quality for the new fuel element. During an irradiation cycle of the fuel element, multiple microstructural and physicochemical transformations occur, depending on the specific irradiation history of the fuel element, leading to a swelling phenomenon of the fuel plates and a decrease in the inter-plate distance. The Perseus project therefore aims to develop new evaluation tools, particularly a measurement of the inter-plate distance using an ultrasonic pulse-echo system with a frequency of 100 MHz. In this article, we will present the system developed over the course of three theses, the different solutions implemented to measure the inter-plate distance on an irradiated fuel element. The radiation-resistant transducer, custom-built along with its instrumentation, and the associated signal processing will be detailed to present measurements on irradiated fuel elements.
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| 15:20 |
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Impact of phase anisotropy-related shifts on the contrast of defect localization images in reverberant plates
by L. Chehami, O. Bouchakour, E. Moulin, E. Farha.
Abstract:
Ultrasonic imaging based on beamforming relies generally on the precise synchronization of signals within a sensor network. Time shifts in these signals—often caused by sensor clock drifts—can be estimated and corrected during post-processing, prior to applying the back␂propagation algorithm, using methods like the Peak Correlation Technique (PCT). However, in certain situations, particularly when defects exhibit anisotropy effects, additional time shifts can distort the backpropagated signals, undermining the accuracy of defect localization. This study focuses on statistically quantifying the impact of anisotropy-induced time shifts the contrast of defect localization images. The analysis is conducted in a thin reverberating plate, where covariance matrices are recorded in Full Matrix Capture (FMC) mode under two conditions: with and without a defect. Numerical simulations using A0 Lamb mode propagation are performed to validate the theoretical predictions.
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| 15:40 |
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Viscoelastic Model: The Memory Of Cement
by J. Gosalbez, V. J. Ruiz, J. Madrigal, R. Miralles, I. Bosch, J. Quiroga, J. Payá.
Abstract:
The high sensitivity of nonlinear terms in the elastic response of materials to the early appearance of damage has led to the emergence of the so-called NEWS methods (Nonlinear Elastic Wave Spectroscopy). These NDE (NonDestructive Evaluation) methods exploit the increase in the material’s nonlinear behaviour as damage increases. In particular, the NIRAS technique (Non-linear Impact Resonance Acoustic Spectroscopy) detects changes in the resonance of a material (frequency, damping factor, etc.) as a function of impact intensity. In this work, the NIRAS technique has been employed to characterize concrete using different sensing methods (accelerometers and FBG - Fiber Bragg Grating). Additionally, this study presents the conditioning process, along with a viscoelastic model of the Maxwell and KelvinVoigt types, to understand the effects of conditioning on the specimens during testing.
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A12.02 NDT & SHM Applications (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| L. Chehami |
| M. Ben Tahar |
| M. Ech-Cherif El-Kettani |
| G. Cosarinsky |
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Acoustic Resonance Spectroscopy Using FBG Sensors Embedded in Mortars
by J. Gosalbez, V. J. Ruiz, J. Madrigal, A. M. Macian, J. E. Carcel, J. Payá.
Abstract:
The high sensitivity of nonlinear terms in the elastic response of materials to the early appearance of damage has led to the emergence of the so-called NEWS methods (Nonlinear Elastic Wave Spectroscopy). These NDE (NonDestructive Evaluation) methods exploit the increase in the material’s nonlinear behaviour as damage increases. In particular, the NIRAS technique (Non-linear Impact Resonance Acoustic Spectroscopy) detects changes in the resonance of a material (frequency, damping factor, etc.) as a function of impact intensity. In this work, the NIRAS technique was employed to characterize damage in mortar concrete samples embedded with FBG (Fiber Bragg Grating) sensors. The advantage of this technique lies in the fact that these sensors can be integrated during the fabrication process, spatially distributed, share the same optical fiber, and be interrogated remotely.
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Characterization of the adhesion quality in an aeronautical assembly by acoustic microscopy
by Y. Ezziani, D. Leduc, P. Marechal, M. Ech-Cherif El-Kettani, M. Ducousseau, N. Cuvillier.
Abstract:
This work deals with the characterization of the adhesion quality and of the adhesive film properties in Titanium/Epoxy adhesive film/3D Composite aeronautical assemblies. Due to the thickness of the adhesive film in the different samples, between 60 m and 200 m, the study is performed with a scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) in pulse-echo mode, at high frequencies (30 and 50 MHz). The difficulties expected and that are challenged are both due to the acoustic impedance contrast between the materials and to the high frequency that should make the reflected echo at the Epoxy film-Composite undetectable or in the better way very attenuated. These conditions impose that the experiment must be carried out carefully and with high accuracy. Nevertheless, the observation of the small amplitude reflected echo at the adhesive film-composite interface in the different samples was possible thanks to the good signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the experimental set up instrumentation. The properties of the adhesive film are determined and the quantification of the adhesion quality is achieved via an interphase model solved by the Debye Series formalism. Moreover, SAM images are performed and confirm the obtained adhesion quantification and give an approximated and fast estimation of the adhesive film thickness.
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Ultrasonic maging of layer on substrate structures using high-frequency acoustic field correlation
by N. Ben Jafela, L. Chehami, M. Duquennoy, E. Moulin, N. Smagin, D. Fall, Z. Oumekloul.
Abstract:
Layer on substrate structures are often subject to various types of defects, particularly those resulting from manufacturing processe during thin-film growth. Currently, one method of inspecting such structures involves the use of IDT transducers for excitation and laser vibrometry for reception. In this work, we propose a complementary approach inspired by passive noise correlation imaging methods initially developed in geophysics. This technique is applied here to image layered structures on substrates by exploiting the correlation of diffuse acoustic waves and the associated principle of passive Green’s function reconstruction, enabling the detection and imaging of defects. The analysis was performed using numerical simulations and preliminar experiments on silicon wafers (3 mm thick) containing an artificial defect created with silver lacquer (about 10µm thick). IDTs (10-25 MHz) were used to generate surface waves, and the resulting displacement field was captured using laser vibrometry. Simulations and measurements were carried out on both defect-free and defect-containing cases. Correlation matrices were calculated on Full Matrix Capture mode. Finally, a beamforming algorithm was applied to localize defects, taking into account silicon’s anisotropy.
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A12.03 Biomedical ultrasound (1)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: SM5 - SCHROEDER |
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| O. Martinez-Graullera |
| G. Rus |
| J. Camacho |
| M. Pérez-Liva |
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| 9:00 |
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Can acoustic vortices fragment kidney stones?
by S. Maldonado-Ortega, E. González-Mateo, A. Cebrecos, C. D. Vera-Donoso, A. Carrión, F. Camarena, N. Jiménez.
Abstract:
Burst wave lithotripsy (BWL) is an ultrasound-based technique used to fragment kidney stones. In this proof-of-concept, we test a novel approach based on acoustic vortices to improve the efficiency of stone fragmentation. Acoustic vortices are wavefronts containing phase dislocations which carry pseudo-orbital angular momentum. These beams can be synthesized and focused by spherical phased-arrays which also enable beam steering and control the topological charge of vortices. Experiments were conducted using real and artificial kidney stones in water using a 128-channel therapeutic ultrasound phased-array transducer with 1.1-MHz central frequency. Sinusoidal-pulsed bursts of 20 cycles at 200-Hz pulse repetition frequency were generated. A confocal 128-element imaging probe monitored stones, while a camera recorded the fragmentation. Conventional BWL and single-topological-charge vortices were compared using same rarefaction pressure and, additionally, same energy. Artificial stones (Bego-stone) and real stones (calcium-oxalate-monohydrate and brushite) were tested. We observe that fragmentation speed is enhanced in a factor of two using vortices in artificial and real stones. Furthermore, vortices are a kind of defocused beams. Therefore, the mechanical index using vortices is lower than using BWL, resulting in a potentially less injurious therapy for surrounding tissues. These results demonstrate that acoustic vortices can enhance fragmentation using low-amplitude focused ultrasound. .
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| 9:20 |
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Blood-brain-barrier opening in small animals using focused ultrasound
by J. Limens-Pinaque, J. Rodríguez-Sendra, J. J. Rodríguez-García, A. Arándiga, J. L. Alonso-Ramos, D. Panadero Soler, N. Jiménez, P. Rico, S. Canals, F. Camarena.
Abstract:
Focused ultrasound combined with microbubbles can locally and transiently open the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in a non-invasive and safe manner, providing a potential strategy for drug delivery into the brain. The technique is currently being used to test drugs for the treatment of different pathologies; however, the BBB opening dimensions depends on several characteristics of the ultrasonic beam. In this work we characterize the BBB opening in small animals produced by a manufactured transducer operating at frequencies 1.05 MHz (fundamental; FWHM3dB = 1.5 mm | DOF3dB = 6 mm) and 3.25 MHz (first harmonic; FWHM3dB = 0.5 mm | DOF3dB = 2 mm). The transducer has been tested in 11 mice, demonstrating its capability for different BBB opening dimensions with gadolinium (Gd) signal detected in contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MRI.
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| 9:40 |
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Non-Invasive and Low-Cost Photoacoustic/Ultrasound Dual-Modal Imaging System for Carotid Plaque Imaging
by A. Ariza-Carrasco, J. G. Muñoz, J. F. Cruza, L. Elvira, J. L. Herraiz, J. M. Udías, M. A. De Laciñana, J. Rodriguez-Pardo, P. Ibáñez García, M. Pérez-Liva.
Abstract:
Carotid plaque rupture causes most ischemic strokes, yet current diagnostics focus on arterial stenosis, overlooking 80–90% of vulnerable plaques. This highlights the need for affordable, precise, and non-invasive imaging to assess plaque vulnerability. To address this, we developed a low-cost, dual Ultrasound/Photoacoustic system integrating a Vermon L7.5-MHz ultrasound probe, a 128-channel programmable phased array Ultrasound scanner (Dasel, Spain), and pannels of pulsed semiconductor lasers diodes of 5W emitting 100 ns pulses at 447 nm. Synchronization was managed via external pulse generators, with laser light delivered through optical fibers. Validation utilised phantoms of black nylon threads. GPU-accelerated delayand-sum beamforming was used for image recontruction. The system achieved 530 µm lateral and 360 µm axial resolution. This system offers a cost-effective, non invasive approach for high-resolution multiparametric tissue characterization. Future aims will be to improve in vivo assessment of plaque vulnerability.
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| 10:00 |
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Impact of spatiotemporal excitation parameters in laser diode-based photoacoustic microscopy
by J. Á. Navarro-Calvo, I. Pi-Martín, V. Company-Rubio, A. Arándiga, A. Cebrecos, J. J. García-Garrigós.
Abstract:
Photoacoustic (PA) microscopy provides high-resolution images with optical-selective contrast at greater depths than conventional optical techniques by detecting acoustic waves generated from the absorption of pulsed light. To increase the applicability of the technique, cost-effective, compact laser diodes (LDs) have emerged as a promising alternative to expensive and bulky solid-state lasers (SSLs). Due to their low peak power, widened temporal pulses are generally used to obtain more pulse energy and achieve acceptable PA signal levels. Additionally, the multimode, low-quality beams emitted by LDs hinder the focusing capabilities, resulting in larger focal spots, i.e., lower image lateral resolutions. The generated signal characteristics will thus differ from the well-known broadband photoacoustic waves of several MHz produced by SSL-based systems. In this work, we conducted a simulation study to analyze the impact of the pulse duration, pulse shape, and focal spot size on the generated PA signals, along with an experimental validation using a laser diode-based photoacoustic microscope. The analysis shows that the pulse durations and focal spot sizes of LDs produce narrowband PA signals shifted towards lower frequencies. This is important for improving the design of efficient transducers, which will eventually allow the implementation of cost-effective photoacoustic imaging systems in clinical practice.
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A12.03 Biomedical ultrasound (2)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 11:20 |
| Room: SC1-4 - SABINE |
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| O. Martinez-Graullera |
| G. Rus |
| J. Camacho |
| M. Pérez-Liva |
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| 11:20 |
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Designing Acoustic Holograms Without Ionising Radiation For Wearable Transcranial Ultrasound Therapy Devices
by A. Eroles-Simó, V. Vegas-Luque, A. Carrión, J. A. Pineda-Pardo, J. J. Rodríguez-García, J. L. Alonso-Ramos, F. Camarena, N. Jiménez.
Abstract:
Acoustic holograms are used in transcranial ultrasound to tailor the acoustic wavefront generated by a singleelement transducer compensating skull aberrations and focusing the beam over brain structures. However, current hologram design relies on full-wave simulations where acoustic properties are known by computed tomography (CT). Since exposing patients to ionizing radiation is undesirable, we propose the use of zero echo time (ZTE) magnetic resonance images (MRI) to construct the patient-specific lens. This MRI sequence enables the visualization of tissues with short T2 values, such as bone. By establishing a linear correlation between CT Hounsfield Units (HU) and ZTE intensity values, pseudo-CT images are generated. Furthermore, transducer positioning has been optimised. Temporal bone window is established as a suitable surface for propagating acoustic waves, due to its reduced thickness and flat morphology. Results show that peak pressure at the focus is reduced by 5.38% when using pseudo-CT holograms respect to CT-holograms. The obtained treated volumes considering acoustic properties of the pseudo-CT and those of the CT show a difference of 0.18%. This approach can be applied in holographic wearable devices for transcranial ultrasound therapies such as blood-brain barrier opening or neuromodulation to avoid the use of ionising radiation during the therapeutic treatment.
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| 11:40 |
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Generating acoustic holograms beyond the hyperbolic approximation
by V. Vegas-Luque, D. Andrés, A. Eroles-Simó, J. J. Rodríguez-García, F. Camarena, N. Jiménez.
Abstract:
Transcranial focused ultrasound has proven to be an effective method for the treatment of neurological disorders, offering a non-invasive and highly precise approach for the targeting of specific brain regions. In this context, ultrasound holograms have been shown to be capable of focusing through the human skull using low-cost 3D-printed acoustic holographic lenses, where a wavefront is encoded into the height of the pixels of a lens. When the coding is performed at the holographic plane, i.e., a planar surface in front of the transducer, the reconstructed wavefront is approximated by a hyperbolic phase profile in the thin lens approximation. However, as the thickness of the physical lens is beyond the thin lens approximation, this results in aberrations. In this work, a new strategy is proposed matching the phase of the field produced at the exit of the lens to the target phase in a whole holographic volume. The method is validated using analytic and simulations techniques. Results show that this phase-matching approach provides better focusing performance over traditional methods and, therefore, might be used for accurate hologram synthesis in practical applications.
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| 12:00 |
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Sparse Arrays for 3D Ultrasound Microstructure Imaging
by O. Martinez-Graullera, J. Camacho, J. Huecas, G. Cosarinsky, L. Elvira, A. Ibañez.
Abstract:
In the last decade, plane-wave-based volumetric ultrasonic imaging has become a promising research tool in preclinical neuroscience. Its high-speed imaging capability at a high operating frequency allows the observation of microvascular structures and the acquisition of functional ultrasound (fUS) images. However, achieving highquality 3D super-resolution images requires fully functional full apertures supported by many independent channels, as well as high data transmission rates and processing capacity. Based on current technology, which emulates full array performance through multiplexing, this technique is far from reaching full maturity. This study investigates the potential of sparse arrays to achieve a trade-off in designing 3D imaging systems for fUS. Starting with a 32x32-element aperture, sparse array configurations with up to 256 elements for transmission and reception are explored. The study examines the requirements and opportunities of this approach during prebeamforming and beamforming stages, focusing on system architecture.
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A12.03 Biomedical ultrasound (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| O. Martinez-Graullera |
| G. Rus |
| J. Camacho |
| M. Pérez-Liva |
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Modular and flexible hardware architecture for real-time 3D ultrasound imaging
by J. F. Cruza, R. Mateos, R. G. Bueno, G. Montaldo, J. Camacho.
Abstract:
Ultrasound 3D imaging with arrays usually requires hardware systems with more active channels than for conventional 2D imaging, which increases systems complexity. Furthermore, it increases the beamforming difficulty, as more image lines have to be generated (3D volume) using more acquired raw signals (A-Scans). Typical approaches to this problem can be divided in hardware and software solutions. In the first, the beamforming process is carried out by a specialized hardware (FPGA, ASIC’s, etc.), with lower power consumption, but also with lower flexibility. On the other hand, software beamformers are very flexible in terms of programming, but they require a much larger bandwidth with the acquisition system. This work presents a modular and flexible hardware architecture for 2D and 3D ultrasound imaging, which combines hardware beamforming capabilities with high-speed links with a processing computer. This approach enables to work with both hardware and software beamformers, taking full advantage of each one of them. A description of the architecture is given, along with the expected performance in terms of hardware processing power and data transfer rate. Finally, application examples are given: Total Focusing Method imaging in non-destructive-testing, and functional ultrasound imaging in the brain for pre-clinical models.javascript:void(0); A12.7. Acousto-opticsjavascript:void(0);.
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Numerical Framework for Deep Learning Photoacoustics Image Reconstruction
by J. G. Muñoz, A. Ariza-Carrasco, J. F. Cruza, L. Elvira, J. Camacho, J. M. Udías, M. A. De Laciñana, J. Rodriguez-Pardo, P. Ibáñez García, M. Pérez-Liva.
Abstract:
Photoacoustic Imaging (PAI) combines optical excitation with ultrasound detection to produce high-quality molecular images of intact biological tissues. Conventional systems rely on Class IV [1] pulsed lasers, which limits clinical translation. This work explores the use of pulsed semiconductor diodes for their portability, versatility, and low-cost. However, their lower peak power decreases PAI signal amplitude. Implementing deep learning techniques trained with realistic synthetic data is a promising technique to increase PAI image quality [2]. Here we create a framework which simulates real scenarios taking into account acoustics and optical properties, ultrasound transducer characteristics and fiber bundles features, crucial to optimize reconstruction performance with a Neural Network. The simulated experimental setup included an array of optical fibers connected to semiconductor diodes parallel to a 128-element transducer array which registers the signal generated by the absorbed light. Optical properties were simulated in MCX Monte Carlo software using GPU parallelization. k-Wave software was used for acoustic simulations and Time-Reversal (TR) image reconstruction. Finally, a Neural Network model implemented using Tensorflow enhanced the reconstruction, recovering up to 3 cm depth and 200 µm of resolution, delivering exceptional vascular imaging quality.
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A12.07 Acousto-optics
| Monday 23 June 2025 - 16:20 |
| Room: SC1-4 - SABINE |
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| S. Dupont |
| J. Vanhamel |
| M. Duocastella |
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| 16:20 |
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Towards broadband lateral BAW excitation in a low-velocity anisotropic substrate
by K. B. Yushkov, N. Naumenko, V. Y. Molchanov.
Abstract:
We investigate a novel transducer structure that combines the thin plate lithium niobate (LN) and interdigital transducer (IDT) technologies. We simulated an anisotropic LN-on-TeO2 structure with an IDT atop, in which SH BAW excitation was considered. X-cut LN plate is bonded to the substrate, and the IDT electrodes are aligned with Z+41° direction of pure SH displacement. The transducer was aligned with (110) plane of the TeO2 substrate having the SH BAW velocity in the range from 0.62 to 0.80 km/s depending on the cut angle α. Frequency dependencies of the resulting BAW polarization in the substrate were retrieved and analyzed. With a fixed-pitch IDT, SH BAW excitation can be achieved in the relative bandwidth of ∼20% at various central frequencies depending on the LN plate thickness. At the boundaries of the excitation band, we observed transformation of the BAW mode from SH to longitudinal polarization. Owing to periodic IDT structure, the beam steering effect is observed for the excited BAW in TeO2 that helps to extend the bandwidth of light-to-ultrasound coupling in photonic applications.
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| 16:40 |
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Uncertainty relations for broadband ultrasonic waveforms: the case of acousto-optic femtosecond laser pulse shaping
by K. B. Yushkov, V. Y. Molchanov.
Abstract:
Broadband acoustic waveforms with phase modulation and complex-valued spectra are widely used for femtosecond laser pulse shaping in acousto-optic dispersive delay lines (AODDLs). Arbitrary transmission functions of quasi-collinear AODDLs can be achieved using the method of dispersive Fourier synthesis (DFS). Being a fast and efficient tool for generation different transmission functions with both phase-and-amplitude spectral modulation, the DFS method also provides the insight on fundamental limitations ultrasound signal performances. In particular, we demonstrate that there is an uncertainty relation between spectral resolution and modulation contrast for chirped ultrasonic waveforms with finite time window. More precisely, the product of spectral resolution by contrast is maximized when total frequency bandwidth equals twofold carrier frequency modulation range of the chirped ultrasonic signal. Experimental validation of the uncertainty principle is demonstrated with a high-resolution AODDL and 12 fs laser pulses at 800 nm. The applications of the DFS method with optimized parameters include programmable generation of arbitrary ultrashort pulse trains. .
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| 17:00 |
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Characterization of optoelectronic oscillator based on collinear acousto-optic cell
by E. Kostyleva, S. Mantsevich, N. Polikarpova, E. Dyakonov.
Abstract:
Optoelectronic oscillators (OEO) - the class of physical systems characterized by the presence of a nonlinear element and feedback loop (FL). Feedback allows controlling the nonlinear element operation and makes it possible to implement various OEO operating regimes - from stationary to chaotic. The presence of a FL time delay is fundamental. We present the results of OEO operation characterization, when the nonlinear element is the collinear acousto-optic (AO) filter. The AO filter provides the time delay existence due to the acoustic wave propagation time through the AO crystal. The fulfilled experiments have shown that the collinear AO filter OEO gives the possibility to adjust the time delay between input and output optical pulses by changing the FL gain. It was also found that changing the electrical signal phase shift in the FL allows OEO multistable states observation, characterized by a difference in the amplitude and frequency of the electrical signal in the FL and, accordingly, the intensity and structure of the light beam at the system optical output.
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| 17:20 |
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Acousto-optic spatial frequency filter with phase control for reconfigurable dark optical traps
by V. Y. Molchanov, A. Chizhikov, D. Obydennov, K. B. Yushkov.
Abstract:
We have developed an original acousto-optic spatial filter (AOSF) of laser beam angular frequencies for dynamically forming cylindrical laser beams with two walls advanced optical trap configurations. To expand the functionality of AOSFs, independent phase control should be added to frequency control, thereby transforming the filter’s two-dimensional transfer function (2DTF) from a function of one variable into a function of two independent variables. The 2DTF is controlled by a variable phase of radio-frequency signal at a constant frequency. The peculiarity of the AOSF with phase control is based on the tilt of the acoustic wave front, which compensates for the asymmetry of the two-dimensional transfer function and makes it possible to create pairs of concentric intensity maxima separated by a dark region. An experimental AOSF on paratellurite has been designed and fabricated. This modification of the filter’s annular 2DTF has made it possible for the first time to create double cylindrical beams (“thermos beams”) that have direct application for optical trapping and microparticle manipulation. This configuration of the laser potential is in demand in dark optical traps, in which resonant particles are repulsed by the laser field and their trapping occurs in areas with minimum field intensity.
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| 17:40 |
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Tailored ultrasound fields for acousto-optic light control directly within a sample
by J. Torres-Durall, M. Duocastella.
Abstract:
One of the main challenges in optics is to rapidly deflect, focus or guide light directly inside a sample. As of today, the only widely accepted method to achieve this is using endoscopes, that is, optical fibers that are inserted into the sample. However, this approach is intrinsically invasive and highly sample dependent. A recently developed strategy consists of using ultrasound for light control. The idea is to exploit the acousto-optic effect to generate virtual ultrasonic endoscopes, allowing fast and targeted deep light delivery while remaining non-invasive. Nonetheless, realistic applications of this technique still require further research on the optimal acoustic generation process and the subsequent light-coupling. Here, we discuss different hybrid ultrasound-light implementations designed for light control inside samples, highlighting optimal design features and current challenges. In particular, we present the development of a piezoelectric transducer that obviates the need for acoustic cavities and provides micrometric light guiding at MHz frequencies. We also show how ultrasound can be used to enhance imaging depth in a two-photon microscope.
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| 18:00 |
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Enhancing Eye Imaging Modalities with Acousto-optic Interaction
by I. Grulkowski, D. Ruminski.
Abstract:
Optical imaging of the eye is a common clinical procedure in the diagnosis and management of the ocular disorders. Rapid advances in photonics technologies enabled development of optical modalities for diagnostics and management of ocular pathologies. Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy (cSLO) is a confocal microscope modality for visualization of the fundus of the eye. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging modality enabling generation of micrometer resolution, two-dimensional cross-sectional images and three-dimensional volumetric data presenting internal structure of ocular structures. Acousto-optic interaction facilitates ultrafast manipulation of the optical beam through precise shaping (modulation) of the wavefront. In particular, focus tunable lenses are active optical components that enable engineering of light delivery in optical imaging systems. In this talk, we will review application of acousto-optic devices in the enhancement of the performance of eye imaging instrumentation. We will also present integration of acousto-optic lenses into OCT and cSLO systems that enable improved in vivo imaging of the human eye.
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| 18:20 |
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Recording neuronal activity in 3D using calcium and voltage genetically encoded indicators
by W. Akemann, J. Morizet, L. Bourdieu.
Abstract:
We have developed a non-linear optical microscope for recording 3D neuronal activity in a cortical column from awake head-fixed behaving mice with unrivalled temporal resolution (typically 20 cells at 1 kHz or 200 cells at 0.1 kHz). This new optical technique, called Custom-Address Serial Holography (CASH), uses acousto-optic deflectors (AODs) synchronized with a regenerative amplifier (operating at 40 kHz). In this configuration, AODs function as ultrafast phase and amplitude modulators, enabling each laser pulse to be spatially shaped at 40kHz. Spatial modulation of laser pulses enables digital holography of extended volumes in the microscope’s focal plane for fluorescence excitation. We will demonstrate the possibility of recording the activity of neurons labeled with Genetically Encoded Calcium Indicators (GECIs) with holographic volumes covering their cell bodies. Using holographic volumes covering only neurons membranes, we will show the possibility to record the activity of 3D neuronal networks using Genetically Encoded Voltage Indicators (GEVIs). Using AODs in this synchronous configuration, we have also performed trans-cranial imaging over fields of view that go beyond the scattering memory effect, updating aberration and scattering correction synchronously with scanning. Finally, we will discuss the implementation of temporal focusing to improve the optical sectioning of the 3D-CASH microscope. .
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A12.07 Acousto-optics (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| S. Dupont |
| J. Vanhamel |
| M. Duocastella |
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Design and Validation of an Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter for Spectro-Polarimetry Analysis
by S. Dupont, J. Vanhamel, J.-C. Kastelik.
Abstract:
Acousto-Optic Filters are versatile devices with a range of applications in modern optics. Their technology has reached a mature industrialability. They are particularly valuable in fields requiring precise wavelength selection and fast switching capabilities, making them essential tools in various applications. The generalisation of their use has led to new applications still requiring specific developments.We present the design and validation of an AOTF for spectro-polarimetry analysis which provides a constant spectral resolution over a wide spectral band. The variation of the spectral resolution is made possible by the manufacture of a transducer divided into multiple electrodes allowing to play on the interaction length easily by activating and deactivating the electrodes. In addition, the power distribution supplying the electrodes can be modulated, which offers the possibility of finely controlling the spectral template.The device developed has an acoustic cut of 5°, operating from 450 to 800 nm. We opted for a transducer equipped with 5 electrodes. This strategy makes it possible, depending on the power supply conditions, to modulate the selectivity of the filter by a factor of 4 for a given wavelength and to maintain a constant selectivity of the order of 10 nm over the entire operating range.
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Optimization algorithm for AOTF parameter characterization
by J. Vanhamel, A. Pavlov, S. Dupont.
Abstract:
One of the main challenges for users applying an AOTF as a commercial off-the-shelf component for optical wavelength filtering, is the lack of detailed manufacturing information on critical parameters. Information such as diffraction angles, the precise RF driving frequencies required for momentum-matching conditions, as well as the data for each wavelength across a certain optical spectrum is not always easily available. To obtain this information, users must perform physical tests to configure the optimal frequencies, diffraction angles, and incidence angles for each wavelength of interest which is labor-intensive and costly.This research uses an optimization algorithm applied to an analytical model which can characterize key angles related to the AOTF’s crystallographic axis, such as the crystallographic axis angle θc, the tilt-angle α, as well as facet inclination angles β and γ. First, diffraction testing on an AOTF is done, by recording both output ray angles and the momentum-matching frequency. Then the optimization algorithm is chosen and applied to the analytical model to determine the optimal parameters for θc, α, γ, and β. With these parameters, the AOTF’s behavior can be extrapolated to multiple wavelengths, which not only saves time, but also enables more versatile planning of optical setups.
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Exploiting the Acousto-Optic Effect for Advanced Optical Microscopy
by M. Duocastella, C. Alexandropoulos, J. Torres-Durall, B. Mestre-Tora, L. Rodriguez-Sune, M. Colom.
Abstract:
Optical microscopy is a key tool for investigating the structure and dynamics of biological systems at sub-cellular resolution. However, most conventional microscopy setups are designed to capture two-dimensional (2D) data from moderately thin samples labeled with fluorophores. Due to limitations imposed by light scattering and the need for mechanical focus adjustments, these systems struggle with deep tissue penetration and label-free imaging, making them insufficient for non-invasively studying biological complexity in medium-sized organisms such as organoids. Here, I will present our efforts to address these challenges and achieve label-free sub-millisecond imaging at potential depths of up to millimeters. Our approach leverages the acousto-optic effect—specifically, ultrasound-induced refractive index gradients—to focus, modulate, and guide light. The unique interaction between light and ultrasound enables rapid 3D control of light, making it ideal for developing inertia-free microscopes with no moving parts while achieving label-free imaging at hundreds of frames per second. Additionally, shaped ultrasound waves in a medium can act as an instantaneous waveguide, redirecting light toward a focus deeper than conventional optics. In this talk, I will discuss the benefits and limitations of acousto-optic technologies and showcase their potential through applications in histopathology and fluid dynamics.
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A13.04 Advancements and challenges in military acoustics: physiological and audiological perspectives (1)
| Monday 23 June 2025 - 12:00 |
| Room: SC1-3 - RAYLEIGH |
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| 12:00 |
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Two hybrid directivity models of muzzle blasts to describe the frequency and distance dependency
by P. Bechtel, C. Kleinhenrich, K.-W. Hirsch.
Abstract:
The muzzle blast is an auditory risk if the shooter or other personnel are exposed close to the weapon. To evaluate the risk, the signature of the blast must be measured and synthesized for simulation purposes.Muzzle blasts are highly directional. A common approach for simulation is to assume a source model with scalar directivity. This approach neglects the angle- and distance-dependent changes in the frequency spectrum of the blast. Hence, significant discrepancies occur between synthesized and measured shooting signals. This paper presents two alternative approaches to describe the distance- and frequency-dependent directivity of a muzzle blast. The first approach is based on the ANX model by Salomons. In contrast to the scalar directivity of the latter, here a separate source energy is determined for each radiation angle using cosine transformation. This model synthesizes the blasts with only a few parameters.For the second model, a transfer function is given by the ANX model and a spherical harmonic source describes the angle and frequency dependency of the blast signature. Depending on the input data, this model provides very detailed reconstructions of measured muzzle blasts even close to the muzzle.
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| 12:20 |
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Virtual and experimental acoustical comfort testers for earplugs
by F. Sgard, K. Carillo, S. Kersten, R. Richert, O. Doutres.
Abstract:
Earplugs are widely used to prevent noise-induced hearing loss, but discomfort can reduce their effectiveness by affecting their consistent and proper use. Earplug comfort can be described by four dimensions: physical (biomechanical and thermal interactions with the earcanal), acoustical (noise/useful sound perception), functional (usability and efficiency), and psychological (well-being and satisfaction). (Dis)comfort results from the interplay within the user/earplug/work environment triad. The components of this triad and their interactions across multiple phases, ultimately shape the comfort judgment and are defined by various physical and psychological characteristics that must be assessed to fully understand comfort. This paper targets acoustical characteristics of both disposable and reusable earplugs when inserted in the earcanal, focusing on indicators such as sound attenuation and occlusion effect. It presents a synthesis of various acoustic comfort testers developed by the authors’ research team to assess these characteristics. Virtual and physical truncated realistic artificial ears and whole head are explored. This research aims to provide manufacturers with comfort-driven design methods for earplugs.
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| 12:40 |
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Auditory damage risk due to indoor and outdoor shooting
by F. Van Der Eerden, E. Van Pruissen, E. Salomons, P. De Krom, A. Van Heijningen.
Abstract:
Many different weapons can be used for military training. For a safe working environment, the maximum permissible exposure needs to be predicted, taking into account the use of hearing protection. In the ISO 17201 standard part 6, ‘Sound pressure measurements close to the source for determining exposure to sound’, it is described how to capture the pressure-time history of the sound pressure at locations of interest, such as an instructor or shooter. This data is the basis for further assessment, like the use of an auditory damage risk criterium. The objective of this research is to compare the measurement results using the ISO standard without a person present, with measurements using a microphone close to the head of the shooter or instructor. The A-weighted sound exposure is calculated (ASEL) as well as the Auditory Risk Unit (ARU) using the AHAAH model. Both indoor and outdoor measurement have been done for several small fire arms. It was seen that the tail of the pressure-time history has a large effect on the results for the ARUs. In addition, tests were carried out with small portable sound absorbing screens to reduce the muzzle blast towards the shooter, instructor and the environment.
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| 13:00 |
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Beyond the Standard Audiogram: The Need for Comprehensive Assessment of Combat Noise Auditory Trauma
by S. Chordekar, D. Brand, C. Adelman, R. Frankael, N. Horev, F. Nir.
Abstract:
Combat noise exposure poses significant risks to auditory health, including high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss, synaptopathy, and central auditory processing deficits. However, sometimes, combat noise acoustic trauma results in undetectable damage using standard audiometric evaluations. Such impairments, frequently caused by blast-related injuries, may manifest as difficulty in understanding speech in noise, tinnitus, or other auditory complaints, even when conventional audiograms indicate normal thresholds. This work emphasizes the need for comprehensive audiological protocol designed to address these diagnostic limitations. The protocol should integrate conventional and extended high-frequency audiometry, otoacoustic emissions, speech-in-noise testing, and immittance measures while incorporating patient-reported outcomes and detailed noise exposure histories. Utilizing a multifaceted approach, this protocol aims to identify subtle auditory dysfunctions and provide clinicians with robust tools for early diagnosis and targeted management. Clinical examples highlight the necessity of each of these auditory tests. The diagnostic protocol should emphasize the clinical importance of thorough auditory evaluations. It should enable the detection of subclinical impairment and supports tailored rehabilitation strategies. It also highlights the need for continuous monitoring of at-risk populations. These suggestions advocate for a shift in the clinical perspective in evaluating and caring for individuals exposed to combat, with implications for clinical and operational settings.
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A13.04 Advancements and challenges in military acoustics: physiological and audiological perspectives (2)
| Monday 23 June 2025 - 16:20 |
| Room: SC1-3 - RAYLEIGH |
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| 16:20 |
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Squad-level operational performance under varying hearing protection devices and simulated hearing loss
by B. Sheffield, R. Bieber, S. Turcios, D. Brungart.
Abstract:
Noise-induced hearing loss continues to be an issue for military personnel, who rely on their hearing to maintain situational awareness and maximize operational effectiveness. Methodological advancements in measuring performance in dismounted combat are paving the way to examine the impact of hearing in these complex environments. In this study, squads from the US Army’s 4th Infantry Division conducted standard combat training exercises under different hearing conditions using hearing protection devices (HPDs; passive, active) and hearing loss simulation (normal hearing, moderate loss) while outfitted with audiovisual recorders, GPS trackers, laser engagement systems and inertial measurement units on the helmet and weapon. This allowed all squad movement, communication, and engagements to be captured. In addition, performance ratings were collected from observer-controllers (OCs) and participating Soldiers after each drill. Results show a clear advantage of active HPDs compared to the other conditions tested for both Soldier and OC ratings of squad performance. Soldiers also reported low frustration while wearing active HPDs and suffered less casualties on average, whereas moderate hearing loss resulted in higher mental demand and frustration and the highest number of casualties incurred. These findings can help inform Military leaders of the importance of wearing effective hearing protection in combat.
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| 16:40 |
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Impact of Acoustic Test Fixture Ear Stiffness on Earplug Attenuation of Impulsive Sounds
by C. Ruzyla, C. Blondé-Weinmann, P. Hamery, F. Sgard, S. Roth.
Abstract:
Acoustic Test Fixtures (ATFs) are physical substitutes designed to evaluate the attenuation provided by Hearing Protection Devices (HPD). These devices are particularly useful for measurements, where human testing is not feasible, such as high-level impulse noises exposure. However, challenges arise in integrating the mechanical elements required to mimic the response of the human head. The material properties of commercially available ATFs vary, potentially leading to different coupling with HPDs. This study aims to investigate the behavior of a rigid earplug and the resulting acoustic pressure in the ear canal when the stiffness of the ATF ear is modified. An experimental setup was developed, involving a custom laboratory-developed ATF to estimate a rigid earplug attenuation for four simplified ear materials of increasing stiffness. Additionally, a time-domain numerical model using finite element method was created to study the wave propagation in the simplified ATF ear. This study shows experimentally and numerically that the stiffness of the ATF ear significantly influences earplug attenuation measurements by modifying the contribution of tissular conduction in the wave propagation behind the protector. This study paves the way for improving ATF biofidelity by more accurately accounting for the behavior of the human outer ear mechanical properties.
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| 17:00 |
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Sound Attenuation with Double Hearing Protection: A Comparison of Real-Ear and Behavioral Hearing Threshold Measurements
by A. Hauptman, S. Chordekar, C. Dirks, L. Fostick, F. Nir.
Abstract:
This study explores the relationship between objective sound measurements and subjective hearing thresholds under double hearing protection. Both Real-Ear Measurement (REM) and subjective testing were used to examine attenuation with EasyView Otoblock earplugs and Optime 105 earmuff. Stimuli were delivered from a fixed frontal source (0° azimuth) across a frequency range of 500 to 12,000 Hz, allowing observation of attenuation patterns at both low and high frequencies. Descriptive analysis suggested consistent trends across participants. At higher frequencies (above 4 kHz), subjective results indicated more attenuation than objective REM values, whereas the opposite was observed at lower frequencies (below 4 kHz), where REM showed more attenuation. These patterns may reflect the contribution of bone conduction (BC) when air conduction (AC) is significantly reduced. While the sample size limits statistical generalization, the findings highlight the value of integrating subjective data alongside objective measurements in evaluating hearing protection performance. The use of a realistic protection configuration and fixed sound direction offers practical insights into how auditory information is transmitted under high-attenuation conditions. These insights may support the development of more effective hearing protection devices for environments with hazardous noise exposure.
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| 17:40 |
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Evaluation Of A Novel Sound Enhancing Connecting Tube Apparatus For Improving Sound Localization Of Occluded Ears
by A. Benn, L. Grushko, G. Banta, F. Nir.
Abstract:
Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) poses a serious risk to individuals exposed to high-intensity sounds, particularly military personnel and industrial workers. While hearing protection devices (HPDs) like foam earplugs mitigate NIHL, they often impair sound localization and speech intelligibility. This study investigates the sound-enhancing-connection-tube (SECT), a prototype perforated tube connected to the opening of two vented earplugs, designed to adjust attenuation across frequencies for improving sound localization while preserving protective benefits. Using head-related transfer functions (HRTF) to measure sound pressure at the position of the eardrum, the study evaluated SECT effects on the 1–4 kHz range, critical for speech and environmental sounds. The research involved three experiments: HRTF-based optimization of SECT design using a head-and-torsosimulator (HATS) and two human trials to assess localization performance. HATS results demonstrated up to 15 dB less attenuation for frequencies above 800 Hz when the SECT was used with vented earplugs compared to just earplugs. However, human trials showed no significant localization improvement. Differences may stem from how the human brain processes complex auditory cues, bone and tissue conduction effects absent in HATS, and potential sound loss through SECT connectors. Future research should prioritize live-subject guided training to address these limitations.
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| 18:00 |
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Design and Analysis of Mobile Microphone Arrays for Acoustic Drone Tracking
by M. Blass, F. Graf.
Abstract:
The growing security threat posed by hostile drones (UAVs) highlights the urgent need for effective detection systems. Besides optical, radar or radio frequency systems, the acoustic domain offers significant but underutilized capabilities. Since human hearing is inherently limited in detecting and localizing weak or high-frequency sounds in noisy or dynamic environments, microphone arrays represent a significant improvement in tracking drone noise. In the literature, most of the existing acoustic systems are stationary and focus on the detection or localization of individual drones. The integration of mobile microphone arrays on vehicle roofs or soldier helmets can enhance military capabilities by enabling real-time tracking of drones in diverse and challenging scenarios. In this paper, we present the design criteria and development of a practical microphone array system capable of detecting and tracking multiple drones. First, we describe the implementation of a hemispherical array of 32 microphones. Then, we consider possible adaptations, e.g. in terms of reducing the number of microphones by selecting sub-arrays to address low-power consumption considerations and real-time processing for sound source localization. Finally, we show experimental results of a dataset recorded in a fixed and mobile scenario where the microphone array was mounted on a vehicle roof.
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| 18:20 |
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Acoustic Detection of Drones: A Machine Learning and Psychoacoustic Approach
by D. Tejera Berengué, G. Corral García, F. Zhu-Zhou, M. Zurera-Rosa, R. Gil-Pita, M. Utrilla-Manso.
Abstract:
This study provides a detailed analysis of how acoustic signals generated by drones are perceived by the human ear compared to their detection by advanced microphone-based systems. The research includes different types of drones and uses a psychoacoustic model to evaluate the perceptual sound power of these signals. Metrics within this model are utilized to determine the maximum distance at which UAV sound remains audible as a function of frequency. In addition, a detection system integrating machine learning methods and the YAMNet neural network is implemented to investigate how drone acoustic signals are affected by factors such as distance, frequency, and surface reflections during propagation. The primary aim of this study is to demonstrate that even the simplest acoustic detection systems significantly outperform human hearing in identifying drones. The results are expected to highlight the effectiveness and versatility of these systems, emphasizing their potential as key tools to enhance security and surveillance in real-world scenarios.
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A13.04 Advancements and challenges in military acoustics: physiological and audiological perspectives (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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Investigating the Impacts of Cockpit Noise Exposure on Human Decision-Making
by E. Fox, A. Cook, F. Mobley, G. Bowers, H. Gallagher, Z. Ennis.
Abstract:
A large amount of research focuses on protecting military personnel from over exposure to noise, but little research has focused on the cognitive impacts. As such, Air Force Research Laboratory researchers have conducted a study to explore how cockpit noise influences decision-making. Fifteen participants were placed within a chamber with communication ear plugs (daily attenuation collected) and exposed to noise previously recorded within the cockpit of a fifth-generation fighter jet generated at levels of LA= 60, 70 and 80 dB under protection. Participants completed a series of auditory working memory and visual search tasks in both single- and dual-task paradigms. Performance changes were observed across individual participants depending on differing noise level and task difficulty; additionally, individual fit variances led to differences in room (full body) sound pressure levels that require further investigating. Overall, the results of this study offer a better understanding of how high-level cockpit noise impacts multitasking and working memory performance involved in decision-making. From this work, recommendations can be made on how to manage cognitive load in these complex military operations.
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Comparison of REAT and insertion loss measurements using headphone audiometry
by V. Zimpfer, P. Hamery, C. Blondé-Weinmann.
Abstract:
Under the current standard, hearing protector performance is assessed using the REAT (Real-Ear Attenuation at Threshold) method. This method involves measuring hearing thresholds with and without hearing protection in free-field conditions. The insertion loss of the hearing protection corresponds to the difference between these thresholds. REAT requires a highly sound-isolated audiometry room with minimal background noise and a diffuse field to ensure that both ears receive identical sound exposure. This study aims to compare REAT results with those obtained through headphone audiometry. Unlike REAT, headphone audiometry measures thresholds separately for each ear, allowing the detection of minor asymmetry between ears. What is more, this technique requires only an isolated cabin rather than a free-field environment. This study measured the insertion loss of two different types of earplugs on 13 subjects: a foam earplug and a custom-molded earplug in hard acrylic. These values show some differences between the two methods, with small variations at high frequency for foam earplugs and slightly greater variation at low frequency for custom molded earplugs. In addition, the standard deviation is significantly higher, especially for custom-molded earplugs.
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The Relationship Between Damage Risk Criteria for Impulse Noise Explained by Simple Acoustical Descriptors
by M. Weger.
Abstract:
Hazardous impulse noise is still a major problem for personnel in industry and construction work, and particularly in the military. The allowed maximum permissible exposures per day for a certain combination of noise and hearing protection differ across countries, depending on the applicable criterion for predicting auditory hazard. Such Damage Risk Criteria (DRC) for impulse noise may take into account signal extrema, zero-crossings, amplitude/energy statistics, or physical ear models. Consequently their reactions to environmental and source characteristics diverge. We evaluated the differences between DRC and their correlations with acoustical descriptors. Most of the variance between hazard predictions by DRC could be explained by linear regression using only a few descriptors that cover certain key sound characteristics or peculiarities of the hearing system. This relationship allows us to better understand how certain sound characteristics translate to the risk of hearing damage and contributes to the ongoing discussion on future DRC standards. As the data comprised only a subset of soldiers’ noise exposure, follow-up studies should include larger caliber weapons and complex noise combined with hearing protection, in order to draw more general conclusions.
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A13.05 Asymmetric hearing loss - clinical solutions and functionality
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SC1-3 - RAYLEIGH |
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| 14:20 |
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Speech intelligibility in noise of single-sided deaf cochlear implant users for near and distant talkers
by T. Wesarg.
Abstract:
People with single-sided deafness (SSD) encounter hearing problems particularly related to speech perception in noise. Among the different treatment options, only the cochlear implant (CI) allows for a (re)habilitation of binaural hearing. Various studies with SSD CI users have shown binaural benefits of CI in speech intelligibility in noise (SIN) for near target talkers including the summation effect, and benefits of the application of remote microphone technology in SIN for distant talkers both on group level. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the relations between the speech intelligibility in quiet (SIQ) with the CI only and the benefit of a CI in SIN for near talkers on the one hand, and the benefit of remote microphone technology in SIN for distant talkers on the other hand, in adult SSD CI users. The analysis revealed that the SIQ with the CI only was positively correlated with the benefit of remote microphone technology in SIN for distant talkers, while it was not correlated with the benefit of a CI in SIN for near talkers.
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| 14:40 |
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Effect of reducing the static interaural time difference in bimodal listeners
by S. Zirn, S. Roth, F.-U. Mueller, W. Hemmert, J. Angermeier.
Abstract:
Previous work has shown that the ability to localize sound signals in the horizontal plane can be improved in listeners provided with a cochlear implant (CI) in one ear and a hearing aid (HA) in the contralateral ear (bimodal listeners) when the static interaural time delay between the modalities is technically reduced. The timing mismatch is caused by differences in the processing latencies of CI and HA and by different stimulation sites (CI: auditory nerve; HA: external auditory canal). In 2020 the CI manufacturer MED-EL has made the technical reduction of the timing mismatch available by a programmable across-frequency CI stimulation delay. To reduce the timing mismatch even further, we now use frequency-dependent delays to minimize the timing mismatch in every frequency band. Results show that the rms and the signed bias of sound localization can be further reduced in most bimodal study participants when using frequency-specific delays compared to an across-frequency delay. However, it is methodically complex to determine appropriate delays for different frequency bands. It is therefore questionable whether frequency-specific delays are useful in clinical practice.
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| 15:00 |
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A comparative study of four directional microphones and directivity steering for bimodal cochlear implant users
by H. C. Stronks, N. Langerak, A. J. Schrijver, R. Koning, J. Briaire, J. Frijns.
Abstract:
Background: Cochlear implant users (CI) experience degraded speech intelligibility (SI) in noise. A contralateral hearing aid (HA) benefits listening in noise, and directional microphones and directivity steering can further enhance SI.Objectives: Four directional microphones were evaluated for bimodal listeners, including a monaural and binaural broadband front-facing beamformer (BFM and BFB) and a novel monaural and binaural narrowband side-beamformer (BFMS, BFBS). Broadband directivity steering (DS) was also evaluated. Methods: BFM, BFB, and DS were tested in diffuse noise with speech administered frontally or to the HA side (S0Ndif and SHANdif). BFMS and BFBS were tested with speech presented on the CI side and noise on the HA side or vice versa (SCINHA, SHANCI). SI was assessed by determining speech reception thresholds (SRTs). Results: In the S0Ndif condition, BFB significantly improved SI by 2.9 dB SNR and BFM by 1.3 dB SNR, but not significantly. In the SHANdif condition, BFM and BFB did not benefit SI, but DS improved SI by 3.6 dB. BFBS significantly improved SI by 1.1 dB SNR, but BFMS was ineffective. Conclusion: Binaural beamformers outperform their monaural counterparts. The novel BFBS is a promising technique for bimodal listeners.
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| 15:20 |
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Better-Ear-Listening vs. Combined Bilateral Information Across Ears in Asymmetric Hearing
by B. Williges, N. Sadok, D. Arweiler-Harbeck, T. Jürgens.
Abstract:
A growing number of cochlear implant (CI) users have asymmetric hearing, where one ear is aided with a CI, and the other ear has different degrees of useable acoustic hearing, ranging from aided with hearing aids (bimodal CI) to normal hearing (CI-Single-Sided Deaf, CI-SSD). Benefits of these combinations include improved quality of life, better speech intelligibility, and better localization abilities. To further understand the varying individual benefit, predictions from two different physiologically inspired computer model versions were compared to data previously collected from eight bimodal and eight CI-SSD users for speech-in-noise tasks (speech-receptionthresholds, SRTs). One model version predicts an SRT for each ear independently, and chooses the better SRT for each task (better-ear-listening). The other model version uses information from both acoustic and electric hearing to predict an SRT (complementary information). Both model versions showed a satisfactory fit to the measured data (RMS-Error: 2.7 dB). The complementary information model showed a bimodal benefit (3 dB for bimodal CI, 2 dB for CI SSD), surprisingly only for lateral noise incident, but not for frontal sound incident. A betterear-listening approach explained most of the observed data, only in few cases the complementary information model matched experimental data better.
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| 15:40 |
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Speech perception and sound localization in CI subjects with electric-acoustic stimulation and contralateral normal hearing
by T. Weissgerber, M. Bandeira, T. Stöver, U. Baumann.
Abstract:
In unilateral deafness or unilateral partial deafness with contralateral normal hearing, the lack of ability to localize sound, decreased speech perception in noise, and increased hearing effort lead to the desire for cochlear implantation. The aim of the present study was to assess hearing abilities in subjects using electric-acoustic stimulation (EAS) with contralateral normal hearing. 16 subjects with EAS in the ipsilateral ear and normal hearing in the contralateral ear were implanted at our department. Speech reception thresholds (SRTs) in noise were assessed in different spatial noise conditions and for different noise characteristics with and without reverberation. Mean error in sound localization was measured with an LED pointer method.Improved SRTs with EAS stimulation in simultaneous and spatially separated masker conditions were observed. In more diffuse noise conditions and in the presence of reverberation, no benefit on SRTs was found. Mean localization error using EAS was in the range of normal hearing listeners.Even for patients with contralateral normal hearing, EAS can improve speech perception in noise and restore sound localization in everyday life. While sound localization abilities in the horizontal plane were comparable to normal hearing, SRTs were still worse than in normal hearing participants.
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A13.06 Audiology diagnostic techniques (1)
| Monday 23 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SC1-3 - RAYLEIGH |
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| J. A. Undurraga Lucero |
| M. Temboury Gutiérrez |
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| 14:20 |
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Evaluating Test Time in Simultaneously Recorded ABRs
by S. G. B. Kristensen, S. Laugesen, T. Dau, J. A. Undurraga Lucero.
Abstract:
Currently, the gold standard procedure for objectively evaluating hearing in infants is the auditory brainstem response (ABR). We have previously explored a novel approach that involves recording multiple ABRs simultaneously in response to narrowband (NB) CEChirps centered at 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz in both ears. In the current study, we investigated the overall testing time when recording ABRs simultaneously compared to consecutively at the clinical discharge levels of 30 and 40 dB estimated hearing level (eHL) to the 4 NB CE-Chirps. Simultaneous and consecutive ABRs were obtained from 21 young normal-hearing participants within one recording session. Response presence was determined using the recently developed Fmpi, an objective statistical detection method. Testing time was estimated as the total time to reach 95% probability of response present. The results showed that, for each NB CE-Chirp considered individually, simultaneous ABRs had on average longer testing times compared with consecutive ABRs, a consequence of the overall reduced ABR wave V amplitude evoked by the novel more frequencyspecific simultaneous approach. However, the total testing time (8 ABR measurements) was significantly shorter for the simultaneous than that of the consecutive approach.
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| 14:40 |
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Diagnosing hearing loss using air- and bone-conducted parallel auditory brainstem responses
by M. Polonenko, R. Maddox.
Abstract:
The auditory brainstem response (ABR) is an essential tool in screening for and diagnosing infant hearing loss to support optimal language acquisition through early intervention. The parallel ABR (pABR) paradigm measures responses to frequencies from 500–8000 Hz in both ears all at once, rather than the traditional methods of single-frequency measurements in one ear at a time. Our work in seventy adults with widely varying sensorineural hearing loss configurations shows that the pABR provides highly accurate thresholds (r = 0.9 across frequencies and 90% of thresholds within 14 dB of behavioural thresholds) more than twice as fast as serial ABR (median speedup ratio of 2.5x and mean reduction of 42 minutes). Furthermore, our recent work in a group of twenty adults with normal hearing shows that bone conduction pABR measurements are feasible, which is also a necessary part of diagnosing hearing loss by determining the relative contributions of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. Given these air- and bone-conduction results, the pABR holds promise as a viable clinical tool for objective threshold estimation and diagnosis of hearing loss.
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| 15:00 |
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The binaural interaction component is enhanced with chirps relative to clicks and produces better behavioral lateralization
by K. A. Walker, C. A. Sammeth, M. Mavandi, N. T. Greene, D. J. Tollin.
Abstract:
The binaural interaction component (BIC) of the auditory brainstem response (ABR) is obtained by subtracting a binaurally-evoked ABR from the sum of monaural left and right ear ABRs. BIC amplitude is modulated by interaural time differences (ITDs) and has been proposed as a biomarker of binaural hearing ability. Traditionally, clicks are used to evoke ABRs; however, chirps are recommended to compensate for the cochlear traveling wave and enhance wave V. Whether chirps improve BIC measurements has not been systematically examined. Here, ABRs and BICs were measured in subjects (n = 6; 21-29 years) for three stimuli; 1) 100-µsec clicks, 2) level-independent CE chirps, and 3) Level-Specific (LS) chirps at four intensities ranging from 65-40 dB nHL. Subjects also completed behavioral testing measuring ITD discrimination thresholds. Compared to clicks, chirps generally elicited larger monaural and binaural wave V and larger BIC amplitudes, particularly at lower intensities. Subjects also exhibited lower ITD thresholds for chirps than clicks, mainly at lower stimulus levels. Chirps may provide an enhancement to ABR wave V and BIC, improving signal-to-noise ratio and reliability. The improved behavioral sensitivity to ITDs with chirps supports the hypothesis that BIC arises from binaural brainstem nuclei that are important for binaural hearing.
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| 15:20 |
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A Pilot Study on Assessing Auditory Masking Using Auditory Steady- State Responses
by A. Sergeeva, P. Kidmose.
Abstract:
Auditory masking is important in the characterization of human hearing and hearing impairment. Traditionally, masking is assessed through behavioral methods, witch requires active participant engagement. This study investigates the potential of using Auditory Steady-State Response (ASSR) to assess auditory masking, enabling masking assessment without requiring active participation. ASSRs were measured in response to a 40-Hz amplitudemodulated probe signal with and without the presence of a masker. The probe signals were 1/3-octave bandwidth Gaussian noise centered at 891 and 1414 Hz (center frequency, CF) and presented at 10, 20, 30, and 40 dB above individual behavioral masking thresholds (MT). The masker was lowpass Gaussian noise (cut-off 707 Hz) presented at 65 and 85 dB SPL (masker level, ML). The ASSR amplitude increased with presentation level (PL) and decreased in the presence of a masker, confirming a masking effect on ASSR. At 65 dB ML, ASSRs did not differ between center frequencies when probe signals were presented relative to MT, suggesting a simple relationship between MT and ASSR. At 85 dB ML, an effect of CF was observed, suggesting that the relationship between MT and ASSR is more complex than initially anticipated, and involving all the experimental parameters (CF, PL, and ML).
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| 15:40 |
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How frequency-based processing may help clinicians improve sound quality perception in cochlear implant users?
by L. Villejoubert, L. Picinali, K. Faulkner, D. Vickers.
Abstract:
Sound quality in cochlear implants (CIs) remains a critical challenge despite advancements in speech understanding. While CI technology’s impact on sound quality degradation is well-documented, less is known about specific “frequency-to-place factors” such as frequency-to-place mismatch (FTPM) and issues with the electrode-neuron interface (ENI). This study explores innovative methods to assess the relationship between sound quality and these factors. The first experiment examines vowel perception through combinations of the first and second formant frequencies varied across a spectral continuum. Participants selected vowels from a close-set list (/a/, /i/, /ɔ/, /u/, /ɜ/) and then rated their confidence of their selection. Individual vowel maps were calculated to assess shifts in internal vowel representation potentially linked to FTPM (although not accounting for other ENI aspects). The second experiment evaluates sound quality transmission across electrodes using paired chord comparisons. Participants rated sound quality between chords and their inversions, isolating electrodespecific degradation. Ten post-lingually deafened adult CI users with over 12 months of experience participated. Preliminary findings reveal good test-retest reliability. Vowel experiments showed some preference for shifted configurations, while chord tests highlighted significant variability across electrodes. These methods may serve as clinical tools to optimize CI setup, improving sound quality for users.
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A13.06 Audiology diagnostic techniques (2)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 16:20 |
| Room: SC1-3 - RAYLEIGH |
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| J. A. Undurraga Lucero |
| M. Temboury Gutiérrez |
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| 16:20 |
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Evaluation of Hyperacusis and Loudness Estimates as part of an Extended Audiological Test Battery
by L. Vinceslas, V. Drga, J. L. Verhey, I. Yasin.
Abstract:
Hyperacusis describes the condition in which individuals perceive mid-level sounds as uncomfortably loud, despite exhibiting normal hearing thresholds. Audiological assessments of hyperacusis commonly include the typical audiometric test battery, including uncomfortable loudness levels (ULLs), and a hyperacusis questionnaire (HQ). An estimate of the loudness growth function is often not included. This study investigated the correspondence between HQ scores, loudness functions, and key audiological measures. All twenty-two listeners had normal hearing (< 20 dB HL within the range 0.25-8 kHz) and no tinnitus. Extended high-frequency thresholds (10–16 kHz) were also measured. Listeners completed a HQ and Categorical Loudness Scaling (CLS) test. ULLs were also measured using pure-tone stimuli and the audiometric standard procedure (ULL-SP) and an adaptive procedure using speechshaped noise stimuli adapted from the CLS task (ULLCLS). The results indicated that elevated thresholds in the 12–16 kHz range were associated with a straightening of the entire loudness function. Additionally, significant correlations were observed between HQ scores and ULL-SP at 0.5, 2, and 4 kHz. Listeners with higher HQ scores exhibited steeper lower segment of the loudness function, indicating a more rapid growth in perceived loudness for low- to mid-level stimuli.
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| 16:40 |
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Advancing Objective Assessment of Spectral Discrimination using EEG: Amplitude Roving Minimizes Loudness Confounds
by M. Rekswinkel, J. Hjortkjær, A. Kressner, J. A. Undurraga Lucero.
Abstract:
The measurement of cortical responses to frequency cues relevant for speech understanding can potentially lead to earlier and more effective clinical diagnosis and intervention in hard-to-test populations. To assess cortical responses to changes in frequency, it is important to minimize the presence of other simultaneous cues, such as loudness, which might also evoke cortical responses, potentially biasing the interpretation of the response data. To minimize this effect, we propose a new method that uses amplitude roving—commonly used in behavioral testing to ensure the cue of interest is focused on—to reduce loudness-related cortical responses. Neurophysiologically, the effect of intensity roving might translate to a form of neural adaptation to signal variance, which results in a reduced sensitivity to intensity changes. In this study, we investigate the effects of amplitude roving on EEG responses to spectral changes in pure tones. We investigate the extent to which intensity roving can reduce cortical responses driven by intensity changes. The results show that intensity roving can significantly reduce the cortical response to amplitude changes, while responses to spectral changes remain salient.
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| 17:00 |
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Neural Responses Akin to ABRS Measured During Natural Speech Listening for Hearing Aid Assessment
by F. L. Bachmann, J. P. Kulasingham, K. Eskelund, M. Enqvist, J. Hjortkjær, E. Alickovic, H. Innes-Brown.
Abstract:
This review outlines the current status and proposes future directions for using auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) to continuous speech as a tool in hearing aid assessment. In current clinical practice, ABRs measured via electroencephalography (EEG) in response to short stimuli, averaged across repetitions, are a cornerstone of objective hearing screening and evaluation. Recent advancements have demonstrated that ABRs can be estimated from EEG recorded during continuous speech listening by using linear models which map the auditory speech features, extracted using auditory models, to continuous EEG activity. This approach enables the simultaneous investigation of multiple auditory pathway stages using complex, ecologically valid sounds; advancing potential future hearing assessments that can be seamlessly integrated into daily life. Current findings indicate that responses similar to click-ABRs, with a salient wave V peak, can be estimated from natural continuous speech. These responses are sensitive to speech level, can be captured using insert earphones or in a sound-field environment, and can be obtained from aided older listeners with hearing impairment. While these advancements bring us closer to ecologically valid objective hearing device and fitting assessments, there are remaining hurdles to overcome, such as assessing ABRs to continuous natural speech during standard hearing device use.
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| 17:20 |
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Optimising Parameters For Measuring The Acoustic Change Complex With Amplitude-Modulated Stimuli Using A Clinical Evoked-Potential System
by W. Ellis, D. Vickers, N. Haywood, N. Mehta, M. Keshavarzi, E. De Groote.
Abstract:
The Auditory Change Complex (ACC) is a transient cortical auditory-evoked potential, recorded via electroencephalography (EEG), and elicited by changes in an ongoing auditory stimulus. It provides insight into auditory discrimination, making it a relevant tool for evaluating cochlear implant (CI) performance. Previous studies have demonstrated that the ACC can be recorded in CI recipients, and many have reported a strong correlation with behavioural outcomes. However, these studies typically used equipment and analytical techniques not widely available in clinical settings. As a first step toward developing a clinically feasible method for ACC recording, we adapted our EEG research protocol for amplitude-modulated (AM) rate discrimination for use with normal hearing listeners using the Eclipse system (Interacoustics). Our findings show that the ACC can be reliably recorded using this system, with good testretest reliability. As expected, larger AM rate changes and lower carrier frequencies (CFs) elicited greater ACC amplitudes. Furthermore, increasing the presentation rate by reducing the inter-stimulus interval diminished the ACC response, and changing presentation level had minimal and inconsistent effects across participants. We are now exploring optimal AM rate changes and recording parameters for CI users, and will discuss preliminary results regarding the potential for routine clinical use in CI fittings .
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| 17:40 |
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Alterations in steady-state synchronisation between Acute and Chronic Tinnitus suggests reduction in the neural correlates of tinnitus over time
by A. Umashankar, W. Sedley, K. Alter, P. Gander.
Abstract:
The mechanism of tinnitus remains unclear as the generation and persistence of tinnitus is not widely understood. The acute tinnitus population serves as an ideal subject for investigating the mechanisms behind the origin and persistence of tinnitus, from its initial onset to its subsequent chronification. One of the neural markers for measuring tinnitus are central gain and alterations in neural synchrony or central gain, linked to tinnitus can be measured using the Auditory Steady State Response (ASSR). The experiment was carried out on 39 participants with acute tinnitus (18 followed back six months post baseline), 30 with chronic tinnitus, and 27 controls. The results revealed cross sectionally, there were no significant differences in both absolute amplitudes of ASSR across intensities and the slope of ASSR growth function between the groups. However, longitudinally, there was a near significant increase in ASSR amplitude at low and medium intensity levels over time. Our findings indicate that the near significant differences in ASSR amplitude is attributable to changes in neural synchronisation, attentional modulation, tinnitus-related distress, and diminished GABAergic inhibition coinciding with the onset of tinnitus, which typically decreases over time. The alterations occurring at the onset may facilitate the persistence of tinnitus.
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| 18:00 |
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Numerical analysis of minimum resonance bandwidths in input impedances of human ear canals
by R. Roden, M. Blau.
Abstract:
The acoustic input impedance of the human ear canal is a complex function of frequency, reflecting ear canal acoustics and middle and inner ear mechanics. It contains information about the sound pressure at the eardrum and is therefore useful for the individualized equalization of inear hearing devices. For clinical applications, it can provide insight into pathological conditions of the ear. To achieve any of the above, it is necessary to determine the ear input impedance with high accuracy. For the validation of impedance measurement system across the entire frequency range up to 16 kHz, for frequency-domain smoothing of measured impedances, as well as for the design of high-frequency couplers, knowledge of the required spectral resolution would be helpful. In this study, minimum relative bandwidths of resonance peaks across the entire frequency range for 41 digitized right ear canal geometries from the IHA database were analyzed, using 3D FEM simulations to determine the input impedance for three different residual ear canal lengths. Results indicate that minimum relative bandwidths decrease from about 0.05 at 5 kHz to around 0.01 at 16 kHz.
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| 18:20 |
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Single-Trial Electroencephalographic Analysis of Front-Back Confusions in Free-Field and Headphone-Based Listening Conditions
by N. Marggraf-Turley, M. Shiell, N. Pontoppidan, D. Cappotto, L. Picinali.
Abstract:
Sound source localisation relies on spatial auditory cues, which are described by the head-related transfer function (HRTF). In natural free-field listening, individuals perceive sounds filtered by their own HRTFs. Conversely, binaural (headphones-based) reproduction uses HRTFs to render virtual auditory stimuli. However, in practice, binaural reproduction typically employs non-individual HRTFs, which can impair realism and localisation accuracy, introducing phenomena such as front-back and updown confusion. Beyond behavioural assessment, perceivable differences under the two rendering conditions can be investigated from a neurophysiological perspective. This study uses electroencephalographic data from an existing localisation study to examine disparities in front-back confusion between free-field and headphonebased (non-individual HRTF) conditions. A multilayer perceptron trained on single-trial event-related potentials classified sound source location pairs symmetric around the interaural axis. Single-trial decoding accuracy correlated with behavioural front-back confusion.
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A13.06 Audiology diagnostic techniques (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| J. A. Undurraga Lucero |
| M. Temboury Gutiérrez |
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Evaluation of Microphone Nonlinearities in Probes for Measurement of Otoacoustic Emissions
by P. Honzík, V. Vencovský.
Abstract:
Measurement of Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions (DPOAE) relies on evaluating the nonlinear response of the inner ear to two-tone excitation signals, specifically identifying the cubic intermodulation distortion products. However, the accuracy of these measurements can be adversely affected by nonlinear distortions within the electroacoustic measurement chain. This study examines the nonlinear behavior of microphones embedded in probes used for otoacoustic emission measurements. Nonlinearities were characterized using the source harmonic correction method reported in the literature, as there is no perfectly linear source of excitation signal. We focused on the quantification of second- and third-order harmonic distortion, which are key components of the nonlinear response of the microphone. The results are analyzed and compared to similar measurements performed on conventional and MEMS microphones, revealing specific characteristics of the probe microphone’s nonlinear response. Strategies for reducing nonlinear distortion in this context, as described in the literature, are also discussed. These findings contribute to the understanding of the limitations and potential improvements in the measurement accuracy of otoacoustic emissions by addressing microphone-induced nonlinearities.
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Methodology For The Neurocognitive Study Of Acoustic-Perceptual Abilities And Linguistic Function In Preterm Infants
by R. Hernández-Molina, C. Varo Varo, V. M. Rodríguez-Montaño, R. Pérez Vargas, F. Fernández-Zacarías, V. Puyana Romero, T. Denisenko, J. L. Cueto-Ancela, P. Zafra Rodríguez.
Abstract:
Due to the convergence of Applied Linguistics (in particular, Clinical Linguistics), Acoustic Engineering and the Neonatology Unit of the University Hospital Puerta del Mar in Cadiz, the aim of this study is to conduct a longitudinal neurocognitive study of acoustic-perceptual skills and linguistic function in preterm infants. This will allow to establish the interrelation between both aspects during the 0 to 4 years’ stage, to identify possible deficiencies and their manifestation in different stages and, consequently, to achieve better diagnostic and treatment protocols for this population. For this purpose, clinical data, especially neuroimaging data, are contrasted with those derived from the evaluation of the influence of noise exposure in incubators on sensorineural hearing loss and auditory maturation by means of electrophysiological and acoustic techniques. As for the results, it is expected that the analysis of the data obtained will shed light on the possible auditory and linguistic deficiencies observed, in addition to the design of appropriate specific audiological and speech therapy tools.
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A14.01 Psychoacoustics - General (1)
| Monday 23 June 2025 - 12:00 |
| Room: SM3 - BERANEK |
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| P. Majdak |
| N. Prodi |
| P. Aichinger |
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| 12:00 |
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Binaural fusion as a special case of auditory object formation
by J. Aronoff, J. Lapapa, P. Bk, I. Oyebamiji, N. Gustafson.
Abstract:
Binaural fusion reflects the percept of a single auditory image when a signal is presented to both ears. Research on binaural fusion has primarily focused on two key properties of the signal: interaural coherence (i.e. the statistical similarity of the sound at the two ears, independent of interaural time differences) and interaural frequency similarity (i.e., the similarity in frequency of the sound delivered to the two ears), both of which improve binaural fusion. Like binaural fusion, auditory object formation involves grouping multiple sounds into a single percept. We hypothesize that the cues that foster auditory object formation also foster binaural fusion. Two recently published studies will be discussed along with one ongoing study. In one of the recently published studies, we reduced binaural fusion using partially interaurally decorrelated sounds and used harmonicity to foster binaural fusion. In another study, we manipulated interaural coherence and then fostered binaural fusion using shared lateralization cues. In our ongoing study, to determine if the effect of lateralization cues were limited to countering decreased interaural coherence, we manipulated interaural frequency similarity alongside shared lateralization cues. The results of these studies support the hypothesis that cues that foster auditory object formation also foster binaural fusion.
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| 12:20 |
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Modeling fluctuation strength based on the Sottek Hearing Model
by R. Sottek.
Abstract:
Fluctuating sounds are easily recognizable and have a significant impact on sound quality. It is therefore essential to quantify them in a way that reflects human perception. Extensive research in the literature has been conducted on the perception of fluctuating sounds. However, there is currently no standardized calculation method. There was no reliable approach for estimating the perceived fluctuation strength, especially for technical sounds. This paper presents an algorithm for calculating the perceived fluctuation strength of technical sounds, extending a method previously presented in DAGA 2023. The algorithm is based on the Sottek Hearing Model Roughness published in the ECMA-418-2 standard and the HSA (High-resolution Spectral Analysis) to identify low-rate modulations. It was improved and validated using the results of jury tests with technical sounds and synthetic data. The algorithm is planned to be included in the next version of the ECMA-418-2 standard.
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| 12:40 |
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Does a frequency mismatch between infrasound and modulator affect their interaction?
by B. Friedrich, J. Verhey.
Abstract:
In a previous study, we showed that a supra-threshold, sinusoidal infrasound stimulus (8 Hz) not only masks a low-frequency sound in the audio-frequency range (64 Hz) but also influences the perception of an 8 Hz temporal amplitude modulation (AM) imposed on the 64 Hz carrier (cf. Friedrich, Joost, Fedtke, Verhey, 2023, Acta Acustica 7, https://doi.org/10.1051/aacus/2023061). In an additional study, we showed that AM thresholds for 8 Hz depend on the relative phase between infrasound and AM. On average across the listeners of that study, the maximum AM threshold was close to 270°, the minimum close to 90°. The threshold difference between the extrema was 10 dB. In this study, we investigated how thresholds change with modulation frequency, i.e., by including conditions, where infrasound frequency and modulation frequency are not the same.
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| 13:00 |
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A Study On Sound Level Differences In Working Modes Of A Refrigerator With An Inverter Compressor
by P. Kosowski, S. Atamer, M. E. Altinsoy.
Abstract:
Efforts in noise reduction of household refrigerators have led to ultra-low sound level claims on energy labels (some of them below 30 dBA sound power level, as of 2024). Further incentives to keep bringing these claims down comes from legislation of energy labels creating, so called “acoustic noise emission classes” (from A to D for most household appliances). Modern refrigerators come equipped mostly with inverter compressors (that can change rotational speed based on cooling demand), also in an attempt to meet stringent energy consumption requirements. These compressors, however, have quite a broad rotational speed range (usually beyond 3000 rpm). There is a risk that, at the two extremes of speed range (minimum and maximum speed) it may lead to substantially different perception of the same appliance by end-users. This study aims to provide some real product testing results of a difference between the working modes of several modern refrigerators, where in some cases the difference can be up to 10 dBA (!). It also provides some discussion on what a legislation body can do with this information to support more integral sound performance from the same product and promote design of quiet appliances not only in specific working conditions.
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A14.01 Psychoacoustics - General (2)
| Monday 23 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SM3 - BERANEK |
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| P. Majdak |
| N. Prodi |
| P. Aichinger |
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| 14:20 |
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Does Audibility Mediate The Effects Of Binaural Beats On Working Memory And Mental Workload?
by K. Van Den Bosch, C. Schmidt Von Wolkahof, T. Sarampalis.
Abstract:
Studies on the cognitive and psychological benefits of binaural beats (BB) often yield divergent or inconclusive results. While some studies suggest that BB are beneficial for e.g. relaxation, creativity and concentration, others fail to replicate these findings. Recent reviews on the subject reveal this may be explained by dissimilarities in methodologies and incomplete reporting thereof. Some important variables for binaural beat research are not always sufficiently reported, such as carrier frequencies, masking types, or stimulus levels. Information on the volume of the BB versus potential background audio is especially lacking in many instances. To create a better understanding of the possible benefits of listening to BB on cognitive functioning, we propose a study in which we assess different signal-to-noise ratios of BB in noise. Specifically, we aim to measure the effects of listening to 40 Hz BB in noise on working memory performance, operationalized through an N-back task. This way, we can assess to what extent BB need to be audible to reach potential beneficial psychological effects.
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| 14:40 |
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Psychoacoustics of Remixing Music: Catering to Hard-of-Hearing and Normal-Hearing Audiences for Enhanced Experiences
by F. Nir, T. Yami, B.-Y. Yossi.
Abstract:
Music mixing practices are typically designed for normal-hearing (NH) listeners, often overlooking the preferences of hard-of-hearing (HoH) individuals. This study investigates differences in preferred Lead-toAccompaniment Ratio (LAR) between NH and HoH listeners. Experiment 1 compared LAR preferences between NH (mean 7.61 dB) and HoH participants (mean 10.41 dB), while Experiment 2 examined variations across different degrees of hearing loss. Results indicate that HoH listeners consistently prefer a higher LAR than NH listeners, with stronger preferences observed as hearing loss severity increases. Specifically, mild HoH listeners preferred a mean LAR of 6.32 dB, whereas profound HoH listeners preferred a mean LAR of 13.10 dB. These findings suggest that conventional music mixing approaches may not optimally serve HoH individuals. To enhance accessibility, customizable audio mixing strategies, such as user-adjustable LAR settings, should be considered. Future research should validate findings using audiometric verification and explore additional auditory factors influencing music perception. By integrating adaptive mixing practices, the music industry can create a more inclusive listening experience for individuals with hearing impairments.
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| 15:00 |
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Impact of real and synthetic lip-sync-related visual cues on speech intelligibility in a highly reverberant conference hall
by A. Galletto, A. Guastamacchia, F. Riente, L. Shtrepi, G. Puglisi, A. Albera, F. Pellerey, A. Astolfi.
Abstract:
Recent hearing research has advanced through Virtual Reality systems, exploiting immersive Audio-Visual (AV) environments based on acoustic simulations and 3D video rendering to conduct ecological listening tests and explore factors influencing Speech Intelligibility (SI). Usually, immersive AV scenes derive from simulations using avatars, but investigations are needed to detect possible differences compared to recorded real-world scenarios with real speakers. This work aims to evaluate, within immersive tests developed with 360° 3D video coupled with thirdorder ambisonic audio recordings, the impact on SI of (i) lip-sync-related visual cues compared with the absence of lip-sync and (ii) lip-sync-related visual cues of a real person compared with photorealistic avatars in the same scenario. SI tests on normal-hearing subjects were conducted for different auditory scenarios representing a highly reverberant conference hall with a frontal target speaker, either in a quiet situation or with an interferer talker from 120° and 180° azimuth. Results confirm the importance of lip-sync-related visual cues for speech intelligibility and using highly realistic avatars to come closer to the real speaker SI scores.
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| 15:20 |
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Modelling the interaction of infrasound and low-frequency sounds
by J. Verhey, B. Friedrich.
Abstract:
Recently, we showed that a sinusoidal infrasound affects the perception of low-frequency sounds in the audio-frequency range (cf. Friedrich, Joost, Fedtke, Verhey, 2023, Acta Acustica 7, https://doi.org/10.1051/aacus/2023061). Masking of a 64 Hz pure tone due to the presence of a supra-threshold 8 Hz infrasound was observed as well as masking of temporal amplitude modulation (AM) of 64 Hz carrier with a modulation frequency of 8 Hz. This study investigates to what extend these masking effects can be explained on the basis of the filter characteristics of the peripheral auditory system. A special focus will be on the effect of the relative phase between the amplitude modulation and the infrasound on the strength of masking. It will also be investigated, if individual differences can be explained by variations of the filter characteristics.
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| 15:40 |
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Association Between Speech in Noise Performance and Inferred Cochlear Response Functions
by L. Vinceslas, V. Drga, J. Verhey, I. Yasin.
Abstract:
Reduced cochlear functioning can affect speech perception in noise. Human inferred cochlear response input-output (I/O) functions can be obtained by objective measurement of distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) or by using psychophysical masking methods. I/O functions obtained using psychophysical methods take a longer time to acquire, than when obtained from DPOAE methods. However, psychophysical methods allow measurement of the inferred cochlear response I/O function in cases when DPOAEs may be absent. This study investigated the association between inferred cochlear response I/O functions obtained from nine normal-hearing listeners using DPOAEs and psychophysical forward-masking methods. I/O functions obtained using both methods were also compared to speech intelligibility scores obtained using the English-language Matrix speech test. The present study found that maximum cochlear compression inferred using the psychophysical method appeared to be moderately positively correlated with speech reception thresholds at noise levels of 45-65 dB SPL. Also, the maximum compression estimates obtained using DPOAEs covered a smaller range than the equivalent values obtained using the psychophysical method. Whilst the input levels associated with maximum compression covered a similar range across the two methods.
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| 16:00 |
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Humming and rumbling: Experiments and model predictions
by M. Gottschalk, J. Verhey.
Abstract:
The sensations humming and rumbling are commonly associated with low-frequency pure tones (humming) and low-frequency amplitude modulated tones (rumbling). It was investigated how the magnitudes of these sensations depend on the following signal parameters: carrier frequency, modulation frequency, modulation depth, and sound pressure level (SPL). Participants rated all signals on a categorical scale for each sensation. For a subset of these sounds, participants were also asked to make pairwise comparisons of the magnitude of the elicited sensations. The answers to the pairwise comparison task were evaluated using the Bradley–Terry model, transforming them to values on a ratio scale. These were then compared to the categorical ratings. In general, the magnitude of humming decreased as the carrier frequency increased, was lower for high modulation depth and higher for high SPL. Rumbling was strongest for low carrier frequencies modulated with a high modulation depth and high SPL. Remarkably, rumbling was also found for unmodulated tones with very low frequency. In addition to the experiments, a model predicting the two sensations was developed and evaluated using the experimental data. The model structure was based on established filter-bank models of auditory spectral selectivity and modulation detection in human hearing.
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| 16:20 |
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Verified implementations of the Sottek psychoacoustic Hearing Model standardised sound quality metrics (ECMA-418-2 Loudness, Tonality and Roughness)
by M. J. B. Lotinga, M. Torjussen, G. Felix Greco.
Abstract:
Metrics for describing perceptual sound qualities have previously been developed from a variety of psychoacoustic models. The Sottek Hearing Model (SHM) offers a holistic approach to characterising perceptual sound quality and the SHM metrics for loudness, tonality and roughness have been defined in an international standard, ECMA-418-2. Implementations of the ECMA-418- 2 standardised sound quality metrics have been developed, documented and verified using both simple test signals and field audio recordings of complex sound scenes, and have also been made available in the open-source software package ‘SQAT’ (Sound Quality Analysis Toolbox). The metrics, implementation, application and usage guidance are outlined alongside presentation of example verification cases, demonstrating the accuracy and capabilities of the tools.
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A14.01 Psychoacoustics - General (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| P. Majdak |
| N. Prodi |
| P. Aichinger |
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Evaluation Of The Episodic Audiovisual Memory In A Gamified Experiment
by G. Wersényi.
Abstract:
A serious game application was developed to test the working memory of 40 subjects. The application is based on the well-known memory game ”Pairs,” using auditory, visual, and mixed modalities in different resolutions. Evaluation of completion times and error rates revealed no significant difference between auditory and visual memory. On the other hand, playing the game in the mixed modality resulted in better outcomes. Furthermore, speech samples and auditory icons were generally superior to measurement signals in the case of the highest resolution (24 pairs).
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A14.04 Spatial hearing: modeling and applications
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: SM3 - BERANEK |
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| 9:00 |
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Distance perception of nearby sources located around the subject in echoic rooms
by N. Kopco, G. Andrejková.
Abstract:
Distance perception is typically examined for sources varying in distance, and sometimes also in azimuth. However, very few studies have considered sources varying simultaneously in all three dimensions. Santarelli et al. [1] realized an experiment in a reverberant classroom in which subjects were asked to point to the perceived position of broadband-noise sound sources presented from a random location in the right hemifield within 1 m of the subject’s head. Here, a new analysis examines distance responses for source location varying in all three dimensions. After binning the data into two distance bins (split at 50 cm) and 25 directional bins (combinations of 5 lateral angles and 1, 4, or 8 polar angles), mean response distances were determined on a logarithmic scale. On average, distances were underestimated by approximately 10%. However, there was a complex interaction. For far sources, there was a pattern of distance underestimation above the subject (up to 30%) and overestimation below (up to 25%) that was largest near the medial plane. For the near sources, only the overestimation of the below-the-subject sources was observed. Thus, distance representation appears to be distorted more in elevation than in the previously examined dimensions.
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| 9:20 |
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Towards predicting binaural audio quality in listeners with normal and impaired hearing
by T. Biberger, S. Ewert.
Abstract:
Eurich et al. (2024) recently introduced the computationally efficient monaural and binaural audio quality model (eMoBi-Q). This model integrates both monaural and binaural auditory features and has been validated across six audio datasets encompassing quality ratings for music and speech, processed via algorithms commonly employed in modern hearing devices (e.g., acoustic transparency, feedback cancellation or binaural beamforming) or presented via loudspeakers. In the current study, we expand eMoBi-Q to account for the perceptual effects of sensorineural hearing loss (HL) on audio quality. For this, the model was extended by a nonlinear auditory filterbank. Given that altered loudness perception is a prevalent issue among listeners with hearing impairment, our goal is to incorporate loudness as a sub-dimension for predicting audio quality in both normal-hearing and hearing-impaired populations. While predicting loudness itself is important in the context of loudness-based hearing aid fitting, loudness as audio quality sub-measure may be helpful for the selection of reliable auditory features in hearing impaired listeners. The parameters of the filterbank and subsequent processing stages were informed by the physiologically-based (binaural) loudness model proposed by Pieper et al. (2018). This study presents and discusses the initial implementation of the extended binaural quality model.
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| 9:40 |
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Comparing Measures of Information in Head-Related Transfer Functions
by N. Meyer-Kahlen, K. Pollack, P. Lladó.
Abstract:
The NEMO initiative works towards agreeing on one set of head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) for use across various applications whenever incorporating individual(ized) HRTFs is not feasible. This initiative is grounded on the assumption that listeners benefit from adapting to a set of HRTFs that is different from their own. Naturally, one key step in this process is the selection of the particular set. We hypothesize that the available information in the set influences adaptation speed and/or post-adaptation localization performance and, therefore, is a potential factor in the selection. To test this hypothesis, it is essential to develop measures that quantify the information of an HRTF set. To this end, this contribution presents several potential measures of information content and compares them using multiple HRTF sets.
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| 10:00 |
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Subjective evaluation of the first incoming reflection - revisiting and extending Barron's study
by A. Neidhardt, T. Surdu, P. Lladó, E. De Sena.
Abstract:
In 1971, Barron published a study on ’The subjective effects of first reflections in concert halls’, comprising a lead/lag paradigm experiment with two loudspeakers set up in an anechoic room. As a result, he presented the determined audibility threshold, as well as a figure showing the audible effects caused by the first reflection (lag) depending on its delay and level relative to the direct sound (lead). This study gave an inspiring first insight into prominent effects like spatial impression, coloration, image shift, and ’disturbance’. However, the graph was created based on the responses of two listeners evaluating the effect of two parameters simultaneously. To assess the reproducibility of the results, we repeated and extended Barron’s experiment with a larger panel of participants and a slightly revised test method. Besides orchestral music, a solo piece played by an electronic bass guitar was considered. The analysis confirmed a signal dependency of the estimated thresholds. Furthermore, despite intense training, mapping the specific attributes to the perceptual effects remained challenging for the complex signals. Considerable individual differences were observed. We present an updated version of Barron’s famous graph as a result of our study.
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| 10:20 |
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On comparing auditory models and perceptual assessment when rating head-related transfer functions
by R. Daugintis, M. Geronazzo, L. Picinali.
Abstract:
Predicting the perceived quality of binaural audio with different head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) is essential when attempting to automate improvements to spatial audio rendering. To assess the selection accuracy of a numerical HRTF matching algorithm based on computational auditory model estimates, this study compares its results with the findings of a subjective HRTF rating study. In a previously published behavioural experiment, participants rated various HRTFs from the LISTEN database. The procedure was based on noise bursts rendered at different positions along horizontal and vertical trajectories. Possible ratings included ’bad’, ’ok’, or ’excellent’. In the numerical selection, one ’best’ and one ’worst’ non-individual HRTFs are chosen from the dataset based on estimated polar and quadrant errors from a modelled localisation experiment with static sound sources. The results indicate an above-chance probability that the HRTF selected as the ’best’ using the numerical method would be rated as ’excellent’ or at least ’ok’ with the behavioural one. However, limitations of the preliminary results can be ascribed to the challenges of repeatability in the subjective listening tests, discrepancies between the two methods (rating based on static vs. dynamic sounds) and differences in metrics (localisation performances vs. subjective ratings).
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| 11:00 |
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Vertical Sound Localization: Influence of Age, Ear Size, Sex, and Hair
by V. I. Schneider, B. Bugl, A. Sehr.
Abstract:
Sound localization in the vertical plane is a vital aspect of human auditory perception and has implications for everyday life. Previous studies have explored factors influencing sound localization, but mainly in the horizontal plane or with a small number of subjects. This study stands out due to the large cohort of 150 participants, providing a robust data set that enhances the reliability and generalizability of the findings. Participants underwent a series of vertical sound localization tests with broadband noise stimuli under free-field conditions, measuring the localization error between the actual sound source position and the subjects’ estimations. Certain factors were documented to investigate their influence on localization precision, including age, ear size, sex, and the hair length, whether it covered the ears or not. The comprehensive analysis conducted in this study aims to provide a more nuanced understanding of the factors affecting the accuracy of vertical sound localization. The findings can contribute to a better understanding of spatial hearing and hence to improvements in virtual reality applications or hearing aid development.
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| 11:20 |
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Vertical Sound Localization: Precision and Robustness to Reverberation in a Large-Scale Study
by B. Bugl, V. I. Schneider, A. Sehr.
Abstract:
Vertical sound localization, the ability to perceive the elevation of a sound source, is a fundamental aspect of human auditory perception, yet it remains far less understood than horizontal localization. Existing studies rely on small sample sizes, limiting the generalizability of findings. The presented study bridges that gap by examining vertical sound localization and precision in a cohort exceeding 150 participants, making it the largest investigation of its kind to date.Participants were exposed to broadband noise stimuli from various elevations under controlled anechoic conditions. The elevation localization error was measured by comparing perceived sound source elevations to actual positions of speakers of a curved array. Azimuth angles of arrival were altered between 0°, 45° and 90°. For a small group the experiment was repeated in echoic conditions, to gain insight in reverberation and reflection robustness of vertical sound localization.This large-scale study establishes benchmarks for vertical sound localization precision and robustness, advancing our understanding of human auditory spatial perception. These findings have implications for audio technology development, such as spatial audio rendering and hearing aid design, and lay the groundwork for further exploration into the neural and anatomical underpinnings of vertical localization.
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| 11:40 |
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Spiking neural networks for sound localization: A new perspective on auditory spatial perception
by Q. Liu, S. Laurent, H. Wuthrich, H. Lissek.
Abstract:
Mammals can localize sounds by using the information in their auditory neuronal system. Conventional models use auditory cues (e.g., interaural time differences (ITDs) and interaural level differences (ILDs), spectral cues, etc.) to perform the sound localization. These cues are extracted from binaural and monaural signals or inferred from neuronal spikes. In this article, we proposed a new model that predicts sound source directions from the firing rates of auditory neurons directly, bypassing the auditory cue extraction. This model incorporates auditory peripheral processing, spiking neural networks (SNNs), and deep neural networks (DNNs) to achieve auditory spatial perception. The peripheral processing transfers the binaural signals into auditory nerve fiber (ANF) spikes; the SNN calculates the firing rate of the medial superior olive (MSO) based on the ANF firing rate. The DNN performs nonlinear regression to predict azimuth and elevation angles based on the ANF and MSO firing rates. Preliminary results demonstrate that the SNN-DNN system can accurately estimate source direction.
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| 12:00 |
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Does Source Directivity Influence Human Perception of Speech Position?
by C. E. Contreras-Saavedra, R. A. Viveros-Munoz.
Abstract:
Humans rely on detecting and recognizing surrounding sounds, a complex task due to the variability, mobility, and contextual diversity of auditory stimuli. This study investigates human perception of speech source position— encompassing both direction of arrival (DOA) and distance—by addressing the question: “Does the directivity of a speech source influence human spatial perception?” A listening test was conducted comparing omnidirectional and directional speech sources. Stimuli were generated using an acoustic virtual reality framework (RAVEN) under various conditions: two reverberation times (0.1 and 0.6 seconds), 8 DOA angles (0°, 30°, 90°, 150°, 180°, 210°, 270°, 330°), and two source types (omnidirectional and directional). Participants estimated the perceived direction and distance of the stimuli in a controlled environment. Findings from this study enhance the understanding of how source directivity impacts spatial perception in humans, providing a benchmark for the performance of artificial neural networks in similar tasks. These insights have potential applications in the design of immersive auditory experiences, hearing aids, and spatial audio systems that bridge human perception and machine learning models. It also contributes to the understanding of the mechanisms that central auditory processing exerts to manage sound localization, which could have future clinical applications.
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A14.04 Spatial hearing: modeling and applications (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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Binaural Localization Model for Speech in Noise
by V. Tokala, E. Grinstein, R. Brooks, M. Brookes, S. Doclo, J. Jensen, P. A. Naylor.
Abstract:
Binaural acoustic source localization is important to human listeners for spatial awareness, communication and safety. In this paper, an end-to-end binaural localization model for speech in noise is presented. A lightweight convolutional recurrent network that localizes sound in the frontal azimuthal plane for noisy reverberant binaural signals is introduced. The model incorporates the additive internal ear noise to represent the frequency-dependant hearing threshold of a typical listener. The localization performance of the model is compared with the steered response power algorithm and the use of the model as a measure of interaural cue preservation for binaural speech enhancement methods is studied. A listening test was performed to compare the performance of the model with human localization of speech in noisy conditions.
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Spatial Audio Models’ Inventory To Cover The Attributes From The Spatial Audio Quality Inventory
by P. Lladó, A. Neidhardt, F. Brinkmann, E. De Sena.
Abstract:
The Spatial Audio Quality Inventory (SAQI, Lindau et al. 2014 [1]) defines a comprehensive list of attributes for quality assessment of spatial audio. These attributes are traditionally used in perceptual experiments. However, automatic evaluation is a common alternative to assess spatial audio algorithms by means of acoustic recordings and numerical methods. This study aims at bridging the gap between perceptual evaluation and automatic assessment methods. We performed a focused literature review on available auditory models and proposed a list to cover the attributes in SAQI based on self-imposed selection criteria, such as binaural compatibility. The selected models are publicly available and ready to be used in automatic assessment methods. This Spatial Audio Models’ Inventory (SAMI) could serve as relevant metrics to train and/or optimise machine-learning and deep-learning algorithms when the objective is to improve the perceived quality of reproduction in spatial audio applications. Moreover, SAMI composes a benchmark to challenge novel models.
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Spatial release from masking and listening effort: differences between binaural and free-field presentation
by N. La Magna, K. Poole, L. Picinali.
Abstract:
Speech intelligibility decreases in noisy environments, especially for individuals with hearing impairment. Spatial separation of speech and competing masking sounds improves understanding through spatial release from masking (SRM), though its cognitive demand remains understudied. Virtual Reality (VR) has been successfully employed in the past for testing and training auditory perception. This can be achieved using loudspeaker systems or headphones, in the latter case requiring Head-Related Transfer Functions (HRTFs). Individual HRTFs are known to improve speech-in-noise (SIN) understanding in horizontal and median planes, although benefits may diminish under informational masking conditions. This study investigates SRM performance and listening effort (LE) using the Coordinate Response Measure (CRM) corpus in a speech-on-speech task. Participants experience free-field loudspeaker rendering and binaural presentations (individual and non-individual HRTFs) in target-masker spatial configurations on horizontal and median planes. Performance is measured via identification accuracy and pupillometry. We hypothesize similar performance for free-field and both HRTF conditions in the horizontal plane due to the reliance on interaural differences. On the median plane, free-field is expected to outperform individual HRTFs, with non-individual HRTFs performing worse due to poor spectral cues representation that will induce increased effort. Understanding SRM and LE differences in free-field and binaural settings can advance our understanding of spatial hearing mechanisms in complex environment, and potentially speed up the adoption of virtual acoustics techniques in hearing research.
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A14.06 Development of semantic attributes based on psychoacoustic modelling
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: SM2 - MORSE |
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| M. S. Engel |
| M. E. Altinsoy |
| S. Atamer |
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| 9:00 |
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Estimation of interpretable non-linear Sound Quality Metrics using Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (KANs)
by T. Lobato, F. Kamp.
Abstract:
Sound Quality Metrics are widely used to evaluate the sounds of machines, environments, and essentially anything audible to people. Typically, combinations of (psycho-) acoustic parameters are used to establish such metrics by mapping the perceptive evaluation of sound and quantifying the perceived sound quality. These metrics can replace costly jury testing activities, which need to be conducted once to determine the metrics themselves. To employ them in product optimization tasks, engineers and designers must understand which properties of a sound must be modified to improve the metric results and hence, the perceived sound quality of the product. Thus, the metrics need to be interpretable, which may limit their accuracy and expressive power. Recently, Kolmogorov–Arnold Networks (KANs) were introduced, which can estimate analytical expressions of complex learned relationships, thereby providing an effective way to learn non-linear metrics with a differential formulation. This stands in contrast to classical symbolic regression methods, which must be learned in a discrete manner. This work investigates how well KANs can be used to learn non-linear relationships for Sound Quality Metrics, and compares the results both to fully interpretable linear equations and established black-box machine learning methods, such as Support Vector Machines and Gaussian Processes.
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| 9:20 |
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Psychoacoustic Modelling of AVAS Sounds: Consumer-Centric Semantic Attribute Development for Electric Vehicles
by B. Kullukcu, M. S. Engel, S. Atamer, M. E. Altinsoy.
Abstract:
This work presents the development of semantic attributes for Acoustic Vehicle Alerting Systems (AVAS) in electric vehicles (EV), using psychoacoustic modeling and consumer preference analysis. Participants from different consumer groups were exposed to a series of AVAS sound samples and assessed them by means of semantic differentials. Preference classification across groups of consumers, together with correlation of the insights obtained with psychoacoustic parameters, is proposed in this paper to provide actionable guidelines for the optimal design of AVAS. The findings contribute to enhancing pedestrian safety and user experience while aligning with regulatory standards.
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| 9:40 |
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Auditory-Perceptual and Emotional Matching with Psychoacoustic Indicators of Urban Soundscapes
by M. S. Engel, M. L. D. U. Carvalho, M. E. Altinsoy.
Abstract:
The perceptual classification of emotions, memories, preferences, and wishes is crucial for evaluating the sound quality of sonic environments. Over the years, several psychological taxonomies have developed, aiming to help categorise core emotions. When applied to auditory stimuli, some models simplify emotional dimensions to assess the sound quality of environments. However, aligning emotional taxonomies with psychoacoustic indicators requires careful attention, as individual interpretations can vary widely due to contextual factors such as socio-cultural influences, momentary attention, and the space use and function of the space in question. This study aims to align perceived emotional attributes with psychoacoustic indicators from sonic environments surrounding daycares and playgrounds, utilising data collected through soundwalks, interviews, and listening tests in Brazil, Germany, and the United Kingdom. It will associate emotional classification methods based on the core emotional dimensions proposed by Plutchik [1], Russell [2], and ISO/TS 12913-2 [3]. The psychoacoustical indicators under consideration are loudness, sharpness, roughness, fluctuation strength and tonality. The findings linking core emotions with psychoacoustic parameters for daycare centres and playground areas may identify key sound qualities to consider in these spaces, as well as potential soundscaping design and management strategies.
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| 10:00 |
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Comparative Analysis of Acceleration Sounds from Electric and Internal Combustion Vehicles Using Discomfort Indices
by N. Misaki, S. Ishimitsu.
Abstract:
Contemporary Japanese society relies heavily on vehicles for transportation and leisure. This has led to environmental concerns owing to vehicle emissions, prompting a shift toward environmentally friendly alternatives, such as clean diesel and electric vehicles. Clean diesel vehicles aim to reduce harmful emissions, whereas electric vehicles are favored because of their minimal emissions and quiet operation. However, the lack of engine noise in electric vehicles can make it difficult for drivers to perceive speed changes, potentially increasing the risk of accidents, and simply amplifying all sounds is not viable because it may cause discomfort. Therefore, this study explored how deviations from expected engine sounds affect the perceived sound quality and vehicle performance assessment. Unlike traditional gasoline-powered and clean diesel vehicles, electric vehicles produce very little running noise, which makes road surface noise more prominent. Given the novelty of electric vehicles and the challenges associated with their driving noises, this study focused on acceleration sounds, analyzing whether incorporating typical engine noises, such as rumbling and humming, could enhance realism. The comfort levels of the participants with various acceleration sounds were examined based on their driving experience, highlighting the complex relationship between sound expectations and vehicle operation.
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| 10:20 |
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Quantifying and Mitigating Motion Sickness in Autonomous Vehicles through Psychoacoustic Modeling and Neurophysiological Insights
by J. Y. Jeon, H. Lee, M. Ji, B. B. Santika, S. U. Choi, H. Moon.
Abstract:
Motion sickness (MS) remains a critical challenge for autonomous vehicles as they evolve into multifunctional spaces for productivity and entertainment. This study explores the relationship between MS and neurophysiological responses, focusing on EEG and HRV indicators to quantify the degree of MS. Using advanced psychoacoustic modeling, we also developed and tested a feed-forward audio-visual notification system designed to reduce MS symptoms by enhancing situational awareness. Results from real-world driving and simulated conditions reveal significant correlations between EEG delta and alpha power changes and MS severity. Moreover, the integration of preemptive sensory cues demonstrated a substantial reduction in motion sickness symptoms. These findings contribute to developing effective mitigation strategies for improving passenger comfort in autonomous vehicles and provide a foundation for future psychoacoustic applications in motion perception.
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A14.07 New trends and research for robust and unbiased psychoacoustical experimentation
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 16:40 |
| Room: SM2 - MORSE |
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| D. De La Prida |
| M. Larrosa-Navarro |
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| 16:40 |
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On the need for homogeneous and standardized methodologies for perceptual testing in acoustics
by D. De La Prida, M. Larrosa-Navarro, L. A. Azpicueta-Ruiz, A. Pedrero.
Abstract:
Although acoustics can be studied from a physical perspective, in many cases its applications are intended to have some effect or interpretation by the human auditory system. In this sense, and until general models of human sound perception are developed, the main way of understanding auditory impressions is through perceptual tests using humans as instruments of evaluation. However, subjective assessments are complex and require controlling a myriad of sources of bias that can affect relevance, validity, and reproducibility. Among these, those related to test design, performance and analysis of results are often the most relevant. A review of the state-of-the-art shows that perceptual testing is often conducted heterogeneously across studies and with great variability in the considered experimental conditions. This communication, primarily intended to stimulate scientific dialogue, will recall factors that can significantly impact perceptual evaluations, commenting on them, and will raise some open questions for further common reflection. In this way, it is hoped that efforts towards establishing homogeneous methodologies for perceptual evaluation in acoustics can be revived, especially in this era where artificial intelligence algorithms increasingly depend on robust and precise data.
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| 17:00 |
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Rendering complex acoustic scenes for perception experiments
by L. Aspöck, M. Vorländer, J. Fels.
Abstract:
The open-source software Virtual Acoustics is a real-time auralization framework primarily designed for scientific research. It is based on a highly modular concept that allows users to combine various audio rendering and reproduction options. Typical experiments range from simple scenes, such as a single sound source in free-field conditions for fundamental psychoacoustic research, to complex real-world scenarios involving multiple moving sound sources within a room acoustical environment. While the software has reached a robust state and has been applied in numerous experiments, selecting the appropriate configuration — and input data — for each new experiment remains a crucial and challenging aspect of experimental design. For binaural reproduction, for instance, this involves considerations such as whether or not to apply headphone equalization, whether individual HRTFs should be used, and in the case of dynamic complex room scenes, which parts of the scene should be updated in real-time. This work presents the software framework and discusses its application in perception experiments, accompanied by examples from various recently conducted research studies.
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| 17:20 |
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Footstep Sounds Recording and Evaluation in Outdoor Environments
by A. D'Adamo, K. Srinivasan, D. De La Prida, L. A. Azpicueta-Ruiz, A. Tajadura-Jimenez.
Abstract:
The footstep illusion, based on auditory manipulations of walking sounds, has proven to significantly affect body perception. To study these effects in outdoor settings, we developed a database of recorded footstep sounds. Creating this database involved an iterative design process. Footstep sounds were recorded in an anechoic environment with three participants of different body weights, two binaural microphones sets, variations in walking speed and in walking mode (in place and normally), surface materials and footwear. Participant feedback from structured piloting sessions informed the selection of the most effective recordings. The final sounds were processed into 5-minute tracks with constant walking speed, incorporating background noise recorded in situ. The database was evaluated through an experimental study involving twenty-eight participants and four walking sessions, differing in sound condition, as different frequency filters were applied to study their influence on the walker’s body perception. Participants were required to synchronize their movements with the footstep sounds and we assessed the influence of auditory cues on their body perception. The significance of the presented work, evaluated in complex outdoor settings, lies in the methodological framework and decisions that allowed us to create a rich database, which serves as a resource for other applications, such as sound design and virtual reality. .
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| 17:40 |
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Robustness of an equal loudness paradigm to stimuli, environment and participants
by M. Geluykens, H. Müllner, V. Chmelík, M. Rychtáriková.
Abstract:
The equal-loudness matching method is well-suited for assessing the overall loudness of complex, time-varying sounds. In this method, participants adjust the subjective intensity of a stimulus to the same overall loudness as a reference. This study evaluated its sensitivity to methodological factors, focusing on three aspects. First, the impact of the comparisons stimuli’ spectra was examined. Typical urban sound recordings were used as references, with adjustable comparisons generated from pink noise filtered to the same average spectrum at varying resolutions (1/1, 1/3 octave bands, or FFT). For the 1/1 and 1/3rd octave bands, the influence of filter shape — flat within each band or interpolated between the centre frequencies — was also analyzed. Second, the test environment’s effect was studied in three settings: a living room-like furnished listening room, a semi-anechoic room, and an uncontrolled condition where participants used their own laptops and headphones. Third, responses from acoustics experts and non-experts were compared, given that colleagues are often recruited for listening tests. Results demonstrate the robustness of the equal-loudness matching method across these methodological variables, supporting its reliability for diverse applications.
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| 18:00 |
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Influence of participant training on the discriminability of clarity changes
by M. Larrosa-Navarro, D. De La Prida, A. Pedrero.
Abstract:
Over the last few decades, there has been a growing interest in the field of tonal discrimination to study the perceptual differences between people who have received extensive musical training and those who have not. These studies have shown that musicians appear to have superior auditory discrimination skills. This raises the question of whether these allegedly superior listening skills are also noticeable when assessing room acoustics.In order to investigate the relationship between musical training and room acoustic parameters, this research focused on the parameter of musical clarity C80. The analyses carried out aimed to determine whether its perception depends on the musical training of the listener. The data used for the evaluation came from the results of a perceptual test in which two groups of participants had to judge the changes in the musical clarity level of a series of stimuli. One group consisted of people trained in music, the other consisted of inexperienced listeners. The results show that trained participants were significantly better at detecting changes in clarity, while untrained participants struggled more with this task. These results suggest that musical training improves the ability to perceive changes in the acoustic properties of a room.
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| 18:20 |
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Experimental Design Considerations for Proximity Perception of Binaural Action Sounds in Anechoic and Reverberant Environments
by M. M. Rahmani, M. Roel Lesur, D. De La Prida, L. A. Azpicueta-Ruiz, J. R. Diaz Duran, A. D'Adamo, A. Tajadura-Jimenez.
Abstract:
Manipulating spatial cues of self-produced sounds has been shown to change people’s own body perception. For example, prior studies have demonstrated that tapping a surface at a distance and hearing the sound as if coming from twice that distance produces a sense of arm elongation. Such studies have relied on elaborate speaker setups or virtual cues that could be simplified using binaural recordings played back using headphones. To this end, multiple sounds of tapping on different surfaces were recorded both inside an anechoic chamber and a room with natural reverberation using a binaural microphone dummy head and torso. Tappings were produced at incremental lateral intervals of 15 cm beginning in front of the dummy head. To identify binaural sound characteristics that retain distance distinguishability, we conducted a study with 11 participants. Wearing headphones, they tapped on six impact-sensitive pads placed 15 cm apart and heard each of the recorded sounds. Two experimental blocks were presented respectively to evaluate the perception of each sound on a 7-point Likert scale questionnaire, and to assess the perceived distance of the sound on a visual analogue scale. A final debriefing questionnaire was presented. Our findings contribute to optimizing tools for modulating body perception.
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A14.07 New trends and research for robust and unbiased psychoacoustical experimentation (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| D. De La Prida |
| M. Larrosa-Navarro |
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The Impact of Looming Sound Duration on Peripersonal Space Measurement
by M. M. Rahmani, M. Roel Lesur, A. Tajadura-Jimenez.
Abstract:
Peripersonal space (PPS) has been described as a subjective region immediately surrounding the body. Distinct neurological and behavioral patterns are found when stimuli originate in this region. In what is arguably the most common task to measure PPS, a looming cue in one sensory modality (e.g., auditory) is followed by a tactile cue. Participants are requested to react to the latter. Quicker reaction times are thought to be linked to the sound originating within PPS. Given that PPS is dynamic and changes according to subjective states, this task is crucial for experimental work in body and spatial perception. Here, we compare the suitability of 3 s and 2 s looming pinknoise stimuli for measuring PPS, aiming to reduce experiment duration without compromising accuracy and to streamline experimental protocols. The stimuli were designed to simulate a sound source approaching laterally from the right towards the listener’s head. 13 participants underwent two PPS tasks (3 s and 2 s looming sounds respectively) in a counterbalanced manner to assess the accuracy of each and whether differences between PPS and far space occur for both sounds. Our findings contribute to the methodological refinement of future PPS research and the wider applicability of the task.
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Optimal Pairwise Comparison Procedures for Subjectic Evaluations
by J. Webb, L. Picinali.
Abstract:
Audio signal processing algorithms are frequently assessed through subjective listening tests in which participants directly score degraded signals on a unidimensional numerical scale. However, this approach is susceptible to inconsistencies in scale calibration between assessors. Pairwise comparisons between degraded signals offer a more intuitive alternative, eliciting the relative scores of candidate signals with lower measurement error and reduced participant fatigue. Yet, due to the quadratic growth of the number of necessary comparisons, a complete set of pairwise comparisons becomes unfeasible for large datasets. This paper compares pairwise comparison procedures to identify the most efficient methods for approximating true quality scores with minimal comparisons. A novel sampling procedure is proposed and benchmarked against state-of-the-art methods on simulated datasets. Bayesian sampling produces the most robust score estimates among previously established methods, while the proposed procedure consistently converges fastest on the underlying ranking with comparable score accuracy.
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A14.09 Advanced air mobility noise (1)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 10:40 |
| Room: SC1-2 - CHLADNI |
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| A. Torija Martinez |
| M. J. B. Lotinga |
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| Please refer to session A05.10/A14.09 Advanced air mobility noise (1)
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A14.09 Advanced air mobility noise (2)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SC1-2 - CHLADNI |
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| A. Torija Martinez |
| M. J. B. Lotinga |
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| Please refer to session A05.10/A14.09 Advanced air mobility noise (2)
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A14.10 Psychological and physiological experiments for noise annoyance, acoustic comfort, and soundscape evaluation (1)
| Monday 23 June 2025 - 17:00 |
| Room: SM3 - BERANEK |
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| 17:00 |
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Development and psychoacoustic evaluation of a curving noise classification method
by M. Isenegger, L. Bartha, S. Emmenegger, C. Jeckelmann-Imhof, A. Taghipour.
Abstract:
An objective evaluation method for the acoustic quality of train pass-by sounds is introduced, focusing on the perceptual attributes of two curve phenomena: flanging and squealing. Objective psychoacoustic parameters were found to be insufficient for accurately assessing these phenomena, which exhibit high spectrotemporal complexity, prompting the development of novel metrics. It should be noted that these phenomena are currently evaluated onsite only subjectively during the measurement process. To test the proposed approach, a laboratory psychoacoustic experiment was conducted with 18 subjects, consisting of two listening tests. The experiment was designed and executed in the PsychoPy environment, using 26 train passby recordings. In the first listening test, subjects rated their short-term perceived annoyance from the train passbys on the 11-point ICBEN scale. In the second listening test, after a short training session, subjects rated their perceived degree of flanging and squealing, each on a 4-point scale. Results showed strong associations between subjects’ evaluations and the corresponding objective measures for flanging and squealing. Furthermore, higher perceived degrees of squealing and flanging were associated with increased annoyance. While these findings confirm the effectiveness of the novel approach for assessing the curve phenomena, future developments are proposed to further refine the measures.
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| 17:20 |
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Spatial Analysis of Axial Fan Psychoacoustic Metrics
by N. Cerkovnik, J. Prezelj.
Abstract:
Efficient cooling solutions are crucial for high-performance computing environments, yet the noise generated by axial fans often detracts from user comfort and productivity. Traditional noise assessment metrics, such as sound pressure level (SPL) and A-weighted spectra, is not sufficient in addressing the subjective sound quality and annoyance experienced. This study introduces a novel approach that utilise spatial analysis of the pressure field in front of the fan. We scanned the pressure field across the surface at the inlet side of the axial fan. We calculated psychoacoustic metrics, namely loudness, sharpness, roughness, fluctuation strength, and tonality. Our visualizations reveal significant spatial variations in these metrics, indicating that certain areas at the fan inlet exhibit stronger psychoacoustic effects, which can be correlated with distinct flow regimes at the same area. These findings demonstrate that psychoacoustic metrics are not only reflective of sound quality but can also serve as indicators of the flow dynamics. Our research shows the potential of using psychoacoustic metrics as tools for visualizing and optimizing flow regimes, and therefore developing computer axial fans with more pleasant sounds.
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| 17:40 |
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Measuring Human Noise Sensitivity: Psychometric Evaluation in an Online Survey
by E. Song, W. Ellermeier, C. Marquis Favre, K. Zimmer, S. H. Park, R. Strebel.
Abstract:
Human noise-sensitivity has been measured by various instruments. These have rarely been compared, and, if so, with limited sample sizes. Therefore, the present study administered all major noise-sensitivity instruments simultaneously and in the same participant sample. An online survey was conducted and distributed via Prolific, recruiting 311 British participants (sample representative with respect to age, sex and ethnicity). The 21-item Weinstein Noise-Sensitivity Scale (WNSS), the 52-item Individual Noise-Sensitivity Questionnaire (LEF), and the 35-item Noise-Sensitivity Questionnaire (NoiSeQ) were presented in random order along with two types of singleitem ratings of noise sensitivity. Additionally, retrospective annoyance ratings with respect to six specific noise-sources, the Hyperacusis Impact Questionnaire (HIQ), and the Severity of Symptoms of Sound Sensitivity Questionnaire (SSSQ) were included. Results show high internal consistency (all Cronbach’s alpha > .90) for the three noisesensitivity questionnaires and strong inter-correlations (all r > .83) of their overall scores. As expected, correlations with annoyance are lower, showing remarkable differences depending on the noise source in question. In all, the present findings provide support for the excellent psychometric quality of the established noise-sensitivity questionnaires, and confirm noise sensitivity as a characteristic separate from other constructs measured in this study.
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| 18:00 |
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An Approach for Evaluating Time-varying Annoyance Caused by Railway Noise
by J. Egeler, C. Huth, A. Schlesinger, M. Liepert, C. Ende, D. J. Meyer, T. Koch, J. Bartnitzek, L. Höhle, B. Schlüter, R. Böhme.
Abstract:
We propose a new approach for evaluating railway noise annoyance. Using an experimental design to record time-varying annoyance and a CRNN modelling approach, we developed a psychoacoustic metric that aligns more closely with human annoyance perception than the traditional A-weighted SPL. This work is part of the EAV-Infra project, which explores Building Information Modelling, auralization, visualization, and psychoacoustics in infrastructure planning.To evaluate railway noise annoyance, we conducted binaural recordings of 335 train passings. From this dataset, 50 recordings were selected and presented to 22 participants in a listening test. Participants rated the time-varying annoyance on a scale from 0 to 100 using a mechanical slider and real-time visual feedback.Statistical evaluation shows high inter-personal variation in responses for medium annoyance levels and lower variation at the extremes. Particularly annoying events like rattling, squeaking, or flatspots are clearly visible in the median response. A CRNN was trained with mel-log spectra of the passings to predict the median time-varying annoyance ratings, achieving an RMSE of 5.93, well within the inter-personal interquartile range.
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| 18:20 |
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Association of stress biomarkers with road traffic noise exposure and residential green: Insights from the RESTORE study
by B. Schäffer, J. Dopico, M. Brink, D. Vienneau, M. Röösli, T. M. Binz, S. Tobias, N. Bauer, J. M. Wunderli.
Abstract:
Chronic exposure to environmental noise, including from road traffic, may lead to physiological stress, which may in turn promote risk factors such as high blood pressure and lead to disease and even mortality. Residential green might mitigate such negative noise effects. However, knowledge about the effect chains of noise on stress and stress reduction in green spaces is still scarce. This study, therefore, investigated the association of chronic stress with road traffic noise exposure and residential green. Residents in the city of Zurich, Switzerland, who were exposed to different levels of road traffic noise and varying levels of access to green spaces in the vicinity of home, were visited. The participants filled in a questionnaire, hair samples were collected to measure the biomarkers cortisol and cortisone for chronic stress, and their residential environment was assessed with respect to day-evening-night-level (Lden) at home, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and percentage of public green spaces, the latter two in a buffer of 300 m. The results did not show significant associations between stress biomarkers and noise exposure, but revealed a significant negative relationship between stress biomarkers and neighborhood green space exposure, underpinning the importance of the latter for public health.
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A14.10 Psychological and physiological experiments for noise annoyance, acoustic comfort, and soundscape evaluation (2)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 17:00 |
| Room: SM3 - BERANEK |
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| 17:00 |
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Experimental Design to Map Brain Areas Involved in Sound Recognition Process
by J. Donnerer, M. Kaltenbacher, C. Adams.
Abstract:
This contribution aims to explore the sound stimuli recognition steps and create an overview of the involved brain processes. When the human auditory system detects sound it recognises stimuli according to features of the sound e.g., noise or speech, before the sound is characterised into a certain category e.g., a language or music. This process is likely to involve our working memory. Therefore, the study will measure the involved processes while the participants are exposed to sound samples, like traffic noise, quietness or music, in regard to psychoacoustic metrics such as sharpness and tonality, and their working memory is being occupied. As sounds can be assessed emotionally e.g., as safe or hazardous, the recognition process is highly important for our psychophysiological state and therefore health. The effects of the different sound samples and the resulting sound recognition process steps will be measured using a combination of electroencephalography and electrodermal activity measurements to demonstrate the brain areas involved in sound sorting decision making. As a result, a map of the involved brain areas will be created, which can be used for the evaluation of sound characteristics and consequently noise protection or acoustic design.
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| 17:20 |
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Annoyance of shooting sounds: Re-evaluation of ISO/PAS 1996-3 penalty procedure
by A. Kuusinen, E. Rantanen, V. Hongisto.
Abstract:
In noise assessment, the annoyance caused by impulse noise is accounted for by applying a penalty to the measured A-weighted equivalent continuous sound pressure level (LAeq). The penalty is currently determined by the most prominent impulse within the measurement period. The prominence of an impulse is quantified using two parameters: the level difference and the onset ratio. These parameters are derived from the time profile of A-weighted sound pressure levels measured using fast time weighting. Although this penalty procedure has been standardized (ISO/PAS 1996-3), it is based on a single psychoacoustic experiment having very limited number of participants and sound scenarios. A recent psychoacoustic experiment showed that the ISO penalty procedure overestimates the true perceived penalty. This raises questions about the reliability and applicability of the ISO procedure across various impulsive noise scenarios. We conducted a laboratory experiment where participants evaluated the annoyance of shooting sounds presented over steady-state background noise. Our findings do not support the current penalty procedure for shooting sounds. Based on these results, we propose improvements and alternative procedures for more accurate assessment of impulse noise annoyance.
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| 17:40 |
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Drone pass-by noise perception across various urban environments settings
by N. Gravina, M. Masullo, L. Maffei.
Abstract:
Over the past few years, the technical development of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) for urban monitoring, surveillance, and delivery has increased the possibility of introducing drone mobility in urban settings. This is increasingly attracting scholars to study the effects that introducing drones’ urban mobility routes can have on the urban population. Understanding how drone noise interplays with existing road traffic noise is crucial for minimizing the overall acoustic burden on urban populations, and identifying which urban contexts are best suited for drone operations may provide essential insights for noise management. This research investigates how drone noise perception changes in different urban contexts and which conditions are most suitable for implementing drones’ urban mobility routes. To this aim, a laboratory experiment was conducted, playing audio recordings of drone flyovers at the building façade in combination with different urban noise levels, including growing road traffic noise, and investigating noise annoyance and perception. Results contribute valuable insights into the relationship between drone noise and human perception across various urban environments and shed light on how different levels of road traffic noise influence individuals’ sensitivity to drone flyovers.
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| 18:20 |
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Diversity in Sound Perception in Survey to Noise Sensitive People and Relevance for Experimental and Field Studies
by C. Rosas-Pérez, L. Galbrun, S. R. Payne, M. E. Stewart.
Abstract:
Many daily life environments can be acoustically inadequate for some groups of people, like people with hearing or visual differences, or with higher noise sensitivity. With the aim of increasing acoustical inclusivity, the study presented in this paper explored the experiences of 311 noise sensitive participants, 59% of them (N=183) neurodivergent, through a mixed methods survey in English and Spanish. The survey investigated aspects related to individual perceptual characteristics such as habituation and capacity to filter out background sounds, the use of coping strategies, and perceived helpfulness of measures to reduce negative impacts. The partial results presented show a wide range of diversity among the participants in perception and preferences, as well as significant differences between the neurotypical and the neurodivergent groups. For most participants noise sensitivity was reported to increase with age, and many highlighted frequent dismissal and lack of understanding of their experiences throughout their lives, as well as inaction from organisations and authorities. The findings indicate that guidelines and recommendations could become more inclusive by accounting for perceptions and responses that go beyond the ”average ear”. Such adjustments would not only address the needs of individuals with heightened sound sensitivity but also benefit a broader population.
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A14.10 Psychological and physiological experiments for noise annoyance, acoustic comfort, and soundscape evaluation (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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The Role Of Sound Valence In Shaping Taste Perception Across Different Sound Environments
by N. F. F. Istiani, M. Masullo, G. Ruggiero, L. Maffei.
Abstract:
The sensory characteristics of the environments where food and beverages are consumed daily can play an important role in shaping taste perception in individuals. Recent research has shown that modifying external sensory stimuli, such as auditory cues from the environment, can influence taste experiences of sweetness and bitterness through cross-modal interactions. Understanding how different sound environments moderate consumers’ taste perception can lead to designing the human experience by manipulating the sound environments. Here, through a laboratory study, we assessed the acoustics and psychoacoustics metrics of seven different sound environments (i.e., from tranquil parks to noisy food courts) where people consume everyday food and beverages: a hotel breakfast room, a food court, a café, a bar, a corner with a vending machine, a green urban park, and piazza. Importantly, while listening to soundtracks of the sound environments, participants rated their valence and the taste perception of unsweetened orange juice. Cluster-based analyses and linear regressions were employed to evaluate the correspondence between valence and taste perception of different sound environment clusters. Regression analyses demonstrated a significant positive relationship between sound valence and sweetness perception, with the cluster of lower sound levels exhibiting the strongest impact.
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Investigation into the Effect of Horizontal Source Direction on Psychoacoustic Annoyance
by S. Dickinson, H. Lee.
Abstract:
A limited number of studies have explored the impact of spatial acoustic features on perceived annoyance. Existing auditory annoyance models do not consider spatial features and are restricted to mono audio signals. A listening experiment has been carried out to investigate the effect of horizontal source direction on the subjective annoyance caused by a series of commonly occurring domestic sounds. 7 source recordings were presented binaurally, positioned at 45° intervals surrounding the listener. The perceived annoyance caused by each stimulus was graded by 54 participants. The results indicated that for most sources, the lowest annoyance level was reported when the source was situated at 180°, and highest when positioned at ±90°. This confirms the hypothesis that source direction affects perceived annoyance level. However, this appears to be dependent on source type, with several sources demonstrating no significant differences in perceived annoyance across the tested source positions. Differences in perceived annoyance were also observed depending on whether the sources were presented in a simulated reverberant or anechoic space. The findings of this study will serve as the basis for the development of a spatially-weighted psychoacoustic annoyance model.
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A15.01 Room acoustics - General
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SC2-2 - KIRCHER |
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| M. Rychtáriková |
| I. Witew |
| M. Nolan |
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| 14:20 |
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Measurement of room acoustic parameters with an omnidirectional parametric loudspeaker in an converted chapel for choral music performance
by M. Arnela, G. Quaranta, M. Avelar, L. H. Sant'Ana.
Abstract:
An omnidirectional parametric loudspeaker (OPL) is a sound source made of hundreds of ultrasonic transducers arranged in a spherical configuration. Each transducer emits ultrasonic waves and, due to the nonlinear effects of air, these waves generate audible sound within the ultrasonic beam. Compared to a dodecahedron loudspeaker, the OPL offers improved omnidirectionality, although it operates at lower sound pressure levels (SPLs). Exponential sine sweeps have shown to be very effective with this new type of loudspeaker, which opens the door to using it in some acoustic tests. This paper explores the performance of the OPL in measuring room acoustic parameters, such as reverberation time, early decay time, definition and clarity. The case study selected is the Pere Pruna Civic Center in Barcelona. Originally built as a singlenave chapel in the early 20th century, the building was restored and converted for civic use in the late 20th century. It is currently used mainly for choral music, with a capacity for about 80 people. Acoustic measurements were conducted according to ISO 3382-1 using the OPL and a commercial dodecahedron loudspeaker. The results show that the OPL performs well in mid and high frequencies, although it requires higher SPLs at low frequencies.
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| 14:40 |
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Speech Intelligibility Evaluation and Acoustic Performance of the Madrid Assembly Plenary Hall Combining Traditional and AI-based Methods
by E. García-Medina, M. Centeno-Cerrato, J. Trujillo, C. Asensio.
Abstract:
From an architectural perspective, the Plenary Hall of the Assembly of Madrid is a remarkable venue featuring significant artistic value in its hanging structures and the mural that dominates the space. Due to the detection of certain issues with the room’s acoustics, a descriptive analysis was conducted with the aim of identifying potential improvements in speech intelligibility for attendees of the plenary sessions. Reverberation time tests were conducted in accordance with ISO 3382 standards, revealing excessive reverberation compared to the requirements for this type of hall, which compromises the quality of speech intelligibility. The STIPA method (UNE-EN IEC 60268- 16) was employed to evaluate this feature. However, the nature of interventions complicates the accurate capture of background noise during plenary sessions, hindering the adjustment of these estimates. To address this challenge, additional analyses have been conducted, integrating methods that leverage artificial intelligence. The results of this analysis highlight the challenges of making improvements once the hall is already in operation. While the sound reinforcement system has mitigated certain deficiencies, the scope for further action without substantial modifications to the architectural design is constrained.
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| 15:00 |
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Large public database of room acoustic responses
by A. Fürjes.
Abstract:
Room acoustic results are usually published only in the form of graphs or tables after processing and evaluation. This makes it impossible to compare and reevaluate findings of different authors or methods correctly and by that, it makes hard to draw real conclusions either. Measuring room acoustics by taking room impulse responses is evident for decades, but this type raw data is rarely shared to allow reevaluation, presumably due to contractual reasons. While there are some important or notable collections available to the public, a large collection of room impulse responses from diverse authors, projects, rooms, measurement systems or methods etc. is still missing. The author with support from other colleagues in Hungary started to collect raw measurement data in a structured anonymous manner for reevaluation. The paper presents the methods, formats of this collection with preliminary results of the reevaluation.
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| 15:20 |
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Effect of Installation Method and Thickness on the Sound Absorption Performance of Melamine Foam
by Y. Chun, S. Kim, S. Lee.
Abstract:
This study investigates the sound absorption performance of melamine foam, a common porous acoustic material. The objective was to evaluate the effect of specimen thickness and installation conditions. Tests were conducted in a 325.0 m³ reverberation room using specimens with a surface area of 10.50 m² and thicknesses ranging from 10 mm to 100 mm in 10 mm increments. To assess the influence of edge effects, three different mounting configurations were applied: untreated edge, profiled edge, and flush-mounted. The absorption coefficients were calculated based on reverberation time measurements with and without the specimens, using both the projected area alone and with the edge surface included. Results showed that absorption increased with specimen thickness, with a linear trend at 250 Hz and a logarithmic trend at higher frequencies. For untreated edges, coefficients exceeding 1.0 were observed in specimens thicker than 50 mm, attributed to additional absorption from the exposed edges. In contrast, the profiled edge yielded results comparable to the flush-mounted configuration, indicating reduced edge effects. These findings emphasize the importance of considering both material thickness and mounting method when evaluating sound absorption performance under ISO 354 conditions.
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| 15:40 |
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Acoustic characterization of Theater Ribeiro Conceição (Lamego, Portugal)
by M. Gomes, A. Carvalho, A. Costa.
Abstract:
This paper describes the objective acoustic characterization of the Theater Ribeiro Conceição (Lamego, Portugal) inaugurated in 1929. The main mean results of the acoustic parameters measured were: LAeq(HVAC) with 31 dB, STI (Speech Transmission Index) from 0.44 to 0.70, Reverberation Time (mean 500-1k Hz) of 1.0 s, Clarity C80 (mean 500-1k Hz) of 5.6 dB, Definition D50 (mean 500-1k Hz) of 0.65, and Center Time ts (mean 500-1k Hz) of 58 ms. A comparison is made with two other horseshoe-type theaters in Portugal: Theaters Sá de Miranda (Viana do Castelo) and S. João (Porto) and with several international horseshoe-type theaters.
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| 16:00 |
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Acoustic characteristics of Gugak (Korean music) practice rooms
by J. Jeong, Y. Kim.
Abstract:
The acoustic quality criteria for music practice rooms was standardized as ISO 23591. This standard can be useful in constructing and utilizing music education facilities to train excellent musical instrument players. “Gugak,” Korean music, is taught and Gugak performers are trained at major national educational institutions. Recently, a variety of Korean music content has been introduced internationally. However, the acoustic characteristics of traditional houses where Gugak is played do not have a long reverberation time and are flat across frequency bands. This study investigated the acoustic characteristics of Gugak practice rooms in Gugak education institutions. Most of these rooms were found to have short reverberation times and high clarity. The measured reverberation times were also compared with the recommended values specified in ISO 23591. Previous studies have shown that Gugak performers generally prefer practice rooms with shorter reverberation times. Therefore, in the planning and design of Gugak practice spaces, maintaining a short reverberation time is essential. Additionally, the acoustic characteristics of Hanok architecture may serve as a useful reference in designing such spaces.
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A15.01 Room acoustics - General (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| M. Rychtáriková |
| I. Witew |
| M. Nolan |
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Technology-Enhanced Methods For Indoor Acoustic 3D Modelling
by E. Gómez Parrado, C. Aguado Tienda, Á. Grilo Bensusan.
Abstract:
This paper presents a comparison between traditional modelling methods and LIDAR-based tools for the development of indoor acoustic models. To this end, two different models have been developed: one using SketchUp and EASE as a traditional modelling approach, and another created with a mobile application that utilizes LIDAR to model in CadnaR. A comparison was carried out using real measurement data to analyse the trade-off between accuracy and time savings. The findings contribute to the continuous improvement of architectural acoustics, optimizing design strategies. The results may contribute to assessing the potential role of LIDAR-based modelling within the field of acoustic engineering.
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Acoustic design of Church of Our Lady of Fatima in Poland
by A. Sygulska.
Abstract:
Most modern Catholic churches are designed without acoustic solutions, and good acoustics are often a matter of chance. Therefore, it is essential to address the subject of architectural acoustics of religious buildings. The paper presents the acoustic design of Church of Our Lady of Fatima in Koziegłowy, which has a volume of 8,000 m³ and was inaugurated in 2022. The entire design process aiming at achieving optimal acoustic conditions was presented. Acoustic investigations in the interior were carried out during different stages of work. The paper shows how the church’s acoustics changed at each construction stage until the completion, where acoustic parameters were obtained following the recommendations. The assessed acoustic parameters include Reverberation Time (RT), Early Decay Time (EDT), Clarity (C80) and (C50), Definition (D50) and Speech Transmission Index (STI). Additionally, the acoustic properties of the church were compared with other churches of similar volume built in the last twenty years.
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Comparative Analysis of the Acoustic Modeling using Various Room Acoustic Simulation Software
by C. H. Haan, C.-H. Han.
Abstract:
Room acoustic simulation tools are widely used to predict the acoustic performances of indoor spaces, and they have become a predominant method of acoustic design since 1988. New algorithms have been adopted to operate the acoustic modeling programs after ray-tracing method was used at first. Accuracy and applicability to various spaces of these programs have been improved based on the commercial potential. The present study aims to investigate the acoustical results from various room acoustic simulation software which are currently used as acoustic modeling programs. In order to this, round robin tests were undertaken using four acoustic simulation software. Room acoustic parameters of a simple classroom were measured including SPL, RT30, D50, C80, EDT, LF and STI. Also, room acoustic modeling was undertaken in the classroom using four different room acoustic simulation software, and the modeling results were compared with the measured values. As a result, it was shown that most of the room acoustic results are similar. However, different results were drawn at the low frequency regions between the geometrical acoustic modeling and hybrid modeling which uses wave propagation analysis.
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Quantum-inspired Reverberation using Ray Tracing Method
by J. Tudoce, A. Reserbat-Plantey, R. Yamada, M. Lewenstein.
Abstract:
Reverberation—the persistence of sound in a cavity due to reflections—is a frequency-dependent phenomenon central to spatial audio and acoustic design. In this work, we draw an analogy with cavity quantum electrodynamics (CQED), where light waves confined in cavities interact with matter through distance-dependent dipolar couplings mediated by virtual photons. Inspired by this framework, we propose a novel method for simulating acoustic reverberation using a ray-based model [1] inspired by quantum dipolar interactions [2]. Traditional ray-tracing models often rely on fixed or empirical reflection coefficients, which do not capture the spatially varying interaction strengths characteristic of CQED. To address this, we introduce quantum-inspired interaction models translated into distance-dependent gain functions. These functions are embedded into a 2D geometric ray tracing engine to compute synthetic impulse responses in a rectangular cavity. A comparison of the impulse responses across four interaction models demonstrates that stronger distance dependence results in sharper attenuation of late reflections. This approach offers a new perspective for physically grounded, tunable reverberation modeling with potential applications in sound synthesis and cross-domain analog simulations.
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Acoustic analysis of a single-nave hall with an apse in the Cellars of Diocletian's Palace in Split
by M. Nosil Mešić, Z. Veršić, M. Horvat, K. Jambrošić.
Abstract:
The present work examines a single-nave hall located within the Cellars of Diocletian’s Palace in Split, Croatia, constructed during the period of ancient Rome, at the end of the 3rd century AD. Since the excavation of the Cellars, no acoustic treatment has been implemented to adapt the hall for contemporary usage. Currently, the hall is not utilized for musical performances, as they require acoustic conditions different from that were considered ideal during the Roman era. An acoustics analysis of this basilica-shaped hall was conducted in room acoustics simulation software to evaluate its potential for contemporary musical performances. The study revealed that the empty hall exhibits inadequate values of room acoustic parameters in terms of excessively high reverberation time and early decay time, as well as low values of speech and music clarity and definition, which is in line with the physical characteristics of the hall. Nevertheless, the hall is deemed suitable for acoustic adaptation which would increase its potential for hosting musical performances. Comparable spaces from various historical periods with similar physical characteristics such as interior shape, proportions and material reflectivity were analysed using data from literature to contextualize the acoustic value of this hall and its historical significance.
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Echoes In Iberian Bullrings
by M. Martín-Castizo, M. Galindo, S. Girón.
Abstract:
The presence of echoes in an acoustic event can ruin the capture of a spoken message and the perception of a piece of music. Likewise, in the performers’ area, clear hearing of one’s own voice or instrument and that of the rest of the performers is essential for the coordination and execution of the ensemble. Bullrings are buildings with a circular plan in which echo-encouraging focalizations can occur. Since bullrings lack a roof, the density of reflections is lower than that in a closed area and therefore strong isolated reflections perceived by the audience as an echo can be created. In this work, the echo parameter (Echo Criterion EC) is studied, together with an inspection of the impulse responses and the energy decay curves in the audience zones and in the arena area where the EC parameter exceeds the thresholds: in 4 bullrings highly emblematic of the Iberian Peninsula, one of which has a mobile roof. The results indicate, according to the EC parameter, that there is no echo for the music in the audience zone of the venues, and that the most critical area is where the source and receiver are both in the ring.
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A15.02 Speech production and perception in rooms (1)
| Monday 23 June 2025 - 12:00 |
| Room: Auditorium |
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| 12:00 |
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Acoustic refurbishments in a university lecture room: Effects on speaker’s comfort and voice strain
by N. Cansu, G. Öhlund-Wistbacka, E. Arvidsson, J. Christensson, S. Holmqvist-Jämsén, R. Rydell, V. Lyberg-Åhlander.
Abstract:
Poor acoustic conditions in educational spaces negatively impact speakers’ health and pose a risk for voice disorders. However, there are limited studies on the effect of acoustic renovations on speaker comfort and well-being in real settings. This sub-study, part of a larger dissertation project, investigated how different acoustic conditions affect speakers’ comfort and voice strain. Method: Acoustic renovations were measured in four stages: •␁Baseline •␁Step 1: Absorbers on walls and ceiling. •␁Step 2: Absorbers + acoustic ceiling with reflectors at the speaker’s position. •␁Step 3: Absorbers + ceiling with diffusers at the speaker’s position. Fifteen participants (7F/8M) gave short presentations under four conditions: silence, background noise (babble), with a sound field amplification system (SFA), and with both a SFA and background babble-noise. Voices were recorded, and speakers rated their voice strain and comfort. Results: Using mixed linear models, we found statistically significant improvements in perceived comfort after renovations, with differences between baseline and Steps 2 and 3. Speaker’s comfort decreased with background noise, and women reported greater discomfort than men in these conditions. Self-perceived SFA benefit increased post refurbishment. In summary, improved acoustics positively impact speakers, with results highlighting the importance of good acoustic environments in educational settings.
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| 12:20 |
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Sensory-Driven Voice Modulation: Effects of Auralized Acoustics and Visual VR on Voice Outcomes
by C. J. Nudelman, A. Tunuguntla, N. Ha, I. Rogala, K. House-Henry, B. Lopez, R. Perez Guerrero, P. Bottalico.
Abstract:
This study assessed the contributions of varying levels of sensory input during voice production in virtual reality (VR). Specifically, the influences of auralized room acoustics and visual scenes on voice and the feasibility of VR-based voice therapy were investigated across two experiments. Two groups of participants participated– (Group one): 47 young adults (18-27 years) and (Group two): 10 pre-service teachers (18-19 years). Group one performed speech tasks in varying VR conditions: (i) auralized, (ii) visual-only, and (iii) audiovisual, while Group two performed speech tasks during a VR intervention, which involved real-time clinician-mediated feedback. Across both groups, sound pressure level, fundamental frequency, and time dose were analyzed. Audiovisual VR environments significantly (p .
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| 13:00 |
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The effect of different simulated reverberant environments on cochlear implant users’ binaural fusion
by J. Aronoff, P. Bk, N. Gustafson.
Abstract:
Interaural coherence (the statistical similarity of signals at both ears, excluding interaural time differences) strongly affects whether a listener perceives a single binaurally fused sound or two separate sounds from each ear. Reverberant environments can decrease the interaural coherence of a signal, decreasing the likelihood of hearing a single, punctate sound. While cochlear implant users are sensitive to changes in interaural coherence, the narrow dynamic range of electric stimulation together with current spread can reduce the difference in the interaural coherence across different reverberant environments. Therefore, cochlear implant users may experience limited differences in binaural fusion across different reverberant environments.The goal of this study was to investigate whether cochlear implant users’ binaural fusion of speech sounds was affected by changes in simulated reverberation. Participants were asked to indicate the size and number of auditory images that they heard in the various simulated environments as an indication of binaural fusion. Preliminary results indicated that, despite the reduced effects of reverberation on interaural coherence after cochlear implant processing, more reverberant simulated rooms resulted in a less binaurally fused image, suggesting that binaural fusion of speech sounds by cochlear implant users is affected by changes in simulated reverberation.
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A15.02 Speech production and perception in rooms (2)
| Monday 23 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: Auditorium |
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| 14:20 |
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Contribution of auditory detection thresholds to speech recognition in temporally and spectrally degraded environments for older adults
by D. Fogerty, J. Dubno.
Abstract:
The influence of room acoustics and environmental noise can lead to masking and degradation of temporal and spectral properties of speech. These environmental factors also contribute to the well-documented large variability in speech recognition, particularly among listeners with hearing loss. Older adults with normal hearing (ONH) or sloping highfrequency hearing impairment (OHI) completed three speech recognition experiments consisting of 15-16 measures of temporally degraded speech with (1) degraded spectral cues, (2) competing speech-modulated noise, and (3) combined degraded spectral cues in speech-modulated noise. Speech was spectrally shaped according to each listener’s pure-tone thresholds. Speech recognition thresholds (SRTs) were determined at 50% percent correct recognition. To capture individual differences in auditory detection, principal components analysis was used to summarize the primary variance in detection thresholds from 0.25 to 8 kHz. This component explained an average of 32% and 52% of the variance in SRTs for ONH and OHI listeners, respectively. Further analysis revealed a primary contribution of detection thresholds below 1 kHz for both groups, with low frequency thresholds also differentiating SRTs under different types of distortion for OHI listeners. Results suggest the importance of low-frequency speech cues for glimpsing speech in temporally modulated backgrounds.
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| 14:40 |
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The role of speech directivity in speech perception
by B. Monson.
Abstract:
Human speech directivity plays a role in speech perception, including for speech recognition in complex acoustic environments. When multiple talkers are in a room, the target talker’s speech will be masked by both direct and reflected sound from background talkers. Because of speech directivity, the interfering signal at the ear of the listener will be dependent on background talkers’ head orientations and locations relative to the listener and to reflective surfaces, as well as absorption characteristics of the reflective surfaces. We have examined horizontal speech directivity using anechoic, multi-channel, high-fidelity recordings of male and female talkers. Although speech generally becomes more directional as frequency increases, the relationship between directionality and frequency is nonmonotonic. There is some evidence for a sex effect, but at a limited set of frequencies. These factors and their implications for speech perception will be discussed. [Work supported by NIH Grant R01-DC019745].
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| 15:00 |
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On-axis sound pressure levels and sound power of normal speech for speech intelligibility, privacy and security
by C. Hopkins, S. Graetzer, G. Seiffert.
Abstract:
In room acoustics, assessment of speech intelligibility, privacy and security requires the on-axis sound pressure level and sound power level of speech at a normal vocal effort level. For open-plan offices, ISO 3382-3 quotes octave band sound pressure and sound power from 125Hz to 8kHz for unisex speech (an average of male and female speech) to represent speaking with a normal vocal effort. However, limited sound power data are available with phonetically balanced speech in one-third octave bands, particularly for male and female talkers below 160Hz where unisex speech may not be suitable. This paper reports anechoic measurements of normal speech (720 sentences) from 12 native British English speakers (six male, six female) in one-third octave bands from 63Hz to 20kHz thereby including the Extended High Frequency (EHF) range above 7kHz. Whilst male and female talkers are similar in the mid-frequency range, there is greater variation between individual talkers and between sentences in the low- and high-frequency ranges. Measured data are converted to octave bands for comparison with ISO 3382-3, ANSI S3.5 and EN 60268-16 to indicate which values may need reconsideration in the building acoustics frequency range.
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| 15:20 |
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Investigation on the acoustic conditions of active classrooms in accordance with the students and classroom activities
by Y.-J. Choi.
Abstract:
The present study investigates the acoustic conditions of active classrooms based on the speech and noise levels. The speech and noise levels were measured in 29 classrooms during 57 actual classes in Korean schools. The effects of occupants and classroom activities on the speech and noise levels in occupied classrooms were examined. The present results indicate a general trend of decreasing noise levels by 6 to 12 dBA with increasing age of the students. Additionally, the noise levels in the classrooms were found to be closely related to the type of classroom activities. The results indicate that the acoustic standards should recommend reducing the unoccupied noise levels in order to minimize noise levels in active classrooms.
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| 15:40 |
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Assessing sound levels of student activity in primary school classrooms
by C. Visentin, N. Prodi.
Abstract:
Student activity noise is the dominant sound source in primary school learning environments. While this noise reflects the dynamic and interactive behavior of young learners, and can potentially enhance social interactions and peer learning, it can also become overwhelming, disrupting the perception of the teacher’s message and negatively affecting students’ well-being and concentration. The levels of student activity noise in the classroom may vary based on several factors, including students’ age, acoustic characteristics of the room, and the type of lesson. This study investigates how student activity sound levels and the signal-to-noise ratio change according to these factors, aiming to establish a relationship between classroom acoustics and the dynamic behaviour of its occupants. Active lessons were monitored in five primary schools in Ferrara and Padova, Italy, involving over twenty-five classes. Sound levels in occupied classrooms were analyzed using Gaussian Mixture Models to divide between teacher’s speech and student activity levels. The findings of this study aim to clarify the connection between lesson types and room acoustic parameters for different students’ ages, with the goal of informing the design of more effective learning environments.
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A15.02 Speech production and perception in rooms (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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Speech intelligibility and acoustic conditions in university classrooms for the teaching of Quechua as a second language
by H. D. Lazarte Reátegui, W. A. Montano Rodríguez, H. S. Guerrero Arias, M. F. Siguas García, V. L. Palomino Franco, K. L. Huamani Quiquinlla.
Abstract:
In the framework of the International Decade of Indigenous Languages led by UNESCO, Quechua is considered one of the most widely spoken languages in Latin America, which makes it particularly relevant to ensure its instruction in Peruvian universities. The study addresses a critical issue in the teaching of Quechua as a second language in a university in Lima, by studying the acoustic conditions of some classrooms that affect the intelligibility of speech in that university, with a qualitative approach at a descriptive-explanatory level, by means of surveys of students and teachers. This article will discuss the results obtained, which indicate that classroom acoustics are the main impediment to students’ ability to understand Quechua. The work was conducted by undergraduate architecture students, which not only demonstrates the importance of considering sound-absorbent building materials in multilingual contexts, but also proposes solutions for designing classrooms that provide the necessary acoustic comfort. These contributions seek to promote the learning of native languages in a suitable environment for students whose mother tongue is not Quechua, which will strengthen their equal access in society, preserving the linguistic heritage in university environments.
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Binaural speech intelligibility in practice
by N. Prodi, M. Begotti.
Abstract:
Speech intelligibility is crucial in many room acoustics applications and its control requires robust and accessible means of qualification and prediction. Most of the current practice is based on speech intelligibility index (STI) which has gained widespread use due to its simple underlying concepts, a rich collection of experts’ advice and an acceptable precision in many applications. Such a powerful general purpose tool has of course limitations which are well depicted in the technical norm IEC60268-16. In particular, being essentially an monaural indicator, STI is not fit to mimic the binaural performance of the hearing apparatus. In this work alternative modelling schemes natively based on binaural listening will be briefly recalled and their points of merit compared to STI will be outlined. Later, a case study will be presented where discrepancies between such models and STI can be appreciated from a practical point of view. In particular, the prediction of binaural speech intelligibility in applications involving sound systems will be considered and the benefits of a binaural approach will be discussed.
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A15.03 Modern offices: challenges and solutions (1)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 11:00 |
| Room: SC2-2 - KIRCHER |
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| V. Hongisto |
| D. D'Orazio |
| C. Visentin |
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| 11:00 |
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Effects of music on cognitive performance: from the workplace to the laboratory to open-plan offices
by A. Smith.
Abstract:
Music was often played in factories to try to relieve the boredom caused by monotonous jobs. Laboratory research has examined the effects of music on cognition, and usually, the results depend on the type of music and the task being carried out (e.g. the Mozart effect). In open-plan offices noise is a common problem that can reduce employees’ performance. This noise may come from many different sources (e.g. telephones ringing, air conditioning, traffic noise, and the speech of others). Irrelevant speech is often the most annoying source of noise. Previous studies have indicated that continuous exposure to irrelevant speech impairs working memory. A recent study assessed the impact of music (“For Elise” by Beethoven) on the working memory performance of individuals in a simulated open-plan office exposed to irrelevant speech. Compared to the irrelevant speech-only condition, music improved the accuracy of both simple and more difficult working memory tasks. In conclusion, music offers a straightforward and cost-effective strategy to mitigate the adverse effects of noise in open-plan offices.
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| 11:20 |
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Noise in open-plan offices: A holistic research strategy
by A. Smith, J. Langer, J. Taylour.
Abstract:
The present paper will adopt several approaches to evaluating the effects of noise in open-plan offices. The starting point will be a review of the literature. This confirms many general statements about noise’s effects, namely that they will depend on the type of noise, the outcome measures considered, and the characteristics of the person exposed to it. The second approach will involve a survey to assess the effects of noise on the well-being and job satisfaction of office workers. The results showed that noise exposure predicted negative well-being but not positive well-being. In contrast, environmental satisfaction predicted positive well-being but not negative well-being. These effects remained significant when personality, healthrelated behaviours and job characteristics were included in the analyses. Finally, an intervention study demonstrates some noise-related issues in open-plan offices. Here, the benefits of changing the office structure were counteracted by more people moving into the office.
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| 11:40 |
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Objective method for predicting office noise annoyance
by V. Hongisto, R. Alakoivu, J. Keränen, J. Laukka.
Abstract:
Based on several independent surveys, noise is the most distracting environmental factor in offices. However, there is no established objective method to assess the distraction of specific office work environment when occupants are present. There is evidence that sound level is not sufficient predictor of distraction. Our purpose was to test whether the distraction could be objectively predicted from standard acoustic variables, such as LAeq. We conducted a psychoacoustic study, where 39 participants rated the distraction of several sounds that represent typical office noise scenarios within 4060 dB. We measured several acoustic variables for each sound. Mathematical optimization revealed a model, where the observed annoyance could be predicted using three acoustic variables with very good agreement. The method can be easily applied in the objective assessment of noise distraction in working and learning environments, since the three variables are available in standard sound level meters.
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| 12:00 |
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Enhancing Acoustic Design in Open-Plan Offices: Practical Applications of the Simplified ISO 3382-3 Prediction Model
by R. Machner, H. Brokmann, A. Klein.
Abstract:
ISO 3382-3 is used to assess sound propagation and speech intelligibility in open-plan offices, based on speech sound pressure levels and transmission indices measured at workstations. Although there is no defined calculation method, room acoustic computer simulations can be used as an alternative. However, modelling and verification are often complex and costly. Hongisto and Keränen (2013) present a simplified prediction model for the ISO 3382-3 parameters, tested with measured data from 10 open-plan offices. In a specific project, this new calculation method was implemented during the office fit out phase to assess the acoustic quality related to different activities in different areas. The approach considered the impact of objects, such as acoustic screens in between workstations, for optimal user centric design. The method’s flexibility and immediate results allowed for agile application, which was later validated by on-site measurements of the final design. These findings are presented in this publication, emphasizing the effectiveness of the model in real-world scenarios. Recommendations for its use and a discussion of the limitations of the method are also provided.
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A15.03 Modern offices: challenges and solutions (2)
| Thursday 26 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: SC1-1 - EULER |
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| V. Hongisto |
| D. D'Orazio |
| C. Visentin |
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| 9:00 |
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Airborne Sound Insulation In Five Office Buildings According To Requirements Of Italian Regulations And Well Building Standard
by S. Di Blasio, F. Ferilli, L. Andreozzi, I. Gualdana, E. Stigliano, E. Siciliano.
Abstract:
In the recent years there has been a surge of interest around the activity-based offices and the application of Building Performance Certification Programs (LEED, WELL, BREEAM) in the Italian modern offices. In this framework, the relevance of acoustic comfort is increasing for occupants and building owners. In the enclosed offices used for video conferences, meetings and focused activities, adequate speech privacy is highly required by users. Sound that transmits from adjacent rooms through partitions can be distracting or disturbing and speech privacy can be impaired, mainly in receiving rooms where background noise is particularly low. The sound insulation performance of partitions is highly influenced by construction and constraints imposed by pre-existing conditions and modern design, such as curtain walls, glass fins and ducts crossings. On-site measurement campaigns regarding Airborne Sound Insulation, Reverberation Time and Background Noise Levels were performed in 5 different office buildings in Italy for 33 pairs of rooms. The analysis of results was carried out comparing the acoustic requirements of UNI 11367:2023 and WELL Building Standard. Moreover, the impact of construction, project constraints and different acoustic solutions has been investigated.
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| 9:20 |
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Optimizing Acoustic Privacy in Open-Plan Offices: A Simulation-Based Study of Desk Partition Designs and Material Choices
by G. Fratoni, D. D'Orazio.
Abstract:
Open-plan offices are often criticized for irrelevant speech, negatively impacting productivity and well-being. Therefore, sound-absorbing screens are widely used to enhance acoustic privacy in workplaces. Yet, isolating their acoustic impact from other elements, like ceilings and wall treatments, presents a challenge. Quantifying the role of partition design in affecting the ISO 3382-3 and ISO 22955 room criteria needs further investigation. This study explores how different desk screen materials and configurations influence the reduction of speech propagation throughout the environment. The method involves the acoustic calibration of a digitally reconstructed full-scale model of an existing open plan with in-field measurements. Using advanced simulation tools, i.e., a hybrid approach combining finite-element and ray-tracing modeling, the work evaluates the impact of partition height and absorption coefficients on key acoustic parameters, including the rate of speech level spatial decay per distance doubling (D2,S) and the comfort distance (rc). The study’s primary outcomes are compared with experimental data found in the literature concerning experimental studies on sound-absorbing surfaces in open-plan offices.
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| 9:40 |
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Sound Absorbing Furniture As A Strategy For Acoustic Comfort Optimization
by C. Rubino, S. Liuzzi, F. Martellotta.
Abstract:
An effective acoustic design of indoor spaces can minimize noise impacts, creating a healthier and more productive environment for occupants. Typical strategies to improve indoor acoustic comfort include adding sound-absorbing materials to ceilings and using vertical partitions. Furthermore, a careful selection of furniture could enhance the acoustic quality of spaces, without altering their layout. However, the real challenge is ensuring acoustic comfort, while respecting the environment. For this purpose, the aim of this work was the use of textile waste as secondary raw materials to design seating solutions with appropriate shapes and compositions to create micro-environments with acoustic privacy. Particularly, textile waste nonwovens were used to replace the polyurethane foam in padding of armchairs. Two prototypes of armchairs with the same shape and size, but different padding, were produced. After having characterized the acoustic behaviour of the textile nonwovens and of the polyurethane foam, the ability to control noise of the two armchairs was measured and compared in a reverberant chamber. Results of the comparison proved that the armchair made of textile waste showed a higher equivalent sound absorption area than the polyurethane armchair over the entire frequency range, exhibiting a better ability in absorbing the random incidence sound.
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| 10:00 |
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Do frequencies below 160 Hz play a role in speech privacy between rooms?
by A. Kuusinen, E. Rantanen, V. Hongisto.
Abstract:
Speech privacy is a critical acoustic design parameter of working rooms and meeting spaces. It consists of two key components: audibility and intelligibility. Audibility refers to whether speech can be heard, while intelligibility relates to how well the speech can be understood. Previous research has indicated that both audibility and intelligibility of speech can be best predicted by the uniformly weighted signal-to-noise ratio, SNRuni32. This metric is derived by calculating signal-to-noise ratios at one-third octave bands between 160 and 5000 Hz, with the constraint that the SNR at each band cannot be less than -32 dB. However, there is not much research to validate this finding. In this study, we analyze the performance of SNRuni32 using a new dataset of subjective audibility and intelligibility ratings collected through a controlled laboratory experiment. The experiment involved 20 participants. Furthermore, we evaluate whether the inclusion of low frequencies below 160 Hz in the SNRuni32 calculations would improve its predictive accuracy for speech privacy assessment.
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| 10:20 |
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Class A booth reduces stress due to office noise
by V. Hongisto, J. Keränen, E. Rantanen, J. Radun.
Abstract:
Booths are increasingly used in offices and schools to improve noise control and speech privacy. Their acoustic performance (speech level reduction in decibels) shall be measured by ISO 23351-1 standard. The results are classified to speech level reduction classes AD to facilitate design and trade. We investigated the benefits that an office worker might get from booths with different classes against unnecessary speech. We conducted two psychological laboratory experiments. Experiment 1 investigated how speech affects a worker when the speaker is not in the booth (DS,A = 0 dB) or when the speaker is inside class A booth (DS,A = 30 dB). In experiment 2, class A and C (DS,A = 23 dB) booths were compared. If the class is A, the worker’s benefits are large and versatile compared to a condition without the booth: improved cognitive performance, improved subjective experiences, and reduced physiological stress. Comparison of Class A and Class B booths indicated that Class A booth is better with respect of cognitive performance and subjective perception. The results support the choice of Class A office booths where the aim is to minimize the disadvantages of irrelevant speech.
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| 10:40 |
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How did the addition of soundproof pods influence office employees’ experience?
by J. Radun, S. Pitkänen, R. Alakoivu, J. Laukka, H. Maula, A. Sivula, V. Hongisto.
Abstract:
One way to mitigate the disturbance of speech and lack of privacy in office is to use mobile, soundproof workspaces (pods). We examined how the addition of pods affects employees’ job satisfaction and experience in an activitybased office where challenges in speech privacy were experienced. In this quasi-field experiment, seven pods were added to the activity-based office. The office had 58 employees, with 38 undesignated and reservable workstations. The survey was conducted before (Phase 1) and after (Phase 2) the addition of pods. Job satisfaction was higher in Phase 2 than in Phase 1. Satisfaction with indoor environmental factors was higher in Phase 2 regarding speech and visual privacy, ease of interaction, amount of storage and workspace, temperature, and cleanliness. In Phase 2, the employees were also more satisfied with the availability of different types of workspaces. The results show that adding pods to an activity-based office can improve employees’ experience of the space in terms of both privacy and availability of different workspaces. Improvement of job satisfaction may be caused by proper change management, elevated feeling of control, and satisfaction with supervision.
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A15.04/A24.06 Virtual reconstructions in archaeoacoustic research
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 16:40 |
| Room: SC2-1 - VITRUVIUS |
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| B. F. G. Katz |
| F. Martellotta |
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| 16:40 |
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Acoustical features of the Üç Şerefeli Mosque in Edirne (the mosque with three balconies)
by Z. Sü Gül.
Abstract:
This study focuses on the acoustical characteristics of Üç Şerefeli Mosque, built in between 1437and 1447 during the reign of Sultan Murad II in Edirne, which was the second capital city of the Ottoman Empire before conquest of İstanbul. The Mosque was utterly damaged by fire in 1732 and by an earthquake in 1748, then restored in 1764. At its time of construction Üç Şerefeli Mosque was the grandest of Edirne mosques, specifically its dome, and the greatest architectural achievement of the Ottoman architects. It had become a prototype for its successors, representing the transitional architectural style of typical Seljuk mosques towards to the Ottoman style. Within the scope of this study, initially the field tests were carried out in its unoccupied condition, in order to archive the current acoustical conditions. Basic room acoustics parameters are evaluated, including T30, C80 and STI. Acoustical simulations are utilized to investigate the occupied conditions of the mosque. Ray-tracing and diffusion equation model (DEM) computations are applied to comparatively analyze the modeling techniques of posture positions. DEM is also used to visualize the contribution of the dome in energy fragmentation within the mosque, through energy flow vectors and volumetric sound energy distribution maps.
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| 17:00 |
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Virtual acoustic completion of the unfinished baroque church of Santuari del Miracle in the Catalan region of Solsonès
by M. Arnela, M. Rebollo-Arjona, R. Scoczynski Ribeiro, R. M. Alsina-Pagès.
Abstract:
The church of Santuari del Miracle, located in the Catalan region of Solsones, Lleida, is a remarkable example of ‘ Catalan Baroque architecture that has remained unfinished for over 200 years. Despite its incomplete state, it continues to host masses and serves as a venue for Baroque music performances. The church is renowned for its unique Baroque altarpiece and features a single nave covered by a ribbed vault, flanked by three side chapels on each side. A wall currently encloses the single nave, marking the church’s unfinished condition. To fulfill the original design, the central nave would need to be extended, incorporating two additional chapels on each side. This article examines the acoustics of the church as if it were completed. First, the impulse responses of the existing church are measured following ISO3382-1 standard. These measurements are then used to calibrate a virtual model in Odeon software. Next, the final design of the church is reconstructed in the virtual environment and acoustic parameters such as reverberation time (T30), early decay time (EDT), clarity (C50) and definition (D50) are simulated. Finally, acoustic treatment strategies are proposed for both the existing and the completed church to improve the acoustics during baroque music performances.
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| 17:20 |
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Exploring the Past using Dynamic Auralization of Cultural Heritage: A Case Study on the Theatre of Tyndaris
by L. Lavagna, A. Farina, A. Farina, L. Shtrepi, A. Astolfi.
Abstract:
This work describes the development of an audio-visual virtual reality experience that allows users to explore the evolution of the acoustics of the ancient Theater of Tyndaris (Sicily) across four historical periods: Greek, Hellenistic, Roman, and contemporary. We present an overview of current methodologies for sound-field navigation and then we focus on our solution of choice: the interpolation between multiple Ambisonics Room Impulse Responses (ARIR) computed in Geometrical Acoustics (GA) software. Approximately 500 3rd Order ARIRs have been employed for each sound source in each configuration. A calibrated simulation model of the theater’s current state was validated for plausibility, serving as a foundation for the construction of the acoustical models of earlier configurations, based on archaeological evidence. Using these models, we created an immersive VR environment where users can navigate freely within the theater and seamlessly switch between historical periods to experience the variation in the acoustic qualities from any position. The auralization is accompanied by a detailed real-time visual rendering, made in Unity game engine. Through the case study on the theatre of Tyndaris, we showcase the practicality of this technique, its potentials and its limitations.
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| 17:40 |
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Analysis of the reconstructed acoustic environment of a Portuguese Romanic Cathedral in the XVIth century by numerical modelling
by P. Amado Mendes, L. Godinho, D. Mateus, A. Pereira, D. Ramos, A. Gaspar.
Abstract:
In Portugal, the acoustic characterization of historic churches has been relatively unexplored. In some cases, there are documented modifications performed along the centuries that significantly have changed the original acoustic environment of the religious spaces. It is thus very interesting to analyze the consequences of those modifications on the acoustic heritage that can be nowadays “experienced”. In the present study, the Old Cathedral of Coimbra, a Romanic Church from the XIIth century that has been modified on different periods, is first analyzed in its present condition. Therefore, a 3D numerical model has been built, the acoustic properties of the still-present materials have been studied and the main acoustic quality parameters have been numerically evaluated. An experimental in situ campaign has been carried out and the obtained data has been used in the calibration of the numerical model. Then, following multidisciplinary art history research from the XVIth century period, the numerical reconstruction of the acoustic environment is sought in order to analyze the significant acoustic influence of dominant structures present in early days, such as a low and a high-choir. The main results of this numerical acoustic study are herein presented.
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| 18:00 |
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An archaeoacoustic study of the Hoftheater's (1808-1847) history
by B. Postma, M. U. Schumann, B. F. G. Katz.
Abstract:
Previous studies have identified six measurable preSabine principles applied in early room acoustic design: voice directivity, audience rake, “echo theory”, stage acoustics, reverberation, and the ratios of length, width, and height. Around the late 18th century, these concepts inspired two shapes theoretically considered optimal for spaces with acoustic requirements: the ellipse and the circle. Following the elliptical design of the Iffland Theater (1802-1817), the next form tested was the three-quarter circle shape in the design of the Hoftheater in Karlsruhe (1808-1849). The theater’s acoustics proved notoriously poor, prompting contemporary architects and acousticians to investigate the reasons for this failure. The hall underwent renovations between 1830 and 1831, in part to address acoustic shortcomings. Insights from this failure also influenced the design of several later halls with room acoustic needs. As part of this archaeoacoustic study, geometric numerical acoustic simulations were performed to assess the original acoustic conditions. The results are compared to those of a previous study on the Iffland Theater to examine the acoustic lessons learned from this earlier theater hall.
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| 18:20 |
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Acoustic Characterization Of The “Cueva Del Pájaro Azul”: Architectural Reference Of The Sound Heritage Of Gadir
by D. Payo, V. M. Rodríguez-Montaño, F. Fernández-Zacarías, R. Hernández-Molina.
Abstract:
This study analyzes the acoustic characteristics of the “Cueva del Pájaro Azul”, a historical site located under the present city of Cádiz, at a depth of 4.5m, which was part of the ancient Phoenician port of Gadir and preserves vestiges of its past, such as a cistern. Converted into a flamenco club during the 1960s, this environment combines a rich archaeological heritage with an outstanding cultural legacy. The cave is characterized by its remarkable acoustic heterogeneity, with significant variations in reverberation times of up to 2 seconds due to the acoustic behavior of some sectors that act as coupled resonators. In situ recordings were made using a binaural head, omnidirectional microphones and a dodecahedral omnidirectional source, defining the distribution of specific source-microphone pairs considering the historical archive and the current use of the space. The results obtained are presented and a tool that allows future auralizations contemplating traditional musical practices in Cádiz is presented.
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A15.04/A24.06 Virtual reconstructions in archaeoacoustic research (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| B. F. G. Katz |
| F. Martellotta |
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Measurement and Auralization of Paleoacoustics landscapes in Chauvet Cave
by L. Valentin, J. Abel, J. Berger, C. Chafe, J. Chowning, C. Fritz, N. Farzaneh, M. Kolar, R. Michon, S. Martin, P. Svensson, M. Wright.
Abstract:
This paper introduces an ongoing study towards acoustic reconstruction and auralization of Chauvet Cave, a UNESCO World Heritage site known for its 36,000-year-old prehistoric art. We outline methodological challenges, measurement constraints, and future directions in the development of auralization frameworks, towards the ultimate goal of recreating aspects of Chauvet’s Paleolithic acoustics. A key limitation is the restricted measurement area, as recordings are constrained to modern walkways, leaving large parts of the cave acoustically undocumented. Additionally, geomorphological changes over thousands of years have altered the cave’s structure, affecting how sound propagates today compared to its prehistoric conditions. We discuss how these factors shape data collection and acoustical modeling, highlighting the need for predictive simulations to extend beyond direct acoustical measurements. We briefly analyze impulse responses recorded with omnidirectional and Ambisonic microphones, providing insights into reverberation, clarity, and spatial distribution of reflections. These data inform auralization models that integrate various hypothetical sound sources while acknowledging inherent uncertainties.
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From Measurement to Music: Reviving the Acoustic Heritage of St. Michael’s Church, Coventry, UK
by I. Ali-Maclachlan, H. Roberts, B. West, S. Hall, J. Savan.
Abstract:
This paper presents findings from the Aural Histories project, which explores how music was experienced in historical ecclesiastical spaces through acoustic modelling and auralisation. Focusing on St Michael’s Church, Coventry, UK, digital reconstructions of the building as it may have stood in 1451 and 1617 were created using archival and typological evidence, and analysed using Odeon software. Simulations suggest that architectural changes between these dates had only minor impact on acoustic conditions in the chancel, with reverberation and clarity metrics remaining consistent. To support auralisation, recordings of an eightvoice choir performing Tallis’s Why Fum’th in Fight were captured in both studio and anechoic settings. Spectral and cepstral analyses revealed minimal differences between the two, particularly in mid and high frequencies. Expert listening tests showed no statistically significant perceptual differences between auralisations using either source supporting the practical use of studio recordings in virtual acoustic reconstructions. Future work will explore additional repertoire and conduct further perceptual testing in immersive environments such as the Birmingham SoundLab® to assess the impact of recording choices on spatial perception and listener experience.
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Comparison Between the Acoustic Texture Obtained Through In Situ Measurements and That Calculated From Virtual Models of a Pre-Romanesque Church
by L. Carrero-Muriel, D. De La Prida, M. Larrosa-Navarro, A. Pedrero.
Abstract:
Acoustic Texture is a parameter related to the structure of early reflections, providing relevant information for the subjective perception of sound. Although its use is not widespread, Acoustic Texture could be a key aspect for calibrating virtual acoustic models.This article addresses its importance by comparing the Acoustic Texture calculated from impulse responses obtained through real measurements of the pre-Romanesque church of Sant Miquel, in Terrassa, Spain, with those obtained using a virtual acoustic model of the church.The objective is to evaluate how modeling parameters influence the Acoustic Texture by comparing it with data obtained from in situ measurements. Additionally, the study analyzes whether the processing of impulse responses (RIR) from the virtual model and the measurements allows identifying matches in early reflections, a key aspect for validating the model’s accuracy.The results aim to highlight the importance of Acoustic Texture as a relevant parameter in the perceptual evaluation of sound in historic architectural spaces. Also to offer a methodological framework that combines simulation and real measurement tools to optimize the acoustic modeling of spaces with high heritage value.
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Survey And Acoustic Correction Of The Boboli Amphitheater Using Of Audio-Visual Model
by L. Magnini, V. Amodeo, D. Masci, P. Ruggieri, S. Secchi, G. Verdiani.
Abstract:
The research is part of a renovation project for the Boboli amphitheater supported by the Uffizi Gallery, with analysis to correct the acoustics of a historic open-air theatre space. The acoustic correction starts with the design of a modular temporary stage and continues with the insertion of an electro-acoustic system proposed in various configurations, evaluated according to the scheduled performance. In parallel, the geometric survey of the area is developed with a laser scanner for auralisation and the creation of an audiovisual model.
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A15.05 Acoustic comfort in hospitals (1)
| Monday 23 June 2025 - 12:00 |
| Room: SC2-2 - KIRCHER |
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| 12:00 |
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Space For Music: Elements To Incorporate Into Healthcare Designs
by A. Ferrentino, C. Rius, R. Torrents Pairo.
Abstract:
The hospital environment can, in many circumstances, act as a source of stress, negatively affecting the health of patients, staff, and families. Consequently, it necessitates innovative interventions to promote well-being. While the detrimental impact of noise in these settings has been widely studied, the potential positive effects of music remain an underexplored field, particularly within the realm of architecture. Several studies suggest that music may mitigate the adverse effects of noise by reducing stress and enhancing mood, among other benefits. However, the integration of music into hospital architectural projects is limited, with only isolated examples observed, such as pianos in waiting areas. This study aims to conduct a systematic review of the literature, analysing the impacts of music on the body and mind. Additionally, it examines the influence of specific musical variables, such as melody type, applied spaces, and methods of implementation—whether in person or electronic. This approach seeks to identify gaps in current knowledge and foster reflection on how architectural design could facilitate the inclusion of music to enhance the quality of the hospital environment. In doing so, it may be possible to propose more human-centred environments that prioritise holistic wellbeing.
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| 12:20 |
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Impact Of Spatial Organization On Noise Levels In Open-Bay Neonatal Intensive Care Units
by V. M. Rodríguez-Montaño, J. L. Beira Jiménez, R. Hernández-Molina.
Abstract:
This study focuses on the evaluation of noise levels in Open-Bay Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) across various hospitals, with the objective of analyzing how the architectural distribution of these spaces influences acoustic conditions. Despite the fact that the construction materials are consistent across all neonatal rooms and lack acoustically absorbent elements, variations in size, shape, spatial organization of equipment, and the flow of personnel significantly affect the recorded noise levels.Noise measurements have been carried out in which data have been collected at one-second intervals over a week. The compilation of this data provides a robust foundation for future research aimed at identifying effective strategies to enhance acoustic conditions, thereby ensuring a more conducive environment for the recovery of neonates and the well-being of healthcare staff.Adequate architectural planning is essential for mitigating noise, whereas inappropriate configurations may exacerbate acoustic challenges, negatively impacting both patients and healthcare professionals. This study underscores the importance of considering acoustics in the design of NICUs, promoting environments that support health and well-being in this critical context.Keywords: Architectural design; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit; Acoustic; Sources of noise.
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| 12:40 |
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Environmental Noise in Hospitals: a Rapid Review of Trends and Possible Developments
by V. Amodeo, S. Secchi.
Abstract:
Research interest in noise in hospital environments has been growing significantly over the years. This increase in interest is probably due to several aspects, among them: firstly, the concern expressed by the World Organisation (WHO) about the effects that noise can have on people; secondly, the scientific evidence that has highlighted how noise can affect the clinical outcomes of patients and the work performance of staff. The studies that can be found in the literature are numerous. Some focus on the detection and quantification of noise; others investigate the correlation between noise and physical or psychophysical parameters; still others evaluate possible strategies to mitigate noise or improve the acoustic environment. In this article, a rapid review of the literature published from 2020 to 2024 on Scopus is proposed in order to assess research trends and outline possible future developments in the topic.
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| 13:00 |
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Towards new metrics to characterize the acoustic environment in Intensive Care Units
by E. De Ruiter, E. Fasllija, D. Gommers, E. Özcan.
Abstract:
AbstractSoundscape is a recent, sophisticated approach to environmental noise control. It regards the total auditory experience of the exposed people, from pleasant sounds to annoyance, from boring to eventful. This approach is used outdoors, but indoors too, for example in offices and hospitals. In Intensive Care Units (ICU’s) many specific dominant sounds are prevalent; not only permanently active medical equipment like ventilators, dialysis etc. but also alarms, and conversations by staff members. Here a special instance of the soundscape tool is required.The current work focuses on the processing and analysis of one-week-long acoustic sets of sound data, collected continuously in Adult ICU’s at Erasmus Medical Center. In addition to standard noise metrics like equivalent, peak sound levels and statistical indices, this research explores alternative measures such as restorative periods, and more metrics based on distributional variables, TNI (traffic noise index), NPL (noise pollution level), etc. By adapting metrics from the realm of environmental noise to the ICU context, this work aims to provide a more comprehensive characterization of the acoustic environment the vulnerable ICU-population is exposed to. These insights will also facilitate relationships with qualitative soundscape descriptors to be collected in later stages of the project.
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A15.05 Acoustic comfort in hospitals (2)
| Monday 23 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SC2-2 - KIRCHER |
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| 14:20 |
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Looking at sound together: using VR with Dutch Hospitals - a case study
by C. Van Wezel.
Abstract:
The role of acoustics in healthcare environments is critical for enhancing patient recovery, reducing staff stress, and improving overall operational efficiency. However, the application of effective acoustic design often remains overlooked in the planning and renovation of healthcare spaces. The Ecophon Immersive Acoustic Experience™ (EIAE™) is a virtual reality (VR)-based tool designed to address these challenges by enabling acoustic simulation and interactive design adjustments in healthcare environments. This paper reviews best practices derived from the implementation of VR in three Dutch hospitals, including a pharmacy, an emergency room and an operating room. The study demonstrates that VR allows stakeholders, including, occupational hygienists, healthcare professionals, and facility managers, to collaborate effectively by visualizing and optimizing acoustic properties such reverberation time, material absorption, and layout. Findings indicate that this tool can potentially better align design decisions regarding a desired acoustic environment. Furthermore, the study raises awareness about the importance of acoustics in healthcare. The results emphasize the potential of VR-based instruments to better acoustic practices in healthcare and indicate future development and broader applicability in both the architectural and healthcare sector.
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| 14:40 |
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Sound in Clinical Environments (SILENTS): Overview of a mixed methods intervention to improve acoustic comfort in a hospital ward in London (UK)
by C. Rosas-Pérez, A. Hall, C. J.H. Cook, J. Drever, M. Cobianchi, H. Skene.
Abstract:
An adequate acoustic environment in hospitals is considered crucial for avoiding stress and distraction in staff, and for promoting rest and recovery in patients. These goals are often challenged by design, technical and behavioural factors, even when the awareness of the impact of sounds in hospitals is generally higher than for other spaces. As a response to the high noise levels reported by staff members of the Acute Assessment Unit at Chelsea and Westminster Hospital in London, the ongoing project Sound in Clinical Environments (SILENTS) was created with the aim of improving the experienced acoustic environment. In this paper, we provide an overview of the different stages of the intervention being conducted, which will use qualitative and quantitative methodologies for the evaluation of the situation before and after the intervention. The assessment strategy included long-term SPL measurements through fixed monitoring, personal dosimeters and portable devices, questionnaires for patients and interviews with staff members. Part of the preliminary quantitative results from this assessment are presented and discussed in the context of the specific limitations that can be encountered while undertaking noise analysis and interventions in healthcare environments.
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| 15:00 |
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Noise Assessment Within Healthcare Facilities: Annoyance And Intrusiveness Of Sound Sources
by D. De Salvio, V. Amodeo, M. Garai, S. Secchi.
Abstract:
Noise in hospitals is an issue that is increasing over time. Therefore, investigations in this context deserve special attention. The World Health Organization (WHO) has expressed concerns about the effects of noise on human health, especially on people defined as vulnerable, as patients can be. Additionally, long-term noise exposure by healthcare personnel can lead to stress and the development of cardiovascular diseases. Most studies currently measure noise within hospital environments using parameters such as the A-weighted equivalent level (LAeq) and the A-weighted maximum level (LAmax), which are in line with the recommendations made by the WHO. Nevertheless, quantifying noise and the annoyance it may cause on users is complex. Some studies use psychoacoustic parameters to describe noise and its perception by users within these contexts. In Italy, UNI/TS 11844:2022 proposes a method to quantify the intrusiveness of a sound source based on Detection Theory. This article, referring to measurements performed within an Italian medical general ward, proposes a discussion of these methods to explore their application in the hospital context.
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| 15:20 |
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Preliminary study of a University Hospital outdoor noise environment based on monitoring and soundscape
by A. Nora, D. De Salvio, G. Fusaro, L. Barbaresi.
Abstract:
Noise in hospital wards can significantly impact patients and healthcare staff, disrupting physiological processes and contributing to stress and annoyance. In this context, outdoor healthcare spaces are essential in creating a healing environment that positively affects human well-being. While indoor hospital acoustics have been widely studied, research on outdoor hospital soundscapes remains limited. Within a two-year project, the study presented in this paper features a soundscape alongside noise monitoring techniques, focusing on the external area of the Sant’ Orsola University Hospital in Bologna. By integrating these methods, the analysis uncovered aspects of the hospital’s acoustic environment that conventional approaches might miss. A pilot soundwalk was conducted with 21 participants according to Method A of ISO 12913-2. Binaural audio recordings were measured to assess psychoacoustic parameters, e.g., loudness and psychoacoustic annoyance. Preliminary findings reveal elevated noise levels near a hospital pavilion, with values exceeding Italian legal limits by 8.5 dB during the day and 11.5 dB at night. The study identified a highly variable acoustic environment, distinguishing between quiet, active and traffic-dominated areas. The results show a strong correlation between traditional sound level measurements and soundscape analysis, highlighting the importance of a holistic approach to noise assessment in hospitals.
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A15.06 Acoustic and multidomain comfort in learning spaces (1)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 16:20 |
| Room: SM6 - HELMHOLTZ |
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| 16:20 |
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Linking Speech Clarity, Reverberation, And Distance For Classroom Design Optimization
by D. Mironovs.
Abstract:
Modern acoustic design for learning spaces often emphasizes reverberation time (RT) as a primary parameter; however, speech clarity (C50) is also important for ensuring speech intelligibility. Because RT can be calculated analytically and source-receiver distance is easily measurable, this study examines the relationship between C50, T30 and distance in classrooms with absorptive ceilings and backwalls. Measurements in nine university auditoria – spanning a range of room lengths and yielding 181 distinct observations across six octave bands – were analysed using Pearson correlations and regression models. An average empirical model for C50 was derived from source-receiver distance. These findings offer a practical tool for simplifying the acoustic design process without the need for complex 3D modelling.
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| 16:40 |
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Case Study: Remodeling of open plan Dutch school - acoustic design and operational challenges
by B. Scherpenhuyzen, C. Campbell, J. Vugts.
Abstract:
This innovative learning environments case study examines the acoustic design and operational challenges of De Werkplaats, a progressive primary school in Bilthoven, the Netherlands. De Werkplaats was designed to integrate open learning environments to foster collaboration, inclusivity, and student agency. However, the design faced challenges in balancing the acoustic and spatial needs of diverse learning activities. due to non-traditional classrooms. Noise disturbances, largely due to mismatched activities between different groups in the same open space, prompted a decision to remodel the environment. This offered an opportunity to collect subjective and objective data before and after remodeling, providing insights into how these changes impacted functionality and user satisfaction. Key factors include insufficient acoustic zoning, overstimulation from open layouts, and challenges aligning spatial design with the school’s educational philosophy. This study investigates whether conventional acoustic standards suffice in such settings or if broader considerations, such as activity coordination, privacy, and adaptable noise mitigation strategies, are required. Insights are drawn from noise measurements and user experiences. The findings underscore the importance of early-stage planning, tailored guidelines for open school environments, and integrating well-being-focused design principles. This research contributes to frameworks for creating sustainable, inclusive, and acoustically balanced learning environments.
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| 17:00 |
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A possible single number universal classroom acoustic criterion
by S. Dance.
Abstract:
In the UK Building Bulletin 93 is part of the Building Regulations. BB93 was last updated in 2015 where it specified the acoustic performance for new or refurbished primary and secondary schools for both normal and complex needs students. This paper describes a justification for a universal classroom acoustic criterion for educational spaces. This would include nursery, primary, secondary and further education colleges. The adult voice is the primary sound source for classroom-based learning. The sound spectrum of the voice is well known, as is the ratio of male to female teachers. This will form, along with familiarity, the basis for a universal single number classroom acoustic criterion based on reverberation time. This simple criterion will allow architects and acousticians to work together to specify appropriate materials at the earliest possible design stage.
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| 17:20 |
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Virtual Reality for Performance Preparation
by C. J. Wingfield, Y. G. Gonzales Redman, C. J. Nudelman, P. Bottalico.
Abstract:
Singers often encounter difficulties when transitioning from the acoustics of rehearsal spaces to those of performance venues. Can this challenge be addressed by rehearsing in a Virtual Reality (VR) simulation of the performance venue? This study evaluated the effects of VR training on four vocal parameters—vibrato extent, vibrato rate, quality ratio, and vibrato jitter—and measured singer perceptions via an Acoustic Perception Survey (APS). Nine non-voice major university students were randomly assigned to experimental (VR) or control groups. Both groups received equal preparation time for a song of their choice, which they performed in a chamber recital hall. The experimental group rehearsed using a VR replication of the venue during three voice lessons, while the control group rehearsed solely in a traditional voice studio. Singers in the VR group showed improved adaptation to the recital venue’s acoustics. Additionally, the VR replication was perceived to be more supportive than the traditional studio. These findings suggest that VR-based rehearsal could help singers better prepare for unfamiliar performance venues, improving vocal outcomes and reducing anxiety. VR offers a promising tool for replicating diverse acoustic environments in the practice setting.
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| 17:40 |
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Children’s listening perception and cognitive performance at school
by C. Pavarin, I. Pittana, I. Pavanello, P. Ruggeri, A. Di Bella, P. Scimemi, P. Romagnoni, F. Cappelletti.
Abstract:
Classroom acoustics and noise exposure significantly affect students’ emotional, cognitive, and academic well-being, especially when they are not mother tongue or they suffer from auditory impairments. This study aims to investigate the specific contribution of the acoustic components on children’s auditory and cognitive performance. Before the study, all participants underwent a comprehensive hearing screening to rule out any auditory impairments that could influence the results. Subsequently, children were exposed to two distinct acoustic conditions: a regular classroom with ambient noise and a classroom with artificially induced noise. Performance in both auditory and non-auditory tasks was assessed using a standardized battery of tests administered during the different acoustic conditions. Collected results, such as the number of errors and the response time, were statistically analyzed to compare children’s reactions across these conditions, thus providing empirical evidence on the effects of noise on learning processes. The findings of this research can inform educational policies and school building design practice to create more effective and healthier learning spaces.
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| 18:20 |
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EEG Insights into the Impact of Noise and Dysphonic Speech on Children's Listening Effort and Sentence Comprehension
by S. Murgia, M. M. Flaherty, P. Bottalico.
Abstract:
This research investigates the effects of background noise, dysphonic speech on children’s sentence comprehension and listening effort, using electroencephalography (EEG). Inhibitory control (IC) and working memory (WM) were assessed to account for individual variability. Twentyfour children (ages 8-12) completed the Test for Reception of Grammar under two signal-to-noise ratios (0 dB and 6 dB) and two voice qualities (typical and dysphonic). EEG analyses focused on theta and alpha frequency bands to examine neural dynamics of listening effort. Findings revealed that sentence comprehension decreased under noisier and dysphonic conditions, particularly for children with higher WM. EEG results showed heightened theta power and reduced alpha power during dysphonic speech, indicating increased cognitive demands, with a positive relationship to WM and IC, respectively. This suggests that children had to recruit additional cognitive resources to process degraded auditory input. These findings demonstrate that noise and dysphonic speech place distinct demands on cognitive resources, hindering comprehension and increasing listening effort, while relying on executive function to adapt to difficult acoustic environments.
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A15.06 Acoustic and multidomain comfort in learning spaces (2)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SC2-2 - KIRCHER |
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| 14:20 |
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Evaluating Noise-Related Stressors in Italian Schools: Aligning Acoustic Environments with the Needs of Neurodivergent Students
by A. Marzi, F. Bettarello, M. Caniato, A. Gasparella.
Abstract:
Some neurodivergent students may be particularly sensitive to noise in school environments, making acoustic conditions an important factor for their well-being. While sensitivity varies among individuals, certain repetitive or high-intensity sounds can be particularly distressing. One such sound is the ringing of the school bell, which can act as a potential acoustic stressor for some students. This study examines whether school environments accommodate the sensory needs of autistic students by analyzing the impact of school bells. A literature review identified how such auditory signals affect neurodivergent individuals. Based on these findings, real-world school environments were evaluated by measuring the frequency and intensity of school bells. The analysis assessed whether these sound levels exceeded recommended thresholds. The results highlight the acoustic challenges posed by school bells for neurodivergent students and others sensitive to noise, providing insights for more inclusive educational environments.
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| 14:40 |
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Multi-domain sensation and preference of children at primary school: a case study
by I. Pittana, C. Pavarin, I. Pavanello, A. Di Bella, P. Scimemi, P. Romagnoni, F. Cappelletti.
Abstract:
Students’ well-being is influenced by the Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) of classrooms. Poor IEQ, particularly inadequate acoustic conditions, can negatively affect students’ learning performance and comfort. This study aims to identify indoor environmental conditions that promote students’ multi-domain comfort in classrooms. Field campaigns were conducted in various primary schools in Northeast Italy, where physical parameters related to the four main comfort domains—namely sound pressure level, CO2 concentration, air temperature, and horizontal illuminance—were measured during the administration of a right-here right-now questionnaire to gather their sensation regarding the acoustic, thermal, visual, and indoor air quality environments. Prior to the study, all participants underwent a comprehensive hearing screening to eliminate any potential biases related to auditory impairments. Subjective responses under different indoor conditions were analyzed to explore possible correlations between indoor parameters and students’ multi-domain sensation.
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| 15:00 |
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Combined effect of IAQ and acoustics on calculation in university classrooms
by M. Pellegatti, C. Visentin, S. Torresin, F. Babich, N. Prodi.
Abstract:
Literature studies have outlined that indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in educational environments can seriously impact students’ learning and cognitive abilities. Research on the combined effects of IEQ domains on cognitive abilities is scarce, especially as regards acoustics and indoor air quality (IAQ). In this laboratory study, 29 university students were exposed to two IAQ conditions which were approximated by means of two CO2 concentrations: 800 ppm (good air quality) and 3000 ppm (poor air quality). For each of them four acoustic conditions, namely quiet, mechanical ventilation noise, babble noise, and birdsongs, were considered. Participants performed a simple calculation task; accuracy in the operations and the time needed for solution (response time) were collected. Data were analysed using generalised linear mixed-effects models by including the main effect of the environmental stressors and their interaction as independent variables. Accuracy was unaffected by environmental stressors, while response time revealed a combined effect of the two domains. Specifically, poor IAQ acted as a trigger, revealing faster responses in the babble noise case compared to quiet and mechanical ventilation. No discrepancies were found in good IAQ conditions. In conclusion, IAQ and acoustics should be considered in combination while investigating cognitive abilities.
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| 15:20 |
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Teachers' Indoor Environmental Satisfaction And Sound Exposure In Enclosed And Flexible Learning Spaces
by J. Radun, M. Veermans, S. Rantanen, V. Hongisto.
Abstract:
This study examined how teachers experience indoor environment and their sound exposure during teaching in flexible and enclosed learning spaces. Here flexible learning spaces mean spaces that can be used for teaching several 20–30 students’ groups and enclosed spaces traditional classrooms for one group. Altogether 21 basic education schools were inspected. In each school, the activity sound pressure levels were measured for five working days in four learning spaces and a survey was sent to teaching personnel. Altogether 332 teachers answered the questionnaire, 247 respondents working in enclosed and 85 in flexible learning spaces. The teachers in flexible learning spaces were less satisfied with their indoor environment, especially with sound environment and disturbances, and they felt that the learning space supported their teaching less than teachers in enclosed learning spaces. However, the average activity sound pressure levels during teaching were slightly lower in flexible (63 dB) than in enclosed learning spaces (65 dB). Therefore, in flexible learning spaces the problem is not the high sound pressure levels, but rather disturbances coming from school’s other activities. Open learning spaces should be built to schools with consideration and their usage should always be coordinated and planned together.
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| 15:40 |
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Vocal behavior in different room acoustic conditions, noise, and with sound field amplification system use
by N. Cansu, G. Öhlund-Wistbacka, S. Holmqvist-Jämsén, R. Rydell, V. Lyberg-Åhlander.
Abstract:
To cope with poor room acoustics in learning spaces, teachers often increase their vocal sound pressure level (SPL) to be heard in the classroom, which can lead to voice problems. While research suggests that improved acoustics may increase well-being and vocal health, little is known about its effect on vocal behavior in learning spaces. This study investigated how speakers’ vocal behavior was affected by improved room acoustics, noise, and the use of a sound field amplification system (SFA) during short speech tasks in four room acoustic conditions in a university lecture room. The results suggested that improved room acoustics, with the addition of materials with reflective properties above the speaker position, decreased both the speakers’ mean SPL and F0. A decrease in F0 and SPL was also observed as a result of SFA use and speaking in quiet conditions compared to noise conditions. However, results indicate that the effect of room acoustics and SFA use on vocal parameters was task dependent. Sex differences were observed in response to room acoustics and noise. Overall, the findings suggest that improved room acoustics can reduce vocal effort, but the type of task influences the relationship between vocal behavior and acoustics.
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A15.06 Acoustic and multidomain comfort in learning spaces (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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An Acoustic Survey Of Korean School Classrooms
by Y.-J. Choi, D.-H. Kim, H.-J. Lim, H.-J. Kim.
Abstract:
This study presents the findings of a recent acoustic survey aimed at evaluating the acoustic environment in classrooms across various schools in Korea. Data were collected from 16 classrooms across four schools, encompassing both occupied measurements during 27 active classes and unoccupied measurements of acoustic properties and sound insulation performance. The analysis highlights significant differences in speech and noise levels across varying classroom activities and school types. Elementary school classrooms were found to exhibit higher speech and noise levels—4 to 5 dBA greater than junior high, high, and special schools—likely due to the younger age group and the nature of group-based activities. A notable 19 dBA difference was observed between the quietest and noisiest classroom activities, with group discussions generating the highest noise levels. These findings underscore the influence of acoustic design on classroom environments and emphasize the need for implementing acoustic standards to enhance learning conditions in Korean schools.
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A15.09 Sound reflections in concert halls
| Thursday 26 June 2025 - 10:00 |
| Room: SC2-2 - KIRCHER |
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| 10:00 |
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The Support parameters for measurement of sound reflections on concert hall stages
by A. C. Gade.
Abstract:
Four decades ago this author came up with the idea of describing the sound reflection energy on orchestra stages by means of the “Support”-parameters. Since 2009 the measures STearly and STlate have been included in the ISO 3382 standard on room acoustic measurements – as the only parameters specifically designed for this purpose, and they are often being used by scientists and consultants alike. Still, other acousticians have – for good reasons - suggested modifications or alternatives to the ST-measures. However, the ST-parameters seem to survive the “competition”. Therefore, it might be relevant to review their purpose and to describe in which situations we have found them useful. In this context it is also relevant to discuss which values can be considered favorable or the opposite. Also the ratio between STearly and STlate might be relevant as a certain element of clarity on stage is necessary for precise communication between the musicians. The discussion will be based on comparisons between measured objective data and musicians’ subjective responses from a number of halls.
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| 10:20 |
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On the influence of sound scattering in room acoustic modelling
by A. Pereira, A. Gaspar, L. Godinho, D. Mateus, P. Amado Mendes.
Abstract:
In general, the sound field inside a closed space is influenced by several parameters, such as the room shape, volume, amount and location of sound absorption, and the scattering of the surfaces. In geometrical room acoustic computer models, the scattering coefficient (s) is usually employed to considerer the diffusivity of surfaces. It is therefore important to understand how the introduction of dispersion can affect acoustic parameters of a room. This paper focus on addressing the impact of the introduction of sound dispersion in room acoustic modelling. In this theoretical study, an auditorium with a shoe-box shape is modelled using ray tracing approach. This geometric configuration is recognized by the parallel side walls, which play a key role in the generation of multiple reflections. Different factors, such as the average sound absorption of the space and volume changes in the geometry are addressed. The amount of diffuse reflections at each room boundary is defined by assigning a value s to the surface. Changes in the room sound field, in particular, in the reverberation time, are analyzed.
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| 10:40 |
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Robust 3D Localisation of Anomalies in Reverberation Time Signals
by T. Rittenschober, A. Decloux.
Abstract:
Reverberation time measurements form the basis for room acoustic optimizations of existing building structures. During the verification of the achieved room acoustic improvements, anomalies may appear in the reverberation time signal which may be hard to spatially localize, especially in spaces with demanding acoustic requirements such as large, open workspaces or concert halls. This contribution focuses on the application of the Sound Field Scanning method to the fast spatial localization of room reflections. In this process, an omnidirectional sound source is positioned at an observation point in the room and periodically excited with band-limited pulses. At the same observation point, an acoustic camera system consisting of a rotating linear microphone array is oriented towards the preferred spatial direction. The emitted pulses and associated room reflections are captured on the measurement surface of the rotating microphone array. Acoustic images with high depth resolution are generated in parallel planes to the measurement surface. In complex situations, the task of spatially localizing anomalies in the reverberation time signal can be reduced to a few measurements from different perspectives, thus, significantly accelerating the problem-solving process with high confidence. The method is exemplarily described through the acoustic analysis of a university lecture hall.
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| 11:20 |
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Development of a 3D tool to visualise the lateral energy component within each sound reflection in concert halls
by J. Sanz Soriano, C. Day, J. Ó. García Gómez.
Abstract:
Early lateral sound reflections create a desirable sense of spaciousness and are an important design feature in concert hall design. Barron and Marshall derived the “early lateral energy fraction” (LF), defined as the linear ratio of the early lateral energy to the total early energy. LF is an acoustic descriptor of spatial impression, which has been shown to correlate highly with subjective listener preferences. The direction of arrival and level of individual sound reflections can be visually identified in 3D raytracing analysis in computer models or 3D room acoustic measurements tools like IRIS. The results of these measurements are also commonly translated to a single LF figure. However, the late Sir Harold Marshall pointed out that how much each reflection contributes to the lateral sound is not easily identifiable. This paper discusses the implementation of a visualization tool with the objective of showing the contribution to the ‘lateral energy’ of each individual reflection. 3D acoustic measurements in several concert halls have been analysed using this tool to better understand which sound reflections are contributing most to the lateral energy. Furthermore, the use of this tool to enhance the design possibilities of raytracing analysis tools has also been explored.
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| 11:40 |
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Forget about the seat dip effect – you have other problems! Early reflections to compensate for broadband grazing incidence attenuation
by N. Rummler, E. Green, Y. Jurkiewicz, E. Kahle.
Abstract:
The seat dip effect is a prominent acoustic phenomenon describing the attenuation of low frequencies due to sound passing at grazing incidence over seating. An often-overlooked aspect is that this attenuation is not limited to a narrow dip around 80 – 300 Hz but extends to much higher frequencies. Measurements on a 1:20 scale model of seated audience have established Audience Related Transfer Functions (ARTF) for a range of azimuth and elevation angles. This dataset shows that the broadband attenuation is inversely related to the source elevation and can reach up to 16 dB between 400 Hz and 3 kHz for grazing sound incidence. This has consequences both for the direct sound and early reflections in auditoria since grazing incident attenuation is equally affecting reflections in the horizontal plane. These findings support the need for early reflections from non-grazing incident angles, to compensate for the attenuated spectral content of both the direct sound and grazing incidence reflection paths. By coupling considerations of reflection coverage efficiency (solid angle criteria), head-related transfer functions and the ARTF, acoustically optimised reflection surface positions can be derived.
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| 12:00 |
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Computer-based Construction of Self-similar Acoustic Reflectors
by J. O.'K. O'Keefe.
Abstract:
If one wants to optimise an acoustical reflector using computer aided methods such as Genetic Algorithms (GA), one must first develop methods of constructing those reflectors inside a computer. A number of these constructors have been developed by the author, many of them using Non-uniform Rational B-splines (NURB) geometries that create bumpy, wave-like reflectors. The control points used to build these reflector surfaces are, by necessity, placed on a fixed grid where they are free to move but not so free as to create a completely random origami-like surface. The fixed grid, however, often limits the reflectors to slow undulating waves that are presumably more efficient at lower frequencies. Higher frequency articulation is impractical with a fixed grid because the resulting peaks and valleys of the waves will be too deep and narrow. A new method has been developed that can vary the density of the fixed grids as the GA progresses through its evolution. The result is a reflector surface with a more natural looking wave pattern. A self-similar pattern of waves within waves not unlike the surface of the sea. .
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A15.10 Modeling and estimation of room impulse responses with machine learning
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: SC2-2 - KIRCHER |
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| 9:00 |
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Deep, data-driven modeling of room acoustics: literature review and research perspectives
by T. Van Waterschoot.
Abstract:
Our everyday auditory experience is shaped by the acoustics of the indoor environments in which we live. Room acoustics modeling is aimed at establishing mathematical representations of acoustic wave propagation in such environments. These representations are relevant to a variety of problems ranging from echo-aided auditory indoor navigation to restoring speech understanding in cocktail party scenarios. Many disciplines in science and engineering have recently witnessed a paradigm shift powered by deep learning (DL), and room acoustics research is no exception. The majority of deep, data-driven room acoustics models are inspired by DL-based speech and image processing, and hence lack the intrinsic space-time structure of acoustic wave propagation. More recently, DL-based models for room acoustics that include either geometric or wave-based information have delivered promising results, primarily for the problem of sound field reconstruction. In this review paper, we will provide an extensive and structured literature review on deep, data-driven modeling in room acoustics. Moreover, we position these models in a framework that allows for a conceptual comparison with traditional physical and data-driven models. Finally, we identify strengths and shortcomings of deep, data-driven room acoustics models and outline the main challenges for further research.
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| 9:20 |
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Complex Room Geometry Inference via Acoustic Echoes
by I. Yeon, J.-W. Choi.
Abstract:
Estimation of room geometry is crucial for realistic audio rendering in virtual and augmented reality, as well as for applications like sound field reconstruction. This study introduces a deep learning-based method that infers room geometry by directly predicting floorplan and height maps from room impulse responses (RIRs). Unlike traditional approaches that estimate room parameters such as wall positions and room size, this segmentation-based approach predicts detailed geometric floorplan map of a room, allowing it to handle irregular and complex shapes, including curved walls. By utilizing high-order reflections, the proposed method captures complex geometric details, even those unobservable from the position of the audio device due to occlusion, which are challenging to resolve with conventional methods relying on first-order reflections. The model’s exploitability of high-order reflections is demonstrated through gradient activation map visualizations and experiments with RIRs limited to first-order reflections, highlighting their critical role in reconstructing complex geometries. Validated on synthetic datasets, including Manhattan and Atlanta layouts, the model demonstrates high accuracy in reconstructing diverse room geometries, exhibiting robustness in scenarios with indoor furniture and objects.
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| 9:40 |
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DiffusionRIR: Room Impulse Response Interpolation using Diffusion Models
by S. Della Torre, M. Pezzoli, F. Antonacci, S. Gannot.
Abstract:
Room Impulse Responses (RIRs) characterize acoustic environments and are crucial in multiple audio signal processing tasks. High-quality RIR estimates drive applications such as virtual microphones, sound source localization, augmented reality, and data augmentation. However, obtaining RIR measurements with high spatial resolution is resource-intensive, making it impractical for large spaces or when dense sampling is required. This research addresses the challenge of estimating RIRs at unmeasured locations within a room using Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models (DDPM). Our method leverages the analogy between RIR matrices and image inpainting, transforming RIR data into a format suitable for diffusion-based reconstruction. Using simulated RIR data based on the image method, we demonstrate our approach’s effectiveness on microphone arrays of different curvatures, from linear to semi-circular. Our method successfully reconstructs missing RIRs, even in large gaps between microphones. Under these conditions, it achieves accurate reconstruction, significantly outperforming baseline Spline Cubic Interpolation (SCI) in terms of Normalized Mean Square Error (NMSE) and Cosine Distance (CD) between actual and interpolated RIRs. This research highlights the potential of using generative models for effective RIR interpolation, paving the way for generating additional data from limited real-world measurements.
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| 10:00 |
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Latent FXLMS: Accelerating Active Noise Control with Neural Adaptive Filters
by K. Sarkar, A. Lu, M. Mittal, Y. Zhuang, R. Corey, A. Singer.
Abstract:
Filtered-X LMS (FxLMS) is commonly used for active noise control (ANC), wherein the soundfield is minimized at a desired location. Given prior knowledge of the spatial region of the noise or control sources, we could improve FxLMS by adapting along the low-dimensional manifold of possible adaptive filter weights. We train an autoencoder on the filter coefficients of the steady-state adaptive filter for each primary source location sampled from a given spatial region and constrain the weights of the adaptive filter to be the output of the decoder for a given state of latent variables. Then, we perform updates in the latent space and use the decoder to generate the cancellation filter. We evaluate how various neural network constraints and normalization techniques impact the convergence speed and steady-state mean squared error. Under certain conditions, our Latent FxLMS model converges in fewer steps with comparable steady-state error to the standard FxLMS.
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| 10:20 |
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Evaluating Acoustic Characteristics used by Conditional GANs for Room Impulse Response Modeling
by G. Atienza, F. Pastor-Naranjo, D. De La Prida, L. A. Azpicueta-Ruiz, V. Naranjo, G. Piñero.
Abstract:
Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks (CGANs) have previously been used to generate simulated Room Impulse Responses (RIRs) in which the conditional embedding was formed by the room dimensions and reverberation time (T60), along with the spatial coordinates of the microphone and loudspeaker. In this paper we explore the use of CGANs to model a complete set of real RIRs measured in different rooms. To this end, we propose to increase the number of features used in the embedding vector by including acoustic parameters related to a given RIR such as the source-to-microphone distance and its relation to the critical distance, the direct-to-reverberant ratio (DDR), the early-to-total sound energy ratio (D50), and the clarity index (C50). Our interest is twofold: on the one hand, to evaluate the performance of CGANs in modeling real RIRs by means of comprehensive ablation experiments and, on the other hand, to assess the importance of additional acoustic features on model performance. For the latter purpose, we carried out explainability techniques to identify the most relevant input features on CGAN performance. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in generating realistic RIRs, providing valuable insights for future research in acoustic modeling techniques.
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A15.11/A16.05 Sound field reconstruction in rooms and enclosures
| Monday 23 June 2025 - 16:00 |
| Room: SC2-2 - KIRCHER |
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| E. Fernandez-Grande |
| M. Berzborn |
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| 16:00 |
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Tracking of Spatially Dynamic Room Impulse Responses Along Locally Linearized Trajectories
by K. Macwilliam, T. Dietzen, T. Van Waterschoot.
Abstract:
Measuring room impulse responses (RIRs) at multiple spatial points is a time-consuming task, while simulations require detailed knowledge of the room’s acoustic environment. In prior work, we proposed a method for estimating the early part of RIRs along a linear trajectory in a time-varying acoustic scenario involving a static sound source and a microphone moving at constant velocity. This approach relies on measured RIRs at the start and end points of the trajectory and assumes that the time intervals occupied by the direct sound and individual reflections along the trajectory are non-overlapping. The method’s applicability is therefore restricted to relatively small areas within a room, and its performance has yet to be validated with realworld data. In this paper, we propose a practical extension of the method to more realistic scenarios by segmenting longer trajectories into smaller linear intervals where the assumptions approximately hold. Applying the method piecewise along these segments extends its applicability to more complex room environments. We demonstrate its effectiveness using the trajectoRIR database, which includes moving microphone recordings and RIR measurements at discrete points along a controlled Lshaped trajectory in a real room.
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| 16:20 |
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Experimental Validation of Sound Field Estimation Methods Using Moving Microphones
by J. Brunnström, M. B. Møller, T. Van Waterschoot, M. Moonen, J. Østergaard.
Abstract:
Sound field estimation in a region of a room is essential for many sound field reproduction tasks. Although most estimation methods require microphones to be stationary, a few recently developed methods allow for flexible estimation with moving microphones, which can relax the equipment constraints of the estimation process. These methods have been evaluated on simulated data, leaving unanswered questions about their robustness in realistic environments. In this paper an experimental evaluation is made of sound field estimation methods using moving microphones, in particular those based on spherical harmonics. Experiments are conducted using sound field data collected with two microphones rotating around concentric circles, and 60 stationary microphone measurements in the interior of the circles. Position information is available for both moving and stationary microphones, as it is essential for sound field estimation. The data are released publicly to facilitate further experiments. The experiments indicate that given similar conditions, the moving microphone methods perform similarly well to the stationary microphone methods. However, due to the motor associated with the moving microphones, the signals are noisier, which leads to the stationary microphone methods performing better on the real data.
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| 16:40 |
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Introduction of the boostlet transform for acoustic signal processing
by E. Zea, M. Laudato, J. Andén.
Abstract:
This paper introduces the boostlet transform to analyze and reconstruct spatiotemporal acoustic fields measured in 2D space-time. The transform builds upon the insight that sparse multi-scale representations learned from natural wavefields perform geometric transformations that preserve the dispersion relation. The boostlet transform decomposes a spatiotemporal wavefield using a collection of wavelet-like functions parametrized by dilations, hyperbolic rotations, and translations in space-time. From a physical viewpoint, boostlets encompass global and localized waveforms with variable band-limited frequency and phase-speed content. We show transform applications of wavefront segmentation and sparse reconstruction of room impulse responses. In particular, we find that boostlet decompositions excel at representing localized wavefront phenomena typical of the early part of such room recordings. At the same time, plane waves perform equally as well as or better than boostlets in the late part.
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| 17:00 |
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Frequency and spatial limitations of sound field reconstruction methods for navigable reproduction
by A. Figueroa-Duran, N. Meyer-Kahlen, S. A. Verburg, T. Lokki, E. Fernandez-Grande.
Abstract:
Sound field reconstruction methods enable the prediction of acoustic field quantities based on a limited number of measurements, including locations where direct measurements are unavailable. Their predictive capabilities over large spatial domains make them a promising tool for navigable reproduction and ‘6-degrees-of-freedom’ applications. Despite their potential, the methods are bandlimited due to spatial sampling, and the predictions can deteriorate far away from the measurement positions. In this study, we quantitatively examine the frequency and spatial limitations of sound field reconstruction methods using psychoacoustic metrics, including binaural auditory models to assess perceived source localisation and spectral colouration. The evaluated reconstruction methods include different wave-based approaches, such as plane waves and point sources. The analysis is conducted using an experimental dataset of spatial room impulse responses, measured sequentially along a line of high spatial resolution in a variable-acoustic room. The findings provide insights into sound field reconstruction techniques for navigable reproduction and the extent to which physical models contribute to practical, navigable auditory experiences.
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| 17:20 |
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Spatially extended reconstruction of room impulse responses using a generalizable wave model
by E. Fernandez-Grande, A. Figueroa-Duran, S. A. Verburg.
Abstract:
In this study we present an experimental method to capture sound fields over extended spatial apertures based on sparse measurements with an array of microphones. The methodology builds upon recent approaches based on elementary wave models and kernel methods, that account for the general spatio-temporal properties of sound fields in enclosed spaces. The model observes the general structure of reflections and reflection density, the second-order statistics of the late reverberation field, and other properties such as decay rates, frequency dependency of reflections, etc. These properties are incorporated in the model through fitting the measured data, i.e., the wave coefficients are estimated to fit the observations of the sound field. We examine the prediction ability in real rooms, with a particular interest in auditoria and concert halls.
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| 17:40 |
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Stochastic Variational Inference of Directional Decay Times in a Reverberation Room
by M. Berzborn, M. Vorländer.
Abstract:
In rooms with non-uniform distribution of absorption, the sound field is generally subject to multi-exponential energy decay. This is especially prominent if absorption is concentrated on a single surface, such as during the measurement of Sabine’s absorption coefficient in reverberation rooms. Accordingly, the sound field is subject to directionally dependent damping. In this work, an experimental inference method to identify the directional damping distributions from microphone array measurements is presented. The method is based on a stochastic directional energy decay model. The model hinges on the assumption that the decay process is sufficiently described by a small number of damping constants, assumed to be representative of groups of modes with shared damping properties. A Bayesian variational inference approach is used to jointly infer the model parameters - namely the damping constants and the directional energy distributions of each group of modes - from experimental data.
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| 18:00 |
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Towards Analytical Waveform Transitions in Space-Time Across Different Boundary Conditions
by E. Zea, E. Fernandez-Grande, C. E. Yarman.
Abstract:
This study presents an analytical framework to parametrize space-time representations of acoustic waves, accounting for the boundaries of the propagation domain. The work considers a linear microphone array and a point source in a linear, non-dispersive medium between two parallel wall surfaces with homogeneous impedance. The proposed parametrization transforms the spatiotemporal waveforms into frequency/phase-speed representations, exploiting the physical attributes of the boostlet transform. The parametrization suggests that the spatiotemporal pressure on the array due to the point source can be approximated by summing plane waves boosted along a hyperbola in the wavenumber-frequency domain. Such a hyperbola is centered on the frequency axis, and its frequency coordinate is governed by the travel times between walls, source, and receivers. The expansion and shrinkage of this hyperbola appear to parametrize transitions between fully reflective and fully absorptive walls, respectively. The motivation for this work originates from deriving a framework that easily parametrizes transitions between free and reverberant spaces, offering versatility in modeling broadband spatiotemporal wave propagation phenomena. .
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| 18:20 |
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The performance of the cable robot sound field characterisation measurement system
by R. Prislan, M. Repek, D. Svenšek.
Abstract:
The characterization of reverberant sound fields is of crucial importance for the further development of acoustic measurement methods, especially in scenarios that rely on diffuse sound field conditions. A prominent example of this is the inability to quantify the diffuseness of the sound field, which poses a challenge for several traditional measurement approaches carried out in reverberation chambers. To make progress in this area of research, we have developed a chamber with controllable room geometry (regular chamber) and a cable robot system capable of measuring room impulse responses with high spatial resolution. In this study, we evaluated the technical performance of this measurement system in a controlled laboratory environment. Preliminary measurements demonstrate the system is capable of accurately identify room mode shapes and evaluate alternative sound field quantifiers. These results underline the potential of the measurement system by providing a robust experimental framework for future investigations. This study is relevant for a better understanding of reverberant environments and for the development of experimental methods relying on the diffuse sound field.
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A15.11/A16.05 Sound field reconstruction in rooms and enclosures (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| E. Fernandez-Grande |
| M. Berzborn |
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Sound source localization in small-volume industrial reverberant cavities through the Steered Response Power PHAT-β
by K. Rousou, D. Panagiotopoulos, D. Chronopoulos, E. Deckers.
Abstract:
Sound source localization in reverberant environments is hindered by strong sound reflections, which might lead to overlapping signals and thus to false detection. Although the Steered Response Power (SRP) method with a Phase Transformation (PHAT) has demonstrated high performance in noisy and large-volume reverberant environments, its applicability in smaller volumes has not been investigated. In that context, this study evaluates the performance of SRP-PHAT in small-scale industrial reverberant cavities, starting from the academic KU Leuven Soundbox and then transitions to a Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) 3D printing cavity, assuming a single broadband source and a randomly distributed microphone array. In the initial investigation, due to the small spacing distances between microphones combined with the sampling rate used, a microphone selection strategy based on their signal correlation was employed to determine the subset of microphones to be used within the SRP-PHAT. In both cases, it was demonstrated that the SRP-PHAT method can successfully locate the source, validating its applicability in smaller reverberant volumes.
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A15.12/A19.09 Numerical methods for room acoustics
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: SC2-2 - KIRCHER |
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| 9:00 |
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A neural network for predicting with the diffusion equation: a case study of long rooms
by I. Fichera, A. Deleforge, C. Foy, J.-D. Pascal, C. Prax, M. Tonelli, C. Van Hoorickx, M. Hornikx.
Abstract:
The diffusion equation model with a constant diffusion coefficient underestimates the sound pressure level and reverberation time when elongated rooms are considered in room acoustics. In fact, for these types of rooms, it has been established that the diffusion coefficient is spatially variable and depends on the acoustics properties of the surfaces. This study presents a novel method for estimating the spatially dependent diffusion coefficient of the diffusion equation model for the case study of long rooms using an artificial neural network. The network is trained to relate the dimensions of the room, the absorption coefficients of the surfaces and the 3D source and receiver positions to the corresponding diffusion coefficient using supervised learning. The databases are generated using the sound particle tracing approach (SPPS) and Fick’s law. Results show that the neural network model, with the appropriate considerations and architecture, can quickly recover the space-varying diffusion coefficients over the room based only on the model’s inputs (geometries, properties of the room, and source positions). When the predicted diffusion coefficients of the neural network are used in the diffusion equation, the sound pressure level and reverberation time of the room can be accurately predicted.
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| 9:20 |
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Using spherical array receivers to extract scattering coefficients of room surfaces
by D. Xie, M. Hornikx.
Abstract:
Scattering coefficients (SCs) are crucial for modeling room sound fields in rooms. Due to the lack of SCs on many practical surfaces and room objects, this study aims to derive a relation between surface SCs and the angulardependent SCs obtained by a spherical receiver array in the room. The work is based on a computational approach. The sound field at a spherical receiver array is computed for a room with and without surface scattering at the room boundaries. A hybrid model of the Image Source Model and the Radiosity Model is used for this purpose. The sound field on the spherical receiver is then decomposed into plane waves, leading to ambisonic impulse responses (IRs). Then, the angular-dependent SCs are derived from these ambisonic IRs in both scenarios with a coherence method. Results show that angular-dependent SCs vary significantly depending on the apparent area of scattering surfaces as seen from the receiver, and a qualitative relationship between surface SCs and angular-dependent SCs is observed. This approach offers a promising framework for quantifying the scattering properties of room boundaries based on spherical array receivers.
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| 9:40 |
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On the Accuracy of the Image Source Method in the Presence of Two Adjacent Impedance Walls
by Z. Xu, E. Habets, A. Prinn.
Abstract:
Accurate room acoustic simulations are crucial for numerous research and industrial applications, ranging from validating acoustic signal processing algorithms and training data-driven methods to virtual/augmented reality and enhancing indoor sound environments. A recent study has shown that, when compared to finite element method (FEM) benchmarks, image source method (ISM) models of arbitrarily shaped rooms can yield higher simulation errors than models of shoebox-shaped rooms. However, the underlying causes of errors remain insufficiently understood. This work focuses on a simplified yet insightful scenario: a point source near two infinite, adjoining impedance walls. By systematically varying the wall angle and the receiver position, we compare ISM-generated results against FEM solutions across different frequency ranges. Our analysis reveals potential factors driving the increased errors under these conditions, offering valuable insights for improving ISM-based approaches and guiding their application in more complex room geometries.
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| 10:00 |
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Sweeping echoes management in image-method based open-source software
by A. Andrijasevic, M. Horvat.
Abstract:
Sweeping echoes are an acoustical phenomenon present in impulse responses of shoebox-shaped rooms generated using either wave-based or geometrical room acoustics modelling software. This phenomenon occurs due to the concurrence of the arrival time of multiple specular sound reflections and is perceived as a distinctive pitch increase. Due to their imperfections, it is seldom experienced in real rooms. In the randomised image method-based approaches, a simple strategy of image sources’ positions randomisation within a small cube- or sphere-shaped volume has proved to be sufficient for the removal of sweeping echoes, whilst introducing only minor changes to the room modal response. This study provides an overview of the current state of open-source software for image method-based room acoustics modelling in terms of the presence and implementation details of a module for image sources’ positions randomisation. Furthermore, a novel tool designed as an aid to the existing open-source software is presented, enabling fast assessment of sweeping echoes intensity across 2D room slices, as well as estimation of a suitable value for the maximum displacement of image sources.
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| 10:20 |
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Simulation method for shoebox-shaped rooms with absorbing ceilings
by U. P. Svensson, K. H. Reigstad, M. Skålevik.
Abstract:
A shoebox-shaped room with an absorbing ceiling, and otherwise rigid surfaces, is a common but hard case in room acoustics. Geometrical acoustics fails to predict the low-frequency effects and often also the high-frequency flutter echo effects in such rooms.Here, the ”surface impedance” method [Pavic & Du, 4278-4286, Internoise 2016] is used, employing the modal solution for a shoebox-shaped room. The absorbing ceiling can be represented by a set of secondary sources, and their vibration velocities are dictated by a matrix equation, where one has the choice to describe the absorber as a locally-reacting material or as an extended-reaction material. The final solution is a sum of the primary source and the secondary source contributions. The frequency-domain formulation is furthermore used to generate band-pass filtered impulse responses, which reveal the temporal decay shape. In this study, horizontal or vertical modes are excited by using sets of primary monopoles sources. Results demonstrate that a ceiling with an idealized frequency-independent, locally reacting absorber gives a strongly frequency-dependent reverberation time for horizontal modes. Results are compared with reference results calculated with the finite element method.
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| 11:00 |
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Room Modeling In COMSOL Using Finite Elements Method
by R. Maestro-Vallejo, E. Latorre Iglesias, M. L. López Ibañez, A. Melis.
Abstract:
The main purpose of this project is to develop a validated acoustic model that closely resembles the reverberation chamber of the Campus Sur at UPM, focusing on the lowfrequency response. To achieve this, it is employed COMSOL Multiphysics software, which uses formulas that describe the physics of sound behavior through the Finite Elements Method (FEM), due to its effectiveness and widespread use in solving this type of problems. Linked to this simulation process is the in-situ measurement phase, during which is obtained the actual response of the room for its modeling. To this end, they were distributed multiple positions within the room, separated from each other for measuring representative points of the room being measured to obtaining the room’s impulse response and reverberation time, respectively. With the impulse measurement it is obtained the frequency response of the room for later comparison with the data from the simulation. In addition to the acoustic measurements of the room, several impedance estimation methods were tested in order to incorporate the boundaries information into the simulation. After completing these processes, the measured and simulated data are compared to validate the acoustic model.
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| 11:20 |
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Evaluating the Applicability of Statistical Reverberation Theory in Rooms with Varying Compactness and Material distributions
by W. Wittebol, H. Wang, M. Hornikx.
Abstract:
Statistical reverberation theory is a foundational framework for describing sound behavior in enclosures but often falls short in practical settings, particularly in rooms with non-compact geometries or inhomogeneous material distributions. This study examines the applicability of statistical reverberation theory, focusing on absorption and scattering coefficients that govern the build-up and decay of non-specular sound fields. Motivated by challenges in the hybrid modeling framework of Wittebol et al. (2024), this research evaluates the theory’s reliability under varying geometric and material conditions. Absorption and scattering coefficients are acquired through simulations using the image source method for cuboid enclosures, followed by Schroeder integration and exponential fitting. These are compared to the area-weighted coefficients assumed by statistical theory. Results demonstrate that, regarding room shape, compact geometries yield better agreement with theoretical assumptions, while regarding material distribution, scenarios with opposing walls, each with uniform properties but differing between sets, show the poorest agreement. These findings highlight the importance of evaluating room compactness and material distribution before relying on statistical reverberation theory. By assessing the limitations of statistical reverberation theory in non-homogeneous or non-compact settings, this study offers insights into when hybrid models can effectively incorporate elements of statistical theory to describe non-specular sound fields.
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| 11:40 |
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From Theory to Reality: Assessing Predictive Models for Reverberation Time in Built Environments
by M. Caniato, F. Bettarello.
Abstract:
This research undertakes a rigorous examination of the challenges inherent in predicting reverberation time within enclosed environments. The analysis is grounded in multiple case studies, wherein reverberation time measurements were conducted both prior to and following the installation of sound-absorbing panels. The performance of the panels was evaluated through two distinct laboratory testing methodologies. Virtual models were subsequently developed to replicate the specific characteristics of the analyzed environments, enabling the computation of reverberation time through acoustic simulation software and three theoretical approaches from the literature: Sabine, Eyring and Millington. The findings of this study highlight significant deviations between predicted and measured reverberation times, with theoretical models demonstrating lower accuracy compared to results obtained via acoustic simulations.
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| 12:00 |
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Towards a community hub for open-source room acoustics software
by S. Willemsen, H. Teymoori, I. Fichera, H. Wang, A. Nolte, A. Serebrenik, M. Hornikx.
Abstract:
Open-source software plays an important role in the advancement of the development, intercomparison, and accessibility of novel and improved room acoustics simulation methods. Although the amount of open-source software in room acoustics has increased over the years, it usually remains less well-maintained and less userfriendly than their proprietary counterparts. Typically, open-source room acoustics simulation software exists as code repositories rather than ready-to-use applications and, therefore, requires technical know-how to be built into usable software. In this work, the Community Hub for Open-source Room Acoustics Software (CHORAS) is presented: a web-based user interface that provides an open-source community platform for room acoustic simulation methods. This platform acts as the front-end for back-end software that can be developed remotely. In this way, any researcher and/or institute can contribute to the platform by integrating their simulation software into the back-end of the application. Currently, users can select the diffusion equation (DE) and discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method to perform room acoustic simulations. Multiple simulations can be run consecutively, allowing for comparative analysis of results. A preliminary user evaluation indicates that CHORAS is intuitive to use, but improvements can be made.
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A16.02 Spatial audio signal processing - capture, encoding and enhancement (1)
| Monday 23 June 2025 - 12:00 |
| Room: SM1 - BÉKÉSY |
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| 12:00 |
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Cross-Spectral Analysis of Higher-Order Ambisonic Signals for Investigating the Spatial and Statistical Properties of Captured Sound Fields
by N. Hahn, F. Fazi, M. Orita, B. Bacila, P. Nelson.
Abstract:
The analysis of spatial and statistical properties of a captured sound field is of significant interest in various fields, including room acoustics, spatial sound capture and reproduction. In this paper, we investigate these properties based on higher-order Ambisonic (HOA) signals. A crossspectral matrix is constructed, where the diagonal and offdiagonal entries respectively represent the power spectral densities and the cross-spectral densities of the HOA signals. Through theoretical development, we demonstrate that the numerical properties of the cross-spectral matrix, such as its rank and eigenvalue distribution, are determined by the spatial distribution of incident sound waves and the correlation between source signals. The analysis is performed for simulated and real sound fields, considering various source distributions and Ambisonic orders.
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A16.02 Spatial audio signal processing - capture, encoding and enhancement (2)
| Thursday 26 June 2025 - 10:40 |
| Room: SC1-4 - SABINE |
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| 10:40 |
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Increasing the spatial aliasing frequency of circular arrays via beamformer order reduction
by F. Fazi, N. Hahn.
Abstract:
Spatial aliasing may occur when the wavelength of a sound becomes smaller than twice the distance between neighbouring transducers, limiting the directivity of loudspeaker or microphone arrays at high frequencies. This paper focuses on uniform circular arrays and investigates how the spatial aliasing frequency can be increased by reducing the beamformer order. By leveraging the special structure of the circular harmonic orthogonality matrix, derived from Discrete Fourier Transform theory, it is shown that spatial aliasing of a given high-order harmonic impacts only one specific lower-order harmonic. Based on this property, a strategy is proposed to increase the spatial aliasing frequency by creating beamformers with an order smaller than the maximum possible for the given number of transducers. These theoretical findings are validated through simulations, demonstrating the trade-off between spatial aliasing frequency and beamformer directivity.
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| 11:20 |
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Steerable Neural Directional Filtering
by W. Huang, M. M. Halimeh, S. R. Chetupalli, O. Thiergart, E. Habets.
Abstract:
Sound capture with specific directivity patterns is essential in many far-field speech communication systems. Traditionally, fixed beamformers provide this capability through predefined directivity patterns. However, the fixed beamformers’ characteristics, such as the white noise gain and directivity factor, highly depend on the number of microphones, and their directivity and robustness at low frequencies are often inadequate. Recent works have employed deep neural network-based approaches, such as neural directional filtering, to overcome the limitations of conventional fixed beamformers and demonstrate superior performance. This paper expands on the concept of neural directional filtering by incorporating steerable capabilities, termed steerable neural directional filtering. We propose a training strategy that uses the steering direction of the directivity pattern as a conditioning input for the neural network, allowing for the generation of directivity patterns aimed at any desired direction during inference. Additionally, we analyze the performance of the directivity patterns for various steering directions, revealing that the performance across different directions remains consistent.
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| 11:40 |
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Dynamic room impulse response measurements with a robotic arm
by S. A. Verburg, O. Díaz Gaztelumendi, Y. Pene, E. Fernandez-Grande.
Abstract:
Measuring room impulse responses (RIRs) over space is central to many applications, including sound field control, room compensation, and loudspeaker system calibration. Typically, RIRs are measured with a single microphone or a microphone array positioned at static, known locations. To extend the measurement area, the microphones must be sequentially re-positioned to measure RIRs at new locations, a process that can be timeconsuming and experimentally cumbersome. In this work, we investigate dynamic measurements using a robotic arm. In a dynamic measurement, a microphone is continuously moved along a known trajectory as it captures a continuous excitation signal. Dynamic measurements can therefore cover large areas of space while being potentially easier to deploy. We describe a processing method based on an elementary wave expansion to estimate the RIRs over space from dynamic measurements. The use of a robotic arm allows for accurately tracking the microphone trajectory and provides a way to obtain ground truth measurements to evaluate the estimations. Results from experimental data show successful RIR estimations, particularly in the low-frequency range (20-500 Hz).
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| 12:00 |
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Multi-channel Processing for Patient Identification and Audio Analysis in the Context of Group Music Therapy
by A. Epure, T. Dietzen, T. Van Waterschoot.
Abstract:
Active group music therapy is an effective way to treat patients with several psychopathologies. However, it can be challenging to extract quantitative data from music played by patients which are sensitive to external factors that may have an impact on the set therapeutic goals. For this reason, the music played by a group of patients and therapists was recorded using a circular microphone array placed at the centre of the room. This data will serve for music signal analysis in order to track various musical features for individual patients, such as the notes or instruments each patient was playing. In this paper, we explore methods to obtain a sufficient separation of the music played by each patient and extract note onsets. The scope of the analysis is build an algorithm that will eventually be used to identify patterns and follow the progress of each patient during the therapy, alongside qualitative data. The preliminary results presented in this paper show that the reverberation time has no impact on the onset detection for the actual room measurements. For a small dataset, the beamformer should be able to identify a source despite a low accuracy of the steering towards the source. Finally, for multiple instruments played at the same time, the algorithm pipeline requires fine-tuning for a better separation and patient identification.
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A16.02 Spatial audio signal processing - capture, encoding and enhancement (poster 1)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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Correction of azimuth ambiguities of the GCC algorithm in a uniform circular array
by A. Resino Viñas, G. Corral García, D. Tejera Berengué, F. Zhu-Zhou, M. Zurera-Rosa.
Abstract:
Array signal processing faces growing challenges in realworld applications where the number of available microphones or computational resources is limited. These applications include industrial device monitoring for anomaly detection and drone localization in surveillance tasks. This paper explores the challenges of implementing direction-of-arrival estimation for audio signals using Uniform Circular Arrays, assessing the feasibility of real-time implementation and addressing potential angular ambiguities in azimuth through different microphone coupling strategies. The generalized cross-correlation algorithm is applied to a uniform circular array of eight microphones, implemented on the MATRIX Creator, an IoT device connected to a Raspberry Pi 3B.
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Tracking of Intermittent and Moving Speakers : Dataset and Metrics
by T. Iatariene, A. Guérin, R. Serizel.
Abstract:
This paper presents the problem of tracking intermittent and moving sources, i.e, sources that may change position when they are inactive. This issue is seldom explored, and most current tracking methods rely on spatial observations for track identity management. They are either based on a previous localization step, or designed to perform joint localization and tracking by predicting ordered position estimates. This raises concerns about whether such methods can maintain reliable track identity assignment performance when dealing with discontinuous spatial tracks, which may be caused by a change of direction during silence. We introduce LibriJump, a novel dataset of acoustic scenes in the First Order Ambisonics format focusing on speaker tracking. The dataset contains speakers with changing positions during inactivity periods, thus simulating discontinuous tracks. To measure the identity assignment performance, we propose to use tracking association metrics adapted from the computer vision community. We provide experiments showing the complementarity of association metrics with previously used tracking metrics, given continuous and discontinuous spatial tracks.
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Relative Transfer Matrix-Based Binaural Signal Denoising of Head-Mounted Microphone Array Recordings
by M. Kumar, A. Bastine, L. Birnie, S. Arcos Holzinger, P. Samarasinghe, T. Abhayapala.
Abstract:
Head-mounted microphone arrays are increasingly prevalent in applications ranging from virtual reality to assistive hearing devices. Accurately enhancing binaural signals from these devices is crucial yet challenging in complex acoustic environments characterized by multiple sound sources and significant reverberation. The Relative Transfer Matrix (ReTM) approach, which generalizes relative transfer functions for multiple simultaneously active sources and receivers, has demonstrated success in speech denoising. This paper addresses the problem of binaural signal denoising by utilizing ReTM derived from headmounted microphone array recordings. Our key contribution is adapting the ReTM computation to accommodate the user’s head movements based on head-tracking data, which enhances the fidelity of the denoising process. We demonstrate this application with an augmented reality (AR) glass setup, equipped with four microphones on the frame and two over-ear microphones. The noiseonly ReTM, computed between the on-frame and overear microphones across various head orientations, is employed to estimate and subsequently subtract noise from the binaural signal. The simulation results indicate that a higher resolution of ReTM-Dictionary leads to better speech quality (STOI, PESQ, SegSNR) scores, with improved preservation of binaural cues (ITD and ILD).
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A16.02 Spatial audio signal processing - capture, encoding and enhancement (poster 2)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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Neural Network Solvers for Binaural Encoding with Perception-Based Losses
by O. Berebi, Z. Ben-Hur, D. Alon, B. Rafaely.
Abstract:
Binaural reproduction is essential for immersive spatial audio in applications such as virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR). Achieving high-quality spatial audio requires accurately modeling perceptual cues, often leading to non-convex optimization tasks. Recent examples include magnitude least squares (MagLS) with interaural level-difference (ILD) denoted as iMagLS optimization for first-order Ambisonics or binaural signal matching (BSM). Traditional numerical solvers for these tasks can be computationally expensive and time-consuming. This paper introduces a neural network-based optimizer for signal-independent binaural rendering in non-convex optimization tasks. The proposed network is trained with a perceptually motivated loss function incorporating meansquared error (MSE), magnitude error, and ILD matching, providing a faster and potentially more perceptually accurate alternative. We compare the neural network approach against conventional gradient-based methods, like Quasi-Newton methods, in terms of computational efficiency and binaural signal accuracy. Preliminary results demonstrate competitive performance while significantly reducing computational overhead, showing promise for optimizing other perception-based losses without analytical or efficient iterative solutions.
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Binaural Signal Matching with Wearable Arrays for Near-Field Sources
by S. Goldring, Z. Ben-Hur, D. Alon, B. Rafaely.
Abstract:
Binaural reproduction methods aim to recreate an acoustic scene for a listener over headphones, offering immersive experiences in applications such as Virtual Reality (VR) and teleconferencing. Among the existing approaches, the Binaural Signal Matching (BSM) algorithm has demonstrated high quality reproduction due to its signal-independent formulation and independence from array geometry. However, this method assumes far-field sources and has not yet been investigated for near-field scenarios. This study evaluates the performance of BSM for near-field sources. Analysis of a semi-circular array around a rigid sphere, modeling head-mounted devices, show that far-field BSM performs adequately for sources up to approximately tens of centimeters from the array. However, for sources closer than this range, particularly at extreme near-field distances, the binaural error increases significantly. Incorporating a near-field BSM design, which accounts for the source distance, significantly reduces the error, particularly for these closest distances, highlighting the benefits of near-field modeling in improving reproduction accuracy.
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Ambisonics Encoder for Wearable Array with Improved Binaural Reproduction
by Y. Gayer, V. Tourbabin, Z. Ben-Hur, D. Alon, B. Rafaely.
Abstract:
Ambisonics Signal Matching (ASM) is a recently proposed signal-independent approach to encoding Ambisonics signals from wearable microphone arrays, enabling efficient andstandardized spatial sound reproduction. However, reproduction accuracy is currentlylimited due to the non-ideal layout of the microphones. This research introduces an enhancedASM encoder that reformulates the loss function by integrating a Binaural SignalMatching (BSM) term into the optimization framework. The aim of this reformulation is toimprove the accuracy of binaural reproduction when integrating the Ambisonics signals withHead-Related Transfer Functions (HRTFs), making the encoded Ambisonics signalsbetter suited for binaural reproduction. This paper first presents the mathematicalformulation developed to align the ASM and BSM objectives in a singleloss function, followed by a simulation study with a semi-circular microphone arraymounted on a rigid sphere representing a head-mounted wearable array. The analysisshows that improved binaural reproduction with the encoded Ambisonics signals can beachieved using this joint ASM-BSM optimization, thereby enabling higher-qualitybinaural playback for virtual and augmented reality applications based on Ambisonics.
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A16.03/A09.06 Machine learning for array processing
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 16:00 |
| Room: SM6 - HELMHOLTZ |
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| 16:00 |
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Learning Magnitude Distribution of Sound Fields via Conditioned Autoencoder
by S. Koyama, K. Ishizuka.
Abstract:
A learning-based method for estimating the magnitude distribution of sound fields is proposed. Estimating a spatial sound from microphone measurements has a wide range of applications. In particular, when microphone measurements are not taken simultaneously, or it is impossible to output a reference signal to the sound source, the target of the estimation becomes the magnitude distribution of the sound field. In such situations, it is difficult to estimate using the physical properties of the sound field because the phase is unreliable or inaccessible. We propose a neural network-based method to solve this problem. The key feature of our network architecture is the input and output layers conditioned on source and microphone positions and frequency and the aggregation module of latent variables, which can be interpreted as an autoencoder-based extension of the basis expansion of the sound field. Our proposed method is evaluated by numerical simulations. .
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| 16:20 |
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Universal auditory scene analysis model for source separation, event localization, and detection
by D. Lee, J.-W. Choi.
Abstract:
Auditory Scene Analysis (ASA) seeks to address complex spatial audio tasks, including sound event localization and detection (SELD), direction of arrival estimation (DoAE), universal source separation (USS), and noise suppression (NS). This study introduces Universal DeFT-Mamba, a unified framework designed to tackle these challenges using a deep neural network trained on diverse multichannel audio mixtures. The proposed architecture integrates a transformer-based time-frequency attention network with the Mamba-feedforward network (Mamba-FFN), enabling it to simultaneously separate multichannel audio mixtures into unmixed signals and estimate acoustic parameters for SELD and DoAE. To this end, the Universal DeFT-Mamba adopts group-wise processing for individual sound objects, and features separated for each sound object are processed by the separation, SELD, and DoA decoders to accomplish the multitask objectives. In this way, permutation issues in aligning separated waveforms, event onsets/offsets, and DoAs can be naturally suppressed. Experimental results demonstrate that Universal DeFT-Mamba achieves superior multichannel separation and SELD performance, surpassing traditional task-specific models.
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| 16:40 |
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Learning from data-driven sound field estimation using complex-valued neural networks
by V. Paul, N. Hahn, P. Nelson.
Abstract:
This paper explores the use of a complex-valued neural network for virtual sensing applications. The aim is to estimate the pressures from single frequency plane waves from various directions at control points where physical microphone measurements are not feasible. Making use of measurements from a microphone array arranged on an open sphere, the proposed network is trained to infer the spatial properties of sound fields, predicting the pressure at designated virtual sensor locations. A key contribution of this work is the analysis of the network’s internal operations via singular value decomposition (SVD) of its weight matrices. This analysis reveals how the captured sound fields are spatially encoded by the hidden layer, which can be considered as a pre-processing step. Different network configurations and training scenarios will be investigated, focusing on examining the spatial filtering performed by the hidden layer. The results not only demonstrate the potential of complex-valued neural networks in the context of virtual acoustic sensing but also provide valuable insights into its decision-making process.
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| 17:00 |
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Exploiting Spatial Information for Anomaly Detection in Industrial Machines Using Autoencoders
by C. Luzón-Álvarez, A. M. Torres-Aranda, F. J. Ferri, M. Cobos.
Abstract:
Detecting machine failures or anomalies using sound remains a challenging task. In real-world environments, recording machine anomalies or failures is difficult, as they do not happen so often, limiting the systems to training on normal operational sounds. Additionally, the variability in environmental and machine conditions—such as speed, temperature, and background noise—further complicates the task. While significant progress has been made in recent years, much of the research has focused on mono audio processing. To explore whether multichannel audio can enhance model performance, we propose a modification of the DCASE Task 2 baseline model to support multichannel processing. Instead of processing all channels uniformly, our approach involves using one channel as a reference and calculating its difference with the others. Although each channel has its own encoder and decoder, the embedded space is shared and passed to each decoder. The performance of this model is compared with the baseline, demonstrating slightly better results.
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| 17:20 |
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Acoustic Scene Description Using Acoustic Imaging And Machine Learning
by E. Tiffeneau, Q. Leclère, S. Bouley.
Abstract:
The growing concern about acoustic monitoring in domains such as construction site supervision, drone tracking or wildlife sighting calls for the enhancement of acoustic scene description. Combining source localization and statistical learning, the position, the level, and the identity of each source present in the scene can be predicted. Source localization brings together microphone array and acoustic imaging techniques to draw acoustic maps. Moreover, time-domain techniques such as Delayand-Sum beamforming or CLEAN-T allow to extract audio signals of each source present in the scene. Once each source is localized and isolated, deep-learning models based on Transformer architectures are used to identify the collected sound sources. These models mainly rely on neural networks fed with time-frequency spectrograms. However, based on the source energy, the mentioned phased-array techniques may fail at localizing impulsive or tonal sources in intricate acoustic scene, which tend to vanish in the background noise. Therefore, a novel time-deconvolution technique denoted as CLEAN-STFT and based on CLEAN-T algorithm, is proposed to reveal low-energy that would not emerge previously. Taking advantage of both time and frequency dimensions of targeted source spectrograms, this method allows a refined description of acoustic scene and can seamlessly feed deeplearning algorithms.
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| 17:40 |
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Elevation and Azimuth Frequency Invariant Beamforming using Autograd and Concentric Circular Microphone Arrays
by J. Ortigoso-Narro, J. A. Belloch, M. Morales-Cespedes, M. Cobos.
Abstract:
The use of planar and concentric circular microphone arrays in beamforming has gained attention due to their ability to optimize both azimuth and elevation angles, making them ideal for spatial audio tasks like sound source localization and noise suppression. Unlike linear arrays, which restrict steering to a single axis, 2D arrays offer dual-axis optimization, although elevation control remains challenging. This study explores the integration of autograd, an automatic differentiation tool, with concentric circular arrays to impose beamwidth and frequency invariance constraints. This enables continuous optimization over both angles while maintaining performance across a wide frequency range. We evaluate our method through simulations of beamwidth, white noise gain, and directivity across multiple frequencies. A comparative analysis is presented against standard and advanced beamformers, including delay-and-sum, modified delay-and-sum, a Jacobi-Anger expansion-based method, and a Gaussian window-based gradient descent approach. Our method achieves superior spatial selectivity and narrower mainlobes, particularly in the elevation axis at lower frequencies. These results underscore the effectiveness of our approach in enhancing beamforming performance for acoustic sensing and spatial audio applications requiring precise dual-axis control.
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| 18:00 |
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Point Neuron Learning for broadband array processing
by A. Bastine, T. Abhayapala, P. Samarasinghe.
Abstract:
Whilst Physics Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) solve certain limitations of traditional networks, they also have several drawbacks including inability to approximate PDEs that have sharp gradients, strong non-linearities and convergence to trivial solutions. Recently, we proposed the point neuron network by embedding the free space Green function into the network architecture enabling the learned model to strictly satisfy the physical law of sound propagation. The physical meaning of point neurons is equivalent to point sources or plane wave sources, and the weight, location (biases) and distribution of equivalent sources can be updated while training. In this paper, we extend the point neuron learning network for broadband signals. The proposed point neuron network can be implemented efficiently with fewer network parameters to model and estimate an arbitrary broadband sound field based on microphone observations without a pre-existing data set. As an example application, we use the proposed network to estimate Room Transfer Functions at locations with no measurements.
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| 18:20 |
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Deep Learning-Driven Object Tracking for Enhanced Acoustic Beamforming in Dynamic Environments
by J. Ortigoso-Narro, J. A. Belloch, M. Cobos.
Abstract:
Object tracking and acoustic beamforming are key technologies in applications such as surveillance, human-computer interaction, and robotics. This paper explores the integration of deep learning-based object tracking with acoustic beamforming on an embedded device to enhance sound source localization and directional audio capture in dynamic environments. To include depth information, the system was tested with single-camera depth-estimation models and stereo cameras, enabling accurate 3D localization of tracked objects. The system utilizes a planar concentric circular microphone array built with MEMS microphones, enabling compact design and low power consumption. This array supports 2D steering capabilities, allowing directional filtering in both azimuth and elevation. The positional data from object tracking is processed on the embedded device to dynamically steer the beamforming algorithms, aligning the microphone array’s focus with the tracked object’s location. The integration of spatial awareness from deep learning trackers with 2D beam steering demonstrates robust performance even in noisy and cluttered settings. This compact and efficient design is suitable for applications such as teleconferencing, smart home devices, and assistive technologies for the visually impaired, where the combination of object tracking and beamforming is essential.
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A16.03/A09.06 Machine learning for array processing (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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Complex-valued neural networks for the reproduction of linearly superposed sound fields
by I. Lambert, V. Paul, P. Nelson.
Abstract:
Previous numerical experiments have shown how a complex-valued neural network can be trained on a sampled recorded sound field to derive loudspeaker signals which reproduce the target sound field. Furthermore, some negative effects of spatial aliasing can be overcome by first training the network with a higher density of spatial samples than is used in the specification of the target sound field for reproduction. This amounts to increasing the size of the output layer of the network relative to the input. This work investigates whether such a neural network can also reproduce target sound fields consisting of the linear superposition of a number of plane waves. Numerical experiments are first carried out in which the neural network is trained on sound fields containing only single plane waves, and the reproduction of sound fields containing multiple plane waves is compared to the sum of reproductions of single plane waves. In a further numerical experiment, the neural network is trained using sound fields containing multiple plane waves. The reproductions produced by this network are again compared to the sum of reproductions of single plane waves. Finally, the effect of using different network structures on linear superposition is investigated.
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Interpolation of Modal Displacement in Thin Plates Using Physics-Informed Neural Networks
by R. Malvermi, F. Zese, M. Pezzoli, F. Antonacci, A. Sarti.
Abstract:
Predicting vibrational displacement fields and mode shapes in thin plates is crucial for various engineering applications, particularly in the acoustic characterization of musical instrument soundboards. Traditional methods are limited by high computational costs or dense measurement requirements e.g., Finite Element Analysis (FEA). This study introduces a Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN) approach to reconstruct displacement fields using sparse data. The PINN integrates the Kirchhoff plate equation into its training process, enabling accurate predictions even in data-sparse regions. The model was validated using COMSOL simulations of a thin rectangular plate, with material properties resembling a violin soundboard. Its performance was compared to Radial Basis Function (RBF) interpolation and data-driven neural networks. The PINN consistently outperformed the considered baselines, achieving robust results with minimal data, particularly for higher resonant frequencies where other methods fail.
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Enhancing the Geometrical Calibration of Microphones Arrays : Solutions and Experimental Validation
by M. Hartenstein, P. Luizard, H. Moingeon, C. Pinhède, M. Pachebat, C. Ollivon, F. Ollivier, F. Silva.
Abstract:
In acoustic imaging, the need for a high spatial resolution requires the deployment of arrays comprising a substantial number of microphones. The topographical report of each sensor constitutes a laborious process prone to imprecisions. Over the past two decades, there has been a surge of interest in geometrical calibration methods based on the estimation of acoustic time-of-flights (TOF). In 2019, Vanwynsberghe et al. presented numerical and experimental tests demonstrating the higher precision of their Robust MultiDimensional Unfolding (RMDU) algorithm compared to the state-of-the-art methods. However, they reported experimental root-mean-square errors (RMSE) of 2 cm, which limited the usable band of microphone arrays to frequencies below a few thousand Hertz. The present study shows that locally oversampling the cross-correlation functions enhances the precision of the TOF estimation. The framework is tested on a surrounding 3.6 m-diameter quasi-spherical array of 960 microphones built in an anechoic room. The comparison of a subset of estimated positions with high-precision optical reference measurements results in a RMSE of 0.75 cm. Numerical simulations in similar experimental conditions yield a maximum RMSE of 0.2 cm. This difference is partly explained by the discrepancy between the reported position of the microphones and the position of their acoustic center.
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A16.04 Airborne sonar
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 17:00 |
| Room: SC1-4 - SABINE |
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| A. Izquierdo |
| L. Del Val |
| J. J. Villacorta |
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| 17:00 |
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Spatial Characterization of Noise Generated by a Drone in Hovering Flight
by A. Izquierdo, L. Del Val, J. J. Villacorta, J. Retortillo.
Abstract:
To detect acoustic events from a drone in flight, such as screams, whistles, or gunshots, it is essential to eliminate noise generated by the motors. The main techniques to minimize this noise are: isolating the acoustic array, frequency filtering, and spatial filtering using beamforming. Advanced beamforming algorithms allow the creation of radiation nulls at specific positions, either predetermined or adaptively. This study employs a ground-based acoustic array with 800 MEMS microphones to analyze the spatial and frequency response of a 4.5 kg drone with six motors hovering at heights of 2 and 5 meters. The processing required to obtain spatial responses is described, highlighting that maximum noise contributions come from the ends of the propellers and their intersections. The results enable the design of deterministic beamformers with low computational load or optimal LCMV beamformers that incorporate these constraints to enhance acoustic detection.
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| 17:20 |
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Detection and spatial localization of xylophagous insects in wood structures with acoustic arrays
by L. Del Val, A. Izquierdo, J. J. Villacorta, R. D. Martínez.
Abstract:
This work presents a system for the detection and localization of the presence of active larvae of xylophagous insects inside wooden structures using an extensive array of MEMS microphones. This system, in a first phase, continuously detects the activity of the larvae by means of frequency filtering and a sliding energy estimator, and subsequently, in a second pase, generates a set of segmented signals of short duration with which it obtains the spatial location of the larvae, using the basic delay-sum beamforming algorithm. Tests performed with Hylotrupes bajulus L. larvae (house longhorn beetle) inside pieces of Pinus syilvestris L. wood demonstrate that detection and localization of multiple larvae is possible, as well as tracking their internal trajectory. The aim of this system is to help control unintentional infestations in the international timber trade, as well as in museums and other places where the protection of heritage timber is necessary. With this type of systems, selective, specific and localized treatments could be carried out to combat these infestations and verify their success.
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| 17:40 |
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Plant Health Monitoring using Acoustics
by J. Vande Velde, B. Da Silva, A. Touhafi, L. Segers.
Abstract:
Plants respond and adapt to changes in their surroundings through various mechanisms,including chemical signals like volatile organic compounds and mechanical signals,producing acoustic signals. Advances in acoustic sensing technologies have increasinglyrevealed the potential for using sound-based methods to monitor and assess plant health.This work synthesizes the current state of the art in plant acoustics research, highlightinghow ultrasonic and audible signals emitted by plants can serve as valuable indicators ofphysiological status. It further explores data-processing methods, including machinelearning and signal analysis, that transform raw acoustic data into actionable insights. Thereview concludes by identifying key technical and conceptual challenges, including theneed for standardized monitoring protocols, robust sensor networks, and improvedinterpretations of acoustic signatures under varied environmental conditions.
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| 18:00 |
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Compressed Sensing for Data Acquisition in Air Imaging Sonar Sensor
by A. Sharifa, J. Steckel.
Abstract:
This paper aims to apply compressed sensing to in-air ultrasound imaging sensors to enhance efficiency in data acquisition and signal processing. In most state of the art sonar sensor systems, the utilized beamforming techniques for array signal processing require each transducer element in a sensor array to be sampled at a rate exceeding the Nyquist criterion. This results in a substantial amount of data to be received, stored, and processed. To address this challenge, this paper uses the eRTIS, an Embedded Real-Time Imaging Sonar, as a case study focusing on data acquisition and signal processing. Thus, processing such a high volume of data can strain computational resources, necessitate significant storage capacity, and increase the system’s power consumption. Therefore, the application of data reduction strategies was investigated, with a focus on compressive sensing, which potentially reduces the amount of data needed without compromising quality. This in turn, makes the eRTIS platform more data-efficient, while keeping high performance signal quality. Three sparse reconstruction algorithms—L1 minimization, OMP, and SBL— were selected for their demonstrated efficacy in handling sparse data and were used to reconstruct the randomly sampled signals. A MATLAB simulation model was developed in which the system’s performance was analyzed extensively.
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| 18:20 |
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Advancing Direction Estimation for Acoustic Drone Detection in Noisy Outdoor Environments
by M. Varela, W.-D. Wirth.
Abstract:
Accurate localization of drones is crucial for surveillance and security. Microphone arrays, paired with advanced signal processing, provide a promising approach to this challenge. However, outdoor environments present significant difficulties, including high noise levels, interference, and dynamic acoustic conditions. These challenges intensify when sensors operate on moving platforms, complicating reliable detection and direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation. This study aims to enhance the detection and DOA estimation, in both azimuth and elevation angles, of drone-specific sounds, such as rotor noise, in realistic, noisy outdoor scenarios. The approach employs adaptive time-space filtering in combination with the Fraunhofer FKIE’s patented coherent broadband beamforming technique, whose performance is compared to the conventional delay-and-sum beamformer. Experimental data were collected in free-field environments with sensors mounted on noisy platforms to simulate real-world conditions. Our results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly enhances robustness in detecting sound sources, as detection and localization are sometimes impossible without the space-time filter. Additionally, the proposed beamforming technique reduces sidelobe levels, outperforming traditional methods. These findings highlight the potential of advanced beamforming techniques to improve drone detection capabilities, even in challenging environments, and could prove essential for applications requiring reliable acoustic monitoring in noisy, dynamic conditions.
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A16.04 Airborne sonar (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| A. Izquierdo |
| L. Del Val |
| J. J. Villacorta |
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Pedestrian Detection Using an Active Acoustic Array Embedded in a Car
by J. J. Villacorta, A. Izquierdo, L. Del Val, A. Martin.
Abstract:
Automatic pedestrian detection in vehicles is crucial for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), but current sensors (cameras, radars, and lidars) lose performance in low visibility conditions, such as at night, in smoke, or fog. This study validates the use of a 150-MEMS (Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems) microphone active array integrated into a conventional car in real urban traffic conditions. The system operates in real-time with a detection rate of 8 detections per second. Along with beamforming, Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR) detection, and lane detection algorithms, a crucial algorithm has been incorporated to discriminate pedestrian detections from false alarms caused by road imperfections. With 6000 captures performed at 30 km/h, the typical speed in urban environments, the system detected pedestrians at distances between 5 and 20 meters, with a detection probability of 0.91 and a false alarm probability of 0.01. The results demonstrate that active acoustic arrays are effective for pedestrian detection and position estimation in urban environments. Fusion with current systems would improve vehicle safety by reducing possible pedestrian collisions, especially in low-visibility conditions, thus enhancing overall safety.
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A16.06 Source directivity: capturing, processing, and evaluating its effects
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SM6 - HELMHOLTZ |
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| 14:20 |
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A robotic system for space-time characterization of parametric acoustic sound sources
by A. Fantinelli, M. Arnela, E. Brandão, E. Fernandez-Grande.
Abstract:
Parametric acoustic loudspeakers use arrays of ultrasonic transducers to generate audible fields through the non-linearities of the propagation medium. Despite being commercially well consolidated, some aspects of the generated audible field still deserve further investigation, among them the spatial distribution of the radiated sound. This paper describes the acquisition of impulse responses generated by parametric loudspeaker prototypes using an automated system to scan the sound field spatially. The scanning system comprises a 6-degree-of-freedom robotic arm mounted over a linear track for increased spatial coverage. The robot positions the microphone in pre-specified locations inside two desired apertures irradiated by the sound source. First, the scan of a normal plane to the source axis allows future applications using near-field acoustic holography and sound field reconstruction. Second, scanning planes parallel to the source axis allows direct visualization of the sound field radiated by the source. This work showcases the first steps in implementing such measurements for parametric acoustic loudspeakers.
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| 14:40 |
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Sound source directivity estimation via a spherical wave decomposition of the radiated field : application to human voice directivity measurements
by M. Hartenstein, P. Luizard, H. Moingeon, C. Pinhède, M. Pachebat, C. Ollivon, F. Ollivier, F. Silva.
Abstract:
The experimental evaluation of the directivity of a nonrepeatable sound source necessitates the simultaneous acquisition of signals from microphones distributed on a sphere centered on the source with a high spatial resolution. Placing a high number of microphones at precise, pre-determined positions is a laborious task that is subject to inaccuracies. The Helmholtz Equation Least Squares (HELS) method is an imaging technique originally used in near-field acoustic holography. This method involves decomposing the sound field measured around a source into a basis of functions that solve the Helmholtz equation. Once this decomposition has been identified, any acoustic quantity can be reconstructed around the source. Recent simulated and experimental studies have demonstrated that the HELS method consistently estimates the far-field directivity of a sound source from measurements performed on an arbitrary surface around the source. The present study utilizes a sphere-like array of 3 m-diameter and around 600 MEMS microphones installed in an anechoical room to measure the directivity of a reference sound source. The truncation order of the basis function is chosen based on a cross-validation procedure and on stability considerations. Measurements on human singers are presented and compared to recent findings on human voice directivity.
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| 15:00 |
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Impact of leg diffraction and scattering on voice directivity patterns
by S. Bellows, B. F. G. Katz, T. Leishman.
Abstract:
Understanding sound radiation from the human voice has broad applications in room acoustical design, telecommunications, physical modeling of the singing voice, and virtual acoustics. Head simulators and head and torso simulators can provide simplified approximations to voice directivity, which motivate their use in room acoustical and other related measurements. Nonetheless, recent works have shown that scattering and diffraction due to the torso alter speech radiation patterns compared to those produced from an isolated head alone. Despite the improvements that including a torso provides, most commercial voice simulators neglect the effects of human legs. To better understand the impact of leg scattering and diffraction on voice directivity, this work presents measurements of a manikin with a head, torso, and legs. Comparing the results with those measured from human talkers shows that scattering and diffraction from human legs can impact voice radiation patterns, particularly above 1 kHz. The results also highlight the importance of high spatial sampling resolution when performing directivity measurements, as these scattering effects are easily spatially aliased in lower resolution sampling schemes.
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| 15:20 |
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Analytic expressions for the low-frequency acoustic center of dipole radiators
by S. Bellows.
Abstract:
The concept of an acoustic center finds use in microphone calibration, evaluations of anechoic chambers, and modeling sound source directivity. Although precise definitions and interpretations vary between works, at low frequencies and for omnidirectional radiators the acoustic center may be defined as the ratio of the dipole to the monopole moment of the source. This formulation provides a straightforward approach to represent the radiation from an extended source by a single monopole that preserves the amplitude and phase characteristics of the original source in the far field. However, not all sources are omnidirectional at low frequencies, including open-back guitar amplifiers, ported loudspeakers, cymbals, and gongs. This work extends the theory of the low-frequency acoustic center to such sources using the framework of multipole expansions. Spherical harmonic expansions of the pressure field evaluated using a spherical microphone array allow extraction of the multipole moments and the consequent calculation of the acoustic center from measured data. Theoretical models that produce strong dipole moments, including an axially vibrating cap on a sphere and an oscillating sphere, demonstrate the ability of the technique to model extended sources as a superposition of a monopole and dipole field. .
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| 15:40 |
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Investigating the effects of sound source occlusion in a real dynamic scenario
by T. Surdu, L. Treybig, F. Klein, R. R. Ramachandra Rao, S. Werner.
Abstract:
In the field of auditory mixed reality applications, achieving plausible and immersive virtualized scenes is the primary goal. Progressively, the complexity of the considered scenes is increasing, including, for example, the occlusion of sound sources. Thus, perceptually motivated rendering strategies that cover such phenomena are needed. Hence, this work investigates the perceived transitions between occluded and non-occluded regions around an obstacle in a dynamic scenario, considering distance dependencies and direction of movement. A listening test was conducted, where subjects were required to indicate the transition between occlusion and non-occlusion during walking in a real environment. The test was conducted semi-blind in an acoustically dry room, considering different distances for the source and receiver. For each test condition, the subjects walked along a line parallel to the wall, identifying the area or point of interest. White noise and male speech were used as test samples, played back over two real loudspeakers. The results indicate that changes induced by the presence of an obstacle are distance-, walking-direction, and stimulidependent. Further, the perceived transition between different acoustic regions showcases similarities to boundaries proposed by standard geometric models.
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A17.01 Soundscape, environmental quality, health and well-being - General (1)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: SC2-1 - VITRUVIUS |
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| A. Fiebig |
| J. Vida Manzano |
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| 9:00 |
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Soundscaping as a Multidisciplinary Activity
by M. Cobussen.
Abstract:
This presentation is meant to present soundscape studies as a multidisciplinary entity, encompassing several activities that mutually affect each other. This approach coincides with the organization of the newly established Sound Studies Center (SSC) at Leiden University (NL). I will outline four pillars on which soundscape studies can be built:Discourse Supporting and developing research that bridges the varied discourses from the worlds of sound art, the humanities, the social sciences, artistic research, and the exact sciences. Scholars should work together with professionals from outside the academic world on projects that contribute to the development of sound studies discourses.Sound Art ProductionPromoting artistic practices with sound in all their diversity; facilitating the creation of artworks in public spaces; encouraging productions that engage with concrete issues of health, social interaction, and ecology; propagating the idea that artistic interventions can contribute to a general well-being. Education Raising awareness of sound’s intimate entanglement in our lives by providing educational offerings for all walks of life; stimulating societal engagement with sound by developing workshops, conferences, courses, and exhibitions.Sound AdvisingEngaging with current challenges regarding noise abatement, sound policies and regulations; investigating concrete experiences of sonic environments and recommending concrete improvements.
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| 9:20 |
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Virtual Reality Applications in Urban Soundscape Assessment: An Overview
by Ö. Gök Tokgöz, M. E. Altinsoy.
Abstract:
Investigation on soundscape in urban environments are fundamentally dependent on environmental factors. Due to the complex nature of the urban environment and uncontrollable factors, conducting these studies is challenging and complex. Virtual reality (VR) technology allows urban soundscape to be studied in a controlled laboratory environment, enabling more predictive assessments. VR, multi-sensory perception environment and immersive experiences provide a better assessment of the urban problem. These studies can have a significant impact on design choices in urban environments, as well as providing the opportunity to experience the design decision in advance. This study aims to provide an overview of urban acoustic experiments performed with virtual reality technology and explores its application in analyzing urban soundscapes. To achieve this, this study first classifies urban soundscapes investigated using VR. This classification is organized based on the various urban area selections and the objectives of the analyzed studies. The relationship between the urban soundscape and the performance of VR is discussed. It then provides perspectives on the current challenges of using VR to assess the soundscape in urban environments. Finally, the study offers insights into the current challenges, opportunities, advantages, and limitations of utilizing VR for soundscape assessment in urban contexts.
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| 9:40 |
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Walking vs. Standing: How Dynamic Visuals Impact Soundscape Perception
by K. Guo, J. Kang.
Abstract:
We spend about 3% to 12% of our lives walking often perceiving our surroundings in motion, especially on urban streets. However, the vast majority of soundscape assessments are focused on stationary observers, overlooking real-world dynamics. The mechanisms of soundscape perception during movement remain unclear. Therefore, this study explores whether walking visuals, as opposed to stationary ones, influence soundscape assessments. Several acoustically representative London streets were presented under three visual conditions (walking, stationary, still images) with identical audio, in a semi-anechoic laboratory. Twenty participants assessed the soundscape under all audiovisual conditions using both retrospective questionnaires and real-time PAQ (Perceived Affective Quality) feedback. The results showed that sample-level trends in overall sound quality and loudness were evident across walking, stationary, and still image conditions, though statistical significance was limited in certain streets. Real-time data revealed perceptual variation in the time domain, with early divergences and later convergence, implying adaptive perceptual processes. The findings highlight the sensitivity of human perception to subtle shifts between dynamic and static cues in complex urban scenes. Perception, it seems, can hear motion— though adaptation may soften its effects. A reminder that designing urban soundscapes means designing for both sensitivity and adaptation.
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| 10:00 |
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An Approach To Sensory Heritage Policy Through Soundscape And Smellscape
by P. Lindborg, L. H. Lam, Y. C. Kam, J. Xiao.
Abstract:
As Hong Kong develops its competitive advantages as a creative international city, it can draw on a multifaceted heritage. While the built and intangible cultural heritage (ICH) are fairly well protected, the concept of sensory heritage is not currently addressed in official documents. Sensory heritage is constituted by culturally valued practices, rituals, and everyday activities as experienced through all the senses. It includes soundscape, the sum total of multiple sound sources as perceived and understood by individuals or communities, and the parallel concept of smellscape. In Hong Kong, current regulations on sounds and smells place limits on their negative aspects, such as noise from construction sites and malodour from sewage plants. However, there are also sounds and smells that people find valuable, likeable, and culturally relevant, and which give their city an identity. The mechanisms through which sensory heritage is created, maintained, and integrated in various sectors of the economy are little known. The present paper describes the background to a new research project that aims to make policy recommendations and have an impact on higher education and multisensory design in the local art scene and creative communities, as well as on companies that work with branding and virtual tourism.
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| 10:20 |
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Meta-analyses in noise and health: to update or not?
by E. Van Kempen, M. Reedijk, K. Rijs, C. De Bruijn.
Abstract:
The Interdepartmental Group on Costs and Benefits noise subject group (IGCB(N)), a UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) led group, has been asked to prepare written guidance on the evidence base to determine whether updates to their previous recommendations are advisable. An important aspect of these recommendations are exposure-response relationships between transportation noise and health outcomes. The Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) was asked to determine whether the existing exposure-response relationships (developed for the WHO Guidelines on Environmental Noise) between transportation noise and stroke or diabetes, derived from meta-analyses, need to be updated, and if so, to provide an update. Meta-analyses are an important method to derive exposure-response relationships. But carrying out a(n update of a) meta-analysis can be time-consuming. There can be different scientific, statistical and policy-related reasons for updating a meta-analysis. Currently there is no framework available that can be used to decide whether an update of a meta-analysis is needed. During the conference we present a proposal for a framework which could help in deciding whether or not to update meta-analyses and apply this to the case of noise and stroke.
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| 11:00 |
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Up-to-Date Epidemiological Evidence on Health Effects from Transportation Noise for Burden of Disease Assessment
by M. Röösli, N. Engelmann, X. Jiang, D. Vienneau.
Abstract:
A growing body of epidemiological research has assessed the association between transportation noise and various diseases. The aim of this paper is to derive exposure-response functions suitable for burden of disease estimation. We reviewed epidemiological research using the Umbrella+ method, which combines a high quality systematic review with the most recent original studies. We conducted meta-analyses to determine critical health outcomes and derive the latest exposure-response functions. For the following health outcomes, we found moderate or high evidence of an association in adults: all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease incidence, diabetes, dementia and depression. In children, cognitive performance, behavioural problems, and overweight were observed to be related to transportation noise exposure. A systematic analysis of the lowest effect thresholds for studies on mortality and cardiometabolic outcomes indicates a monotonic risk increase from LDEN levels of 45 dB. These exposure-response functions are used in collaboration with the European Environmental Agency to calculate the burden of disease from transportation noise in Europe.
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| 11:20 |
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Umbrella+ Review And Discussion Of The Evidence, Gaps, & Research Needs For Quantifying Transportation Noise Impacts On All-Cause Mortality
by S. N. Clark, B. Fenech, J. Gulliver, C. Jephcote, O. Williams, C. Clark.
Abstract:
Research on noise impacts on mortality has emerged recently, in the past 5-10 years. As such, there has been growing interest in incorporating these impacts into noise burden of disease and health impact assessment models to better inform policy and planning across Europe. To support these efforts in the UK and with work commissioned by the UK Health Security Agency, we conducted an Umbrella+ review of studies investigating the exposure-response relationships (ERRs) of road, rail, and aircraft noise exposures and all-cause mortality. This review followed a systematic, preregistered protocol (PROSPERO: CRD42024613900), involving comprehensive searches within databases and grey literature of articles published since January 1st 2015 up to November 1st 2024. Articles were screened independently by two reviewers, and the studies meeting inclusion criteria were assessed for quality using the AMSTAR2 or the ROBINS-E framework. This paper provides a discussion of the existing epidemiological literature on transportation noise and all-cause mortality, highlight gaps in the evidence, and propose areas of focus for future research.
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| 11:40 |
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Progress In The Translation Of ISO/TS 12913-2:2018 Soundscape Model Into Spanish: New Insights From The Satp Project In Chile
by J. Vida Manzano, R. García Quesada, J. A. Almagro Pastor, E. Suárez Silva, J. Cárdenas Mansilla.
Abstract:
Soundscape research focuses on individuals’ perception of the acoustic environment in context, and the ISO 12913 standard defines a harmonized space for measuring and assessing urban soundscapes for future interventions. In this context, the ISO 12913 soundscape model, often referred to as the Perceived Affective Quality (PAQ) model, is the tool to capture people’s subjective feedback. The model is based on 8 dimensions or attributes and originally formulated in English. In order to advance soundscape research, the Soundscape Attributes Translation Project (SATP) contributes to the translation of the PAQ model into as many languages as possible in order to achieve representativeness and general use of the research results. The translation of the PAQ model into Spanish was carried out by researchers from Spain and Chile, followed by listening experiments by native Spanish speakers in Spain and native English speakers in the UK in order to compare results in Spanish from the original English. New data from listening tests conducted by native Spanish speakers in Chile provide new results and validation of the Spanish translation of the PAQ soundscape assessment model.
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| 12:00 |
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Linguistic Representations of Soundscapes: Perceptions and Descriptions in Urban and Mountain Contexts in Trentino-South Tyrol
by G. Gozzi, S. Torresin, L. Badan.
Abstract:
Linguistic studies on soundscapes—the mix of natural and human-made sounds as perceived by people in context—have rarely focused on evaluations in mountainous as opposed to non-urban areas. This research investigates how residents of Trentino, a sparsely populated mountainous region in Northern Italy, perceive and describe both their current and ideal soundscapes. Drawing on an open-ended questionnaire inspired by Guastavino (2006)—which explored perceptions of urban sound quality through interviews in three French cities— this study collected responses from 68 participants: 31 from mountain areas and 37 from urban areas. The findings reveal qualitative differences in how soundscapes are described, with particular emphasis placed here on the ideal soundscape. The two groups diverge in how they characterize specific categories of sounds, especially those produced by other people. Such sounds are evaluated more positively by urban residents than by their mountain counterpart. Notable differences also emerge in the way natural sounds are described: urban participants more frequently reference ’leaves’, while those from mountain areas tend to emphasize the ’wind’ element. Compared to the French sample, respondents from Trentino appear to idealize natural soundscapes more strongly and make fewer negative comments about their acoustic environment. Interestingly, both groups exhibit signs of urbanophobia—a tendency to reject urban life and view urban behaviors as more disruptive.
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A17.01 Soundscape, environmental quality, health and well-being - General (2)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SC2-1 - VITRUVIUS |
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| A. Fiebig |
| J. Vida Manzano |
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| 14:20 |
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Towards The Creation Of An Ibero-American Urban Soundscape Network For Collaboration, Preservation And Promotion Of Sound Environments
by F. Rodriguez-Manzo, E. Suárez Silva, J. Vida Manzano.
Abstract:
The world is increasingly urbanized, a fact that challenges the inclusion of wellbeing and healthy environments in urban development. The history of cities is reflected in their historical and cultural heritage, with fundamental contributions from urban sounds that must be addressed and, in certain cases, preserved. The need to preserve the sounds that contribute to the identity and character of each city is combined with the challenge of designing acoustic environments that contribute to quality of life. Great importance approach and concept changes are required, which advise the adoption of globally harmonized analyses and procedures. In this context, the creation of an IberoAmerican Urban Soundscape Network is presented as an opportunity for collaboration and encounter. A network to offer spaces for dialogue to address the important cultural differences among the countries that make it up and where common efforts are agreed on in these matters. The International Colloquium on Soundscape, Public Space and Citizenship in Urban Centers and Historic Centers was held last October 2024 in Mexico City, with an enthusiastic participation of international and Mexican experts and researchers. Important agreements emerged from this meeting for a soundscape research and intervention review in Iberian-speaking countries (Spanish/Portuguese), which are hereby shared.
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| 14:40 |
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Inhabiting Gaudí: Integrating Objective and Subjective Acoustic Evaluations for Human Comfort
by R. M. Alsina-Pagès, M. Arnela, M. Freixes.
Abstract:
”Inhabiting Gaudí: An Architecture and Engineering Approach to Human Comfort” is an educational and research-oriented project that studies how interior spaces in a landmark Gaudí building influence users’ subjective perception of sound and overall comfort. Finished its second edition, with plans for a third iteration, the program engages 17-year-old students in a dual-method approach. On one hand, the participants perform objective acoustic measurements using sound level meters to assess parameters such as sound pressure levels and frequency distributions in selected rooms and balconies. On the other hand, they gather subjective data via questionnaires and short video recordings, allowing for a deeper insight into the auditory environment and the extent of perceived comfort. This combined objective–subjective methodology provides a robust framework for examining how in Gaudí’s spatial design, acoustic comfort was one of his priorities. Moreover, the iterative nature of this project, repeated successfully over multiple years, underscores its educational significance: students gain authentic, hands-on experience in the application of engineering principles and acoustic theory to cultural heritage sites, while also contributing to an emerging body of scientific knowledge. The findings emphasize the importance of integrating both quantitative measurements and qualitative feedback to inform and optimize comfort criteria in historic architecture.
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| 15:00 |
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Soundscape Analysis And Contribution To Forming Place Identity And Satisfaction Of Users
by Z. Al-Bayyar, T. B. Dahham, P. N. D. Yorukoglu.
Abstract:
This research aims to identify the role of soundscape in forming place identity of urban open spaces in different cultural contexts with similar functions. The study explored Olgunlar street in Ankara, Türkiye; and Al-mutanabi street in Baghdad, Iraq—both are known with selling books. The research focuses on sound sources that are perceived as characteristic of these places by the public. For this purpose, open-ended interviews were conducted in both streets with locals, focusing on sound sources they associate with the area. It was found that the soundscape in both streets is formed by a variety of sound sources—some were directly related to the function and others were not. In Ankara, these sound sources were reported relevant to the street’s function and place identity. However, in Baghdad, sound sources were reported as irrelevant, annoying, and masking the street’s true identity. The study is expected to highlight the importance of soundscape planning in sonically unexplored region. Furthermore, it emphasizes the significance of soundscape that is created by various activities for ensuring place identity and user satisfaction.
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| 15:20 |
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Interventions And Acoustic Nuances In The Soundwalks With Daumal And ISO 12913 Methods In Elche, Cuenca And Faro
by F. Daumal I Domènech, J. Vida Manzano, S. Herguedas, S. Silva Antunes.
Abstract:
When we daily take a Soundwalk with full visual control, there are aspects that go unnoticed. Carrying out a sound itinerary with the Daumal Method means for the participant to acquire a greater sound perception of the city. The participants intervene in teams of three people, made up of the blind person (whose vision is obstructed), the guide (who chooses the specific places within the programmed itinerary), and the notary (who writes down and verifies what the blind person comments. regarding the dynamic route and its stations). By alternating the roles with each other, this method has largely been shown to serve in a participatory way for the auditory education of the participants. If we add to this the Mastered action of a teacher who occasionally intervenes to make the group listen to the specific sound qualities of the spaces, shapes, materials and furniture that make up that itinerary, then the experience is unique. In the soundwalks developed in Elche, Cuenca and Faro, the Master has actively intervened, interfering with the different groups, and showing them other sound peculiarities of these cities. Therefore, the results of the Mastered method, through the surveys carried out, satisfy the participants much more.
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| 15:40 |
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Citizen Science To Analyse The Relationship Between Sounds And Spirituality In A Monastery
by E. Vidaña-Vila, A. Ramos Esperidião, M. Freixes, J. Cabó, A. Iarozinski Neto, R. M. Alsina-Pagès.
Abstract:
The acoustic environment of a monastery represents a unique context that reflects its capacity to evoke feelings of spirituality and transcendence. This paper is based on the ongoing research project Sons als Monestirs, which examines the soundscape as a key factor in shaping spiritual experiences and fostering a connection between individuals and sacred spaces, particularly monasteries. In this work, a soundwalk was conducted at Pedralbes Monastery, located in Barcelona, a site historically associated with the Order of Clarisses, a religious community of nuns that places great importance on silence. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the monastery’s acoustic environment and spirituality, based on participants’ perceptions. Qualitative data were collected through a questionnaire using a 5-point Likert scale to assess the extent to which various sounds elicit feelings of spirituality. In addition, quantitative data were gathered to describe the different events during the soundwalk. The results indicate that sounds such as birdsong, flowing water, the reverberation of footsteps, and silence are associated with spiritual feelings, with the cloister being the location that received the highest average ratings. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of how the soundscape influences individuals’ perceptions of spirituality.
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A17.01 Soundscape, environmental quality, health and well-being - General (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| A. Fiebig |
| J. Vida Manzano |
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PEMS: People Experience of Mountain Soundscapes
by B. Di Donato, I. Mcgregor.
Abstract:
This study investigates the role of soundscapes in mountain environments, focusing on their contributions to safety, navigation, and environmental understanding. A survey of 219 participants from 21 countries, primarily experienced mountaineers with varying levels of experience in activities ranging from casual hiking to specialised mountaineering, revealed that natural sounds play a vital role in guiding navigation, enhancing safety, and fostering a deeper emotional connection to the environment. Most participants reported no hearing impairments and rated mountain soundscapes positively, (median score 4/5). Natural auditory cues, such as creaking ice, rockfalls, and shifting snow, were frequently used to assess risks and navigate in low-visibility conditions, while human-made sounds, including traffic noise and overcrowding, were perceived as disruptive and detrimental to the experience. Emotional responses to soundscapes were also significant, with participants reporting feelings of peace, awe, and excitement. These findings highlight the essential role of auditory cues in complementing visual information for navigation and safety in mountain settings. The study advocates further research into soundscape perception, particularly examining how individuals with varying sensory abilities engage with auditory cues, and suggests exploring the potential of technology in enhancing sound-based navigation tools to improve safety and environmental interaction in mountain environments. .
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A17.02 Restorative soundscapes - Sound quality, health and well-being
| Monday 23 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SC2-1 - VITRUVIUS |
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| 14:20 |
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Tranquillity Islands: Designing restorative soundscapes in urban environments
by G. Watts.
Abstract:
In an increasingly noisy world, the need for restorative environments is critical to human well-being. ”Tranquillity Islands” are designated quiet zones within urban landscapes, designed to mitigate the adverse effects of noise and enhance mental and physical health. This paper explores the acoustic design principles, materials, and technologies used to create these serene environments, focusing on their integration into densely populated cities. The paper summarises investigations of how soundscapes can be manipulated to evoke tranquillity, using natural elements like water features, vegetation, and the terrain. This includes the examination of the role of psychoacoustic research in determining which sound profiles, such as water sounds, human vocalisations and transportation noise, can contribute, or detract, from assessments of tranquillity and anxiety. We present findings from case studies and examples of existing Tranquillity Islands, both outdoors and indoors, including Maggie’s Centres designed with cancer patients care and restoration in mind. Described are their design methodologies, community impact, and measurable outcomes including reducing noise exposure, improving relaxation and reducing stress. This research underscores the potential of Tranquillity Islands to transform urban spaces into sanctuaries of peace, offering a scalable and sustainable model for cities seeking to balance growth with the quality of life.
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| 14:40 |
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Silenzi in Quota – An Initiative Promoting Soundscape Protection in Mountainous Natural Areas
by T. Oberman, S. Torresin, R. Keller, G. Gozzi, J. Kang.
Abstract:
Silenzi in Quota (SiQ, Silence at High Altitude) is a forward-looking initiative bringing together artists and researchers to explore soundscapes of mountainous natural areas. SiQ is interested in landscapes that people visit to connect with nature and find respite from the urban experience - places where a high-quality soundscape would be expected but the effects of overtourism are often observed. The initiative started in 2021 in Trento (IT), based on expeditions in the Dolomites (IT) and, by 2024, it had expanded to include soundwalks in Italy, Scotland (UK), Finland and Norway. Key outputs of the initiative include: 1) free, public events such as soundwalks and soundscape workshops; 2) documentary footage and social media content; 3) the open-source Silenzi in Quota Dataset: Questionnaires with Acoustical and Contextual Information from Soundwalks in Protected Natural Areas; 4) scientific output explaining the effects of environmental sounds on human perception in protected natural areas. Looking ahead, SiQ aims to develop connections between soundscape research focused on human perception and ecoacoustics, highlighting the threats to and potential of sound in nature, and collecting the evidence needed to support management and preservation of these invaluable sensory environments.
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| 15:00 |
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Field study on the restorative potential of small green and blue spaces in densely populated areas
by M. Schuck, E. Lüer, A. Fiebig.
Abstract:
The European Noise Directive mandates the identification and preservation of urban recreational spaces to protect them from additional noise and enhance their healthpromoting potential. In Berlin, three categories of such spaces have been established, guided by criteria such as sound pressure level thresholds and the size of green spaces. The recently introduced third category, urban quiet and recreational spaces was created on the basis of participatory processes and lacks in objective assessment parameters. To account for that, we examined the perceived quality of four small green/blue areas (< 30 ha) that could serve as recreational spaces and proposes potential criteria for their evaluation. Using on-site surveys derived from the Soundscape standard [1] and the Perceived Restorative Scale and its auditory pendant, 121 users were asked about their perceived level of restoration and the factors influencing it. The findings reveal that small urban locations were generally perceived as restorative, even though none were explicitly rated as quiet, suggesting that not primarily acoustic aspects may enhance their recreational value. While soundscape pleasantness strongly correlated with perceived restoration (PRSS), a varied and engaging sound environment seemed more influential than mere quietness, and elements like safety, cleanliness, accessibility, and activity options significantly influenced the locations’ restorative potential. The findings highlight the importance of designing urban spaces that support diverse uses and sensory experiences.
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| 15:20 |
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A citizen science approach to collect combined noise exposure and survey data
by L. Dekoninck, P. Thomas, T. Van Renterghem.
Abstract:
Collecting region-wide noise exposure in combination with survey data is a demanding task, typically entailing large hardware and operational costs. A protocol is developed to relax the costs by relying on a citizen science approach. By implementing a high-quality digital mems microphone on a low-cost hardware platform, an affordable edge device was made operational, allowing high flexibility in sound signal processing and choice of noise indicators to be reported. A user dashboard connects external functionality to gather survey data, measurement location meta-data and shortterm annoyance annotations. Finally, all the data is merged for potential use in policy support. Efficient use of the noise monitors is ensured by a hierarchical distribution in a hublike approach. In this, a citizen acts as a hub administrator and becomes responsible for a limited number of measurement setups. This hub administrator communicates within his local citizen network to distribute and move the equipment across different noise environments. In this publication, the findings from the citizen-based environmental noise monitoring protocol tests are presented.
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| 15:40 |
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Restorative Urban Spaces In Europe: Comparisons Of Criteria And Approaches In Germany And Italy
by M. Masullo, R. A. Toma, A. Fiebig, S. Sibilio, L. Maffei.
Abstract:
To preserve or protect areas where people can take refuge from urban noise, the Directive 2002/49/EC introduced the term “quiet area within urban agglomerations”, delegating the definition of the criteria to identify these areas to EU member states. These criteria mainly focused on identifying large green areas with sound pressure levels lower than certain thresholds. Following the attention restoration and stress recovery theories, several scholars also investigated the role of natural elements in the psychophysical restoration of individuals, suggesting the importance of promoting restorativeness through features beyond sound, which remains a predominant factor. To this aim, researchers are actively exploring the possibility of identifying additional urban spaces that can fulfil this role, offering high auditory restoration quality.This paper briefly outlines the European context, focusing on the criteria and approaches used in Italy and Germany to select and classify restorative urban areas in agglomerations. The main findings reveal that both countries lack generally applicable criteria. National and local rules indicate that, in Germany, there is an openness to considering small quiet urban pockets characterized by greenery and recreational activities, while in Italy, there is attention to considering, beyond the naturalistic and landscape aspect, also the historical-artistic value of the sites.
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| 16:20 |
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A Simple Structured Approach to Urban Greenspace Acoustic Design
by B. W. Hohmann.
Abstract:
As urban areas become more densely populated, open spaces become increasingly important for recreation. Acoustic quality plays a key role in recreational value.The new website klangraumarchitektur.ch of the Cercle Bruit Suisse (Association of Cantonal Noise Protection Offices) therefore aims to provide all those involved in the design or enhancement of such open spaces with basic principles and practical tips for good sound quality, while also highlighting synergies with heat reduction. The first step is to analyse the situation using the 12 criteria for restoring sound quality in courtyards, squares and parks (Forum Acusticum 2023). This assessment is carried out by a noise expert in relation to one of 13 reference sites with a published assessment in 8 Swiss cities.Possible interventions for acoustic design or improvement are divided into eight areas: Noise control at source around the site / Terrain and structure / Buildings and small structures / Walls and facades / Ground and paths / Plants and animals / Water / Sound art, always illustrated with examples and binaural sound demonstrations.Finally, the presentation will show how the issue is being addressed through Swiss federal legislation, cantonal policies and measures already taken by some cities and municipalities.
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| 16:40 |
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Acoustic quality layers: A systematic review to understand acoustic quality spaces
by H. A. Dogan Iseri, A. Ozcevik Bilen.
Abstract:
Acoustic quality spaces do not only focus on the quantitative values of sound in a space. It also considers the functions of the spaces. This is why it is different from quiet/calm areas. This difference is related to the sounds in the space, environmental conditions, sound experiences of the users, soundscape etc. Therefore, everything that affects the soundscape also affects acoustic quality spaces. Acoustic quality spaces are an urban need with positive effects on physical and mental health and quality of life. In order to manage this need, it needs to be defined. Considering the relationship between acoustic quality spaces and soundscape, the factors affecting acoustic quality spaces can be determined from studies investigating topics such as soundscape quality, quality of space, perceived affective quality etc. However, since these studies contain a lot of different information, a scoping review is needed. This study presents the literature review section of a comprehensive project that also includes expert interviews and field studies. The factors that create/influence acoustic quality spaces are referred to as ”acoustic quality layers.” These layers, derived from the analysis of the literature on soundscapes, quiet/calm areas, and acoustic quality spaces, are categorized into acoustic and non-acoustic quality layers.
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| 17:00 |
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The Influence of Soundwalk Direction on Healthy Street Metrics
by Z. S. Ozturk, J. Kang, F. Aletta.
Abstract:
Noise is recognised as one of the key factors influencing the health of streets. This study aims to understand the impact of soundwalk directions on soundscape perceptions and healthy street indicators. The study implemented group soundwalk methods, with groups of 3 to 6 participants, totaling 31 participants. Chelsea High Street (King’s Road) was chosen as the study site after evaluating several high streets in London. During the soundwalk, participants were stopped at five different locations to complete a questionnaire, and the soundwalk was applied in two different directions. These questionnaires examine fifty-five different factors, including sound-visual perceptions, and healthy street metrics. Findings reveal that the direction of the soundwalk did not significantly affect healthy street metrics(p > 0.05), except for activity opportunities (p= 0.043).
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| 17:20 |
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Comparison of methodological approaches for investigating urban parks soundscape restoration: A case study of Curitiba, Brazil
by M. S. Engel, K. F. K. Maciel, B. Szeremeta, P. H. T. Zannin.
Abstract:
In recent years, numerous studies have emphasized the crucial role of natural sounds in alleviating mental and emotional stress, as well as in restoring cognitive functions. Scientific literature has also underscored the restorative benefits of natural spaces and urban parks, leading to the development of best practice guidelines and legislation for their management. This study aims to compare different methodological approaches for assessing restorative qualities within the soundscapes of urban parks and to track changes over time. For the assessment, two evaluation methods were chosen: Attention Restoration Theory (ART), proposed by Kaplan & Kaplan (1989), and the Perceived Restorativeness Soundscape Scale (PRSS), introduced by Payne (2013). The data for this study were collected over two campaigns (2012 and 2021) through interviews with visitors at the Municipal Botanical Garden and Bacacheri Park, both located in Curitiba, Brazil. A Mann-Whitney U test was employed as a statistical analysis to compare non-parametric samples.
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| 17:40 |
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Perceptions Of Chinese Temples Through Soundscape And Smellscape: A Case Study At Wong Tai Sin
by L. H. Lam, R. Yue, Y. C. Kam, P. Lindborg.
Abstract:
Most Chinese temples in Hong Kong were built long before the city’s modern economic transformation in the 1950s. Consequently, many of these temples are located in densely populated areas surrounded by residential, commercial, and industrial buildings. Some key elements of Chinese temples include music playing, the sound of rituals, and the direct burning of incense. Established by existing literature, observation, and interviews, some of these practices can create nuisance and adverse health effects on individuals. All these bring us to the question: are there any conflicts between preserving the sounds and smells of temples and the comfort of nearby residents, specifically in Hong Kong? Through conducting semi-structured and unstructured interviews at Wong Tai Sin Temple, one of the largest and most representative establishments of such kind in Hong Kong, we attempt to understand the perspectives of different groups of people (e.g., local residents/visitors, foreign tourists, staff, etc.) within the setting of a temple. This is further supplemented by reviewing the public discourse via popular sources (e.g., popular media, social media, online forums, etc.) to mediate the potential bias from a single-site field study.
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| 18:00 |
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Listening to the High-Tech City and its Vehicles: Auditory Perception of Electric Vehicles Embedded in Shenzhen’s Urban Soundscape
by Q. Xiang, Z. Liu, M. Z. Sagesser.
Abstract:
Electric vehicles can be utterly silent; thus manufacturers have started to artificially add alert sounds to cars to lower the risk for pedestrians in the streets. Yet, urban sound environments are often loud, chaotic, and uncontrolled, with pedestrians subjected to a multitude of cognitive stimuli, so that these environments become a challenge. On the example of Shenzhen City – a modern yet loud “high-tech” city with a comparatively high ratio of electric cars – this research studies how pedestrians perceive electric vehicles sonically as objects that are embedded in the urban soundscape. Five different street types served for data collection. Utilizing the collected data, a lab study involving 20 participants simulated urban street scenes with video and audio, followed by a questionnaire on audibility, comfort, attention, sense of control, and sense of safety. Findings indicate that the underground parking lot, with its specific soundscape, has the highest perceived audibility and attention. The food street provides more comfort, control and safety. Overall, for these three perception types, daytime is higher ranked than nighttime, while audibility and attention are less affected by the time of day. This study sheds light on urban soundscape characteristics and contributes future research directions including context-specific, dynamic sound design for enhancing electric vehicle alert sounds and pedestrian-vehicle interaction in dense urban environments.
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| 18:20 |
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Restorative Soundscape Design for Resting Places in Purpose-Built Vehicles: Enhancing Relaxation and Well-being through Audio-Visual Environments
by J. Y. Jeon, H. Lee, B. B. Santika, D. Park, J. Kim.
Abstract:
As autonomous driving technology advances, vehicles are evolving into multifunctional spaces for various activities beyond transportation. This study focuses on designing restorative soundscapes for Resting Places in Purpose-Built Vehicles (PBVs) by investigating the effects of auditory and visual stimuli on stress reduction and relaxation. Physiological evaluations using Heart Rate Variability (HRV) were employed to quantify the effectiveness of these restorative environments. The results demonstrate that tailored soundscapes, integrated with natural auditory elements, significantly reduce stress and enhance relaxation. These effects were influenced by factors such as vehicle frame type and external visibility. This research underscores the role of soundscape design in promoting restoration and satisfaction in PBV Resting Places, providing practical guidelines for advancing health and well-being in future vehicle designs.
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A17.02 Restorative soundscapes - Sound quality, health and well-being (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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Mitigating Noise Annoyance Through Green Spaces: Health Impacts in European Urban Environments
by X. Jiang, J. Fons-Esteve, M. Sáinz De La Maza, N. Blanes Guàrdia, E. Peris, M. Röösli, D. Vienneau.
Abstract:
Tranquil areas are recognized for their positive impact on well-being, offering relief from urban noise and stress. Green spaces are a crucial component of these tranquil areas, contributing to their calming effects. This study evaluates the health benefits of tranquil areas in European agglomerations by quantifying reductions in noise annoyance from road traffic and railway noise through increased green space exposure. Noise exposure data were sourced from Environmental Noise Directive mapping. Green space exposure was assessed using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Noise annoyance was estimated using WHO exposure-response functions, with the modifying effect of green space derived from a Swiss survey. Two scenarios were considered: (1) achieving WHO recommendations for green space access (0.5 hectares within 300m) and (2) a 10% green space increase across all agglomerations. Meeting WHO targets could reduce noise annoyance by 1.1% (104,486 individuals) for road traffic and 0.7% (10,210 individuals) for railway noise, preventing 1,149 and 112 DALYs, respectively. A 10% green space increase could reduce annoyance by 9.6% (882,673 individuals) for road traffic and 6.8% (92,940 individuals) for railway noise, preventing 9,709 and 1,022 DALYs. These results highlight the potential of tranquil areas to mitigate noise-related health impacts.
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Courtyard trees and aircraft noise: Investigating the effect of Urban Greenery on aircraft noise perception using Virtual Reality (VR)
by R. Vassallo, G. Wuite, M. Lugten.
Abstract:
Aircraft noise exposure causes annoyance, sleep disturbance and contributes to the development of severe long-term health outcomes for populations living under frequently used air routes. Traditional land-use based noise abatement strategies have shown limited success in mitigating these effects, prompting interest in alternative design measures such as the use urban greenery to improve soundscapes and reduce noise annoyance. This study assesses the effect of the visual presence of trees on aircraft noise perception during flyover events in a controlled setting. An audio-visual Virtual Reality (VR) experiment was conducted, showcasing two scenarios of a residential inner courtyard during a flyover event with and without trees. Following each scenario, participants (N=33) rated their soundscape perception using standardized soundscape questionnaires (ISO-12913). Preliminary results suggest that the scenarios with the trees present were on average perceived as acoustically more pleasant compared to those without greenery. This suggests that greenery, particularly trees, positively influence the perception of aircraft noise in urban environments through non-acoustical factors, warranting further investigation. These results contribute to a more mechanistic understanding of the effect of urban greenery on aircraft noise perception and aim to provide a base for future in-situ studies.
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A17.03 Soundscape practice and interventions (1)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 16:20 |
| Room: SC2-1 - VITRUVIUS |
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| J. Kang |
| A. Fiebig |
| K. Siebein |
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| 16:20 |
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Soundscape Practice And Interventions: A Framework
by J. Kang, X. Fang, F. Aletta, A. Mitchell, T. Oberman, G. Cerwén, X. Chen, J. Xiao, P. Mittal.
Abstract:
Extensive research has been carried out in soundscape, corresponding to the EU Directive on Environment Noise, which requires actions on protecting and creating quiet areas. Consequently, it is vital to establish a systematic framework for soundscape practice and interventions. This paper therefore explores such a framework by considering: The overall process for soundscape participatory planning, based on data synthesis and analysis and mapping engagement with diverse stakeholders; Design targets setting, in terms of multi-dimensional targets at the design stage, and context-dependent single indices for ranking various designs; Designable factors, including sounds, space, people, and environment, and their potentials; Mechanism of participatory design, including design generation, discussion and evaluation; Collection of real-world soundscape intervention examples, including design taxonomy and database.
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| 16:40 |
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Defining urban soundscape design means and tools
by M. Haberl, T. Kusitzky, S. Alves.
Abstract:
In the context of urban planning, the aspect of environmental noise is at the forefront of public and political debates. Previous concepts in environmental noise management focused primarily on the physical characteristics of sounds. Nonetheless, urban sound is more than just physical parameters; it is important for our everyday experiences and social interaction. Urban sound can have a positive effect on well-being, promote orientation and help to strengthen social and cultural ties. In this context, a comprehensive approach is needed to appropriately design sound in urban environments. This contribution uses examples to analyze which are the decisive conditions for the auditory experience in a specific urban context. From this, means and tools for urban soundscape design are derived, which can be assigned to the following three groups: sound events, sound propagation and the expectations of the residents. The inclusion of these means and tools in urban planning can make a significant contribution to the development of high-quality urban places and situations and to the expansion of conventional noise control policies. Not only the city dwellers, but also municipalities, authorities and investors benefit from such comprehensive urban soundscape design.
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| 17:00 |
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Architecture as Soundscape Intervention Design Process and Strategies
by M. Gold, G. W. Siebein, K. Siebein.
Abstract:
Students, faculty, and acoustic consultants have collaborated to measure, evaluate, and propose soundscape interventions in urban and suburban morphologies. Architectural interventions seek to preserve, enhance or expand existing soundscape elements associated with new program activities, urban development, and ongoing activities within the environments. Strategies for architectural design that buffer, mitigate, preserve and enhance soundscapes are derived through an elastic, context driven design process that includes layered participation by the soundscape participants and community stakeholders. Architectural interventions were developed as integrated proposals deploying soundscape strategies at conceptual and schematic levels of design. These proposals demonstrate the potential of soundscape interventions as evaluation tools through community vetting and leading to consensus planning strategies. Integrated architectural proposals mediate between existing, present, and future contexts with a focus on soundscape impacts toward the overall improvement of the communities. Groups of students are able to study a range of strategies resulting in alternative interventions that allow best practices to be drawn from the diversity of context specific intervention proposals. The results allow for consensus prioritization, further evaluation through computer modeling, preliminary cost analysis, iterative community reviews, stakeholder forums, and civic policy initiatives that could be implemented through land development or building codes.
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| 17:20 |
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Exploring Soundscape Methods and Interventions in Urban and Suburban Soundscapes
by G. W. Siebein, K. Siebein, M. Gold, G. Siebein Jr, M. Roa.
Abstract:
Many mixed-use urban and suburban communities in the United States struggle to achieve balances among people moving back into cities, commercial activities, and entertainment venues that many find desirable in live, learn, work, and play environments. Dynamic documentation, analysis, design strategies, codes, and enforcement activities are required to achieve this balance in rapidly evolving, sustainable cities and towns. Active engagement of the full range of stakeholders in the acoustical communities in each case was essential in understanding and addressing the issues. Multiple meetings with the soundscape participants in organized, community fora, focus groups and discussions with individuals provided ways for all to understand the points-of-view of others as a building block to achieve consensus. Soundwalks with community members were used to understand the issues in situ. Subsequent soundwalks by the study team at multiple times of day and night allowed immersion of the team in the sounds and life of the cities and towns. Simple, but sophisticated, measurement and modeling of the soundscapes were necessary elements in the methods used. Case studies in the communities are presented of desires, issues, methods, analysis, and proposed solutions to a wide variety of acoustical issues encountered in the urban and suburban contexts.
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| 17:40 |
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A Tale of Two Cities: Soundscape Analysis and Planning
by G. W. Siebein, K. Siebein, M. Gold, G. Siebein Jr, M. Roa.
Abstract:
Case studies of soundscape projects in 2 cities are used to demonstrate methods and potential interventions that can be applied in these environments. Both cities had initially described acoustical issues related to loud vehicles and amplified music disturbing residents and evading enforcement policies. Interviews with stakeholder groups including residents, city officials, business owners and others; individually, in small focus groups and in larger public fora; soundwalks at multiple times of day and night; long term and short term acoustical measurements, and mapping were used to identify itineraries, calendars, taxonomies and acoustical communities involved in the soundscapes of the cities. Conceptual structures, acoustical rooms and sonic niches were identified. Strategic computer model studies were used to explore potential solutions and stimulate dialogue among soundscape participants. Student design projects explored imaginative possibilities for future development. These soundscape elements were transformed into planning interventions to reduce, buffer and mitigate the unwanted sounds, preserve and enhance the desired sounds and adding multi-tiered interventions to expand the social and cultural richness of the cities including infrastructure such as program, verticality, texture and material; administrative such as ordinance development and policies; and operational controls such as continued public engagement and education as methods to move forward.
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| 18:00 |
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The Soundscape of an ICU
by K. Siebein, G. W. Siebein, L. Lorusso, D. Rittenbacher, T. Orozco, J. Miller, M. Vetterick, I. Jones.
Abstract:
The ICU can be a stressful place, where occupants are exposed to a multitude of stimuli, and can result in trauma-related conditions due to the intense sensory environment. A multi-disciplinary team performed a multi-sensory study in a hospital to better understand the perception of the sensory environment. Questionnaires were given to the acoustical communities pertaining to multi-sensory stimuli, including acoustic stimuli. The existing ICU was analyzed using a soundscape framework, including documenting the acoustic taxonomy, the acoustic itinerary of the communities, and understanding the rhythm and tempi of the sounds as they change from day to night. Sound levels were measured in the existing ICU, with long term sound levels as well as short term levels of specific acoustic events and sound walks. An expansion of the hospital was completed using the feedback and data and integrative acoustic design principles. With new planning principles that allowed for channeling of the staff itinerary through a main artery, leaving a patient and visitor artery along the perimeter of the rooms, as well as strategic changes in acoustic finishes and enclosing of nurses’ stations, clinically relevant increases in patient, visitor and staff satisfaction levels and decreases in sound level were attained. .
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| 18:20 |
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Measuring short-term changes in perceived soundscapes due to localized interventions
by G. Memoli, L. Chisari, M. Boerger, J. Eccles, V. Apicella, B. Carambia.
Abstract:
Soundscape assessments are now an established method to evaluate the perceived acoustic climate in a location. In most cases, however, these methods are used to evaluate long-term acoustic judgements, over large areas.In this study, we created a localised, movable quiet area in the shape of an acoustic gazebo. We used acoustic metamaterials (SonoBlind), instead of traditional solutions, to maintain the structure transparent to light and lightweight, so that it could be removed every day. After checking that the structure allowed at least a 10 dB change between inside and outside, we installed it in selected service stations along a motorway in Italy and we asked volunteers to assess the change using a brief sound walk (inside and outside). The resulting change in perception was described using the metrics suggested by ISO 12913. Results show the potential impact on perception-focused action plans of small, localised interventions. .
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A17.03 Soundscape practice and interventions (2)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 16:20 |
| Room: Auditorium |
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| J. Kang |
| A. Fiebig |
| K. Siebein |
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| 16:20 |
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Listening to the Built Environment: Cultural and Social Urban Soundscape
by L. Tsaih, S.-I. Juan, R. Ghadiri, J. C.-P. Chen, T.-Y. Yu, V. Prawira, C.-H. Chen, Y.-T. Yen.
Abstract:
Urban soundscapes are an intricate tapestry woven from the cultural and social threads that shape the acoustic identity of cities. This paper explores previous urban soundscape thesis studies conducted at the Build Better Buildings Laboratory (BBB Lab) of Taiwan Tech, highlighting the rich cultural and social dimensions of urban life. By employing various soundscape study methods, these studies not only document valuable intangible cultural and social elements but also immerse students in the art of listening to urban sounds. Through this auditory exploration, the significance of specific urban sounds in daily life is revealed. As we tune in to the built environment, the distinction between ”noise” and meaningful sound dissolves, allowing us to appreciate the richness and diversity of the urban acoustic landscape. Ultimately, this study emphasizes the profound connection between sound, culture, and society, encouraging a deeper understanding of the harmonious symphony that defines urban life.
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| 16:40 |
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The Sonic (Re)Design Of Urban Places: Auditory Transformations In The Hague (Nl) And Kiruna (S)
by M. Cobussen, S. Östersjö, P. Craenen, J. Bennett, R. Zentschnig, I. Ruipérez Canales, J. Berg.
Abstract:
Sounding Urban Places is a research project funded by the European ERA-NET Cofund program ENUTC (Urban Transformation Capacities). The project aims to enhance the quality of life (for all living beings) in two selected residential areas and public (urban) spaces – one in The Hague (NL) and the other in Kiruna (S) – through an artistically inspired (re-)design of the sonic environment. A key aspect of the project is the contrasting urban transitions taking place in these two cities. In The Hague, the selected area is undergoing a transformation from an industrialized zone to a residential neighborhood. In contrast, Kiruna is experiencing a transition shaped by the increasing extraction of valuable raw materials. has an almost opposite perspective, namely a transition The project explores two central questions: - How can artistic and practice-based sonic interventions, drawing on the imagination of sound artists and inhabitants, enhance wellbeing and sustainability in these urban areas? - How can sound art, sound studies, historical research, and ethnographic fieldwork, contribute to the development of methods for documenting long-term changes in soundscapes? The project’s objectives are threefold: - To develop artistic and practice-based sonic interventions that promote wellbeing and sustainability. - To establish participatory and cross-disciplinary methods for documenting change in soundscapes over time. - To foster creative engagement with stakeholders and local communities.
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| 17:00 |
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Exploring green façades as complex systems and their relationships with soundscape quality through a system thinking approach
by S. Torresin, F. Aletta, E. Gasparri, K. Zhou, T. Astell-Burt, A. Brambilla, T. Parkinson, S. Yuksel Dicle, A. Kuru.
Abstract:
Green façades, on which plants grow, are increasingly prominent in research and industry. They provide benefits beyond conventional façades. All façades act as a buffer between the outdoor and indoor environment, regulating heat, moisture, light, pollutants and sound. Green façades carry these forward—reducing the urban heat island effect, boosting biodiversity, providing food, improving the microclimate for sound and air quality, and increasing access to nature, which has major benefits for health. Research to date has primarily examined isolated aspects of green façades, such as their impact on outdoor noise reduction, often focusing on correlations rather than causality. This narrow approach overlooks the broader, interconnected relationships between the numerous variables influenced by green façades, including the interplay between façade-induced biodiversity and both outdoor and indoor soundscapes. This study aims to untangle these interdependencies through a participatory systems thinking approach—a method that has yet to be applied to green façades. It is based on participatory systems thinking workshops involving multidisciplinary topic experts and industry professionals. Workshop findings result in causal loop diagrams, with preliminary results presented here, highlighting relevant variables, feedback loops, and intervention points that characterize the relationships between façades, soundscape, and other domains intertwined in this complex system.
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| 17:40 |
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Towards Designing Pleasant Urban Soundscape: An Acoustic Metamaterial-Based Multi-Objective Psychoacoustic Analysis
by X. Fang, P. Mittal, T. Oberman, F. Aletta, S. Subramanian, J. Kang.
Abstract:
Noise is a pervasive environmental concern with significant health impacts. Traditional noise mitigation techniques primarily focus on reducing noise levels, often overlooking the importance of human perception in shaping auditory experience. In contrast, the soundscape, an innovative emerging concept, addresses both noise levels and the perceptual aspects of noise but remains difficult to implement effectively. This study presents a novel multiobjective framework that integrates acoustic metamaterials (AMMs) with psychoacoustics to design harmonious urban areas, following the soundscape protocols. Leveraging realtime traffic noise data from an urban park, we investigate the simultaneous effects of positioning different numbers of AMMs on both psychoacoustic and propagated noise levels within the small-scale urban park area. Considering a single frequency (200 Hz), we establish a trade-off between noise levels (???? ) and key psychoacoustics, such as sharpness ( ?) , providing various alternative solutions. A solution envelope is observed between ???? and ? with extreme at #2 AMMs yield ∼59.11 dB and 1.17 acum and #9 AMMs achieve ∼47.90 dB and 1.26 acum while #6 AMMs offer a balanced solution at ∼54.54 dB and 1.21 acum. This approach enables decision-makers to choose between different competing solutions, enhancing the practical viability of soundscape interventions in designing pleasant urban environments.
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| 18:00 |
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Sonic Citizenship and the feeling of awe in urban space
by S. Raahede Lundgård, M. Koldkjær Højlund, L. Stenfeldt.
Abstract:
To intentionally design for thriving communities, it is central to better understanding how people experience spaces and how emotions are connected to different urban environments. Exposed through everyday wonders, the feeling of awe is argued to hold the key to a more fulfilling life helping us to fold into more social collectives. Exploring the city at ear-level is a critical aspect of understanding the feeling of awe, and to address the relational framework between listener and soundscape. With current methods within soundscape research coming short in grasping the complexity of emotional and socio-cultural values shaping our auditory perception, we propose sonic citizenship as an approach to adopt a more community-oriented understanding of soundscapes. Gehl has a long history of being methodologically focused on collecting soft data within urban space to understand the human collective experience and what people cherish in a place, thereby informing sustainable urban development. This therefore serves as inspiration in the exploration of how to pay attention to the auditory dimensions of the feeling of awe and the cherished places in the urban city. We further acknowledge the inherent unpredictability of affective experience and suggest intentional fuzziness as a methodological tool to navigate constructively within such conditions.
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| 18:20 |
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The Soundscape of Animal Care Facilities
by K. Siebein, G. W. Siebein, S. Boman, H. Lewis.
Abstract:
The soundscape of animal facilities is an emerging topic that is currently being studied. Animal facilities include a range of applications, including shelters for displaced animals, veterinary clinics, veterinary hospitals, and have a range of animal types and sizes that they must accommodate. Each facility has a veterinary thrust that informs and helps create the acoustic environment. These facilities are unique in that much of the acoustic communities are not human. In interviewing the various user groups and local experts, the soundscape of animal facilities are beginning to be understood. By identifying the acoustic taxonomies, acoustic communities, following their acoustic itineraries and understanding the acoustic calendar, planning principles and a conceptual structure can be organized and applied to the design of new animal facility buildings, whether horizontally or vertically. Using basic acoustic metrics such as Reverberation time, alpha bar and STI, large kennel spaces can be analyzed as a starting point. Using the soundscape method, analyzing data in existing facilities and partnering with Architects during the design of these spaces, thoughtful interventions can be incorporated into the building structure so that the building system can holistically address the components of the soundscape that can be altered by the physical building.
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A17.04 Soundscape methods, monitoring and metrics (1)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Auditorium |
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| J. Vida Manzano |
| I. Aspuru Soloaga |
| R. M. Alsina-Pagès |
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| 9:00 |
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The Prediction Of Environmental Noise, Using Arcmap, (NMSIM-GIS) And ISO 9613, For Commercial Jet Boat Operations
by J. Pearse, J. Lee, B. Donohue, G. Watts.
Abstract:
In this paper the effects of anthropogenic noise in protected natural areas is considered. In particular, noise in relation to commercial jet boat activities on rivers in New Zealand’s National Parks is addressed. The focus of this paper was a particular point of interest on the Dart River called Chinaman’s Bluff. Noise measurements taken at Chinaman’s Bluff are compared to the predicted noise levels at selected positions along the Dart River using the model NMSIM-GIS, and ISO9613, with the results discussed. This paper looks at noise contour mapping and determining whether the software accounts for the effects of terrain. This allows for the development of conservation protocols by the Department of Conservation (DOC) for managing natural soundscapes in a marine context.
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| 9:20 |
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Noise in the High-Tech City: Listening to Shenzhen Through a Participatory Phone-Based App
by X. Fu, S. Li, M. Z. Sagesser.
Abstract:
How can we enhance our understanding of dense, large, rapidly developing megacities by listening to them? Given that the city comprises different strata of technologies, classes, industries, businesses, transportation modalities, and natural features, Shenzhen offers an example of a fastchanging, large urban space of complex sonic environments. This project develops what we call a “distributed” system through which untrained users, using their personal mobile phones, listen to and record Shenzhen. This participatory approach to understanding the city through sound allows us to collect qualitative data from untrained participants. In two selected locations, a green park and a science park, we prompt them to add contextual photos and verbal tags to what they record into the database. In this paper, we introduce a unique creative method of listening to the city via a distributed system that utilizes ubiquitous mobile technology in the contemporary city of Shenzhen. We present a pilot system that we developed and the results of a small-scale user study, which contributed empirical insights into reflective dimensions of Shenzhen’s soundscape and demonstrated an effective approach by public participation and human-computer interaction.
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| 9:40 |
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Introducing NORBAERT – an open source software to facilitate the research on complex networks from the acoustic environment
by T. Haselhoff, M. Jedrusiak, F. Weichert, S. Moebus.
Abstract:
The urban acoustic environment (AE) encapsulates information of systems like traffic, the built environment, or biodiversity. Reduced costs of storage capacities and computational power enabled the collection of extensive acoustical datasets in previous years. However, few established approaches exist that are tailored to capture the complex time-frequency dynamics of the urban AE.Recently, complex networks were proposed to analyse the urban AE. Metrics such as Link Density can quantify e.g. acoustic dominance, providing insights into the extent that single sound sources influence time-frequency dynamics. Early studies demonstrated associations between these metrics and urban land-use, sound sources, and human perception. Additionally, complex network metrics do not require precise calibrations of sound pressure levels and provide a consistent visual representation that is independent of recording length.To advance research in this field, we introduce the software NORBAERT, which calculates frequency correlation matrices (FCMs), complex networks, and selected measures for single or multiple audio recordings. It provides a visual representation of the respective FCMs and adjacency matrices, while also considering a developed mathematical formalisation in the context of soundscapes. The aim is to facilitate broader adoption of this methodology and to provide the basis for advances in complex network research of the AE.
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| 10:00 |
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A revised Web Application for Interactive Exploration and Visualization of ISO 12913 Soundscape Datasets
by M. Erdmann, S. Versümer, J. Steffens.
Abstract:
The development of the ISO 12913 has led to the creation of standardized methodologies for collecting and analyzing individual responses regarding acoustic environments in context. This progress aims to enhance comparability, ensure replicability, and support the development of modeling algorithms for soundscape prediction and design tasks. Developing methods to represent and explore soundscape data can provide deeper insights into various datasets. Although it is unlikely that any single method will sufficiently capture all information in empirical studies, attempts are worthwhile to facilitate advancements in this realm. The underlying work expands a previously published web interface for comprehensive soundscape search, fostering interactive exploration of datasets based on ISO 12913. The application facilitates a comprehensive soundscape search using 10 items of the standard, 8 features characterizing the soundscape (e.g., intensities of natural, human, and technical sound sources heard), and 10 distinct acoustic features. While the search covers all possible combinations of these components, enabling detailed exploration, in-depth dataset overviews, and comparison of different datasets, this work further enhances the application by not only presenting single value metrics, but also visualizing the temporal progression of acoustic features, providing a quick impression of the temporal variation of the soundscape being currently listened to.
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| 10:40 |
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Proposal For A Scale To Measure Psychosocial Cobenefits Of Natural Soundscape In Urban Areas
by K. Herranz-Pascual, P. Anchustegui, I. Aspuru Soloaga, I. Iraurgi.
Abstract:
Currently, the integration of Nature-Based Solutions (NbS) in urban regeneration interventions is a trend. They are associated with the improvement of biodiversity in urban spaces. Improving biodiversity also entails the integration of natural sound sources, thus improving the soundscape of these urban environments. NbS are associated with other benefits (co-benefits) such as improving health and wellbeing, social cohesion, place identity, etc., which corresponds to the field of study of the psychological restorative capacity of nature. The evidence on these psychosocial co-benefits is still limited, and it is also necessary to develop and test assessment tools. This paper presents a psychosocial co-benefit assessment tool. This tool is structured around 13 attributes of psychosocial cobenefits, which refer to two general dimensions: Perceived General Health and Psychosocial Health. The tool has been validated in two phases. The first validation was carried out with experts using the Delphi method, and the second was based on evaluations in real context. The results of these validations indicate that the tool has good validity and is sensitive to differences in the environmental characteristics of urban places. Finally, the applicability of this scale in the specific field of natural sounds is discussed.
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| 11:00 |
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Polish version of soundscape attributes: translation process and preliminary validation results
by J. Dumanowski, J. Felcyn, A. Preis.
Abstract:
The questionnaires included in ISO/TS 12913-2:2018 provide a standardized tool for soundscape evaluation. However, the lack of a Polish translation of this standard significantly limits the possibility of conducting soundscape research and promoting this research area in Poland. In response to this problem, we joined the Soundscape Attributes Translation Project (SATP), an international initiative to create translations of eight soundscape attributes and validate them. We developed preliminary Polish translations and conducted a listening experiment with 34 participants. The study made it possible to assess the quality of the translations and their consistency with the original definitions, using the methodology developed by SATP. So far, the results of the experiment show great compatibility between the Polish terms and the original ones, which will enable cross-language comparison of soundscape research results in the future. The presentation will feature the process of preparing the initial translations, the challenges encountered during the research, and the preliminary validation results.
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| 11:20 |
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Comparison of Text-Based and Graphical Methods for Soundscape Assessment
by Y. Kim, D. Kim, J. Ryu.
Abstract:
The soundscape approach enables the improvement of sound environments and the development of acoustical design strategies in various spaces. Soundscape data are mainly collected through soundwalking or laboratory experiments. However, these data collection methods are time- and cost-intensive when large datasets are needed. Furthermore, insufficient data can undermine the validity of acoustic improvements and design strategies. Therefore, this study proposes a novel graphical method for collecting soundscape data. Unlike traditional text-based evaluations, it uses a mobile app to plot each attribute as a coordinate. A laboratory test with 30 participants compared indoor soundscape assessments using both text-based and graphical methods. The text-based method used an ISO conversion for eight attributes on the “Comfortable” and “Full of content” dimensions. The results were compared using correlation and RMSE analyses. In the Comfortable dimension, the two methods showed a notably high correlation (r = 0.95) with an RMSE of 33.01, whereas in the Full of content dimension, the correlation was high (r = 0.67) with an RMSE of 18.72. Additionally, the graphical approach reduced the average evaluation time by 74.67% compared to the text-based method.
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A17.04 Soundscape methods, monitoring and metrics (2)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SC2-1 - VITRUVIUS |
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| J. Vida Manzano |
| I. Aspuru Soloaga |
| R. M. Alsina-Pagès |
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| 14:20 |
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Effects of audio-visual interactions on the soundscape in urban shopping streets
by J.-Y. Jeon, G. Kim, J.-Y. Hong.
Abstract:
This study examines effects of visual elements on urban soundscape in shopping streets across South Korea and Japan using Virtual Reality (VR) simulations. Participants assessed Sound Source Identification (SSI) and Perceived Affective Quality (PAQ) under audio-only and audio-visual conditions. Results revealed that visual stimuli significantly affected sound perception, creating distinct recognition patterns. This highlights context-specific soundscape characteristics, and the complexity visual components add to evaluations. The study underscores the importance of integrating audio-visual elements in urban planning to enhance sensory experiences in shopping environments.
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| 14:40 |
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Comparative Analysis of Visual and Auditory Perceptions in Urban Environments Using Mental Mapping
by G. Kim, J.-Y. Jeon, J.-Y. Hong.
Abstract:
Visual and auditory elements in urban environments play a critical role in shaping spatial perception and experience. However, systematic investigations comparing the influence of these sensory modalities remain limited. This study applies a mental mapping approach to examine the relationship between visual–auditory experiences and physical space. Participants generated sketch maps based on familiar environments and annotated their perceptions of visual and auditory elements within those spaces. The collected data were digitized and analyzed using Geographic Information System (GIS) tools to construct cognitive models incorporating spatial and sensory attributes. These models enabled comparative analysis of how visual and auditory components contribute to spatial experience and their respective spatial distributions. The results demonstrate that mental mapping is an effective method for integrating sensory perception into spatial analysis. The findings reveal distinct patterns in how visual and auditory elements influence spatial cognition, offering valuable insights for multisensory urban design and planning.
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| 15:00 |
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Clustering analysis of human perceptual responses to birdsongs
by J.-Y. Hong, K. Ooi, B. Lam, Z.-T. Ong, W.-S. Gan.
Abstract:
Augmenting birdsongs is a commonly used approach in soundscape design to enhance overall sound quality. However, the selection of birdsongs often tends to be arbitrary and lacks objective criteria, despite the varying acoustic characteristics that result in different perceptual experiences. To address this issue, cluster analysis of birdsongs was conducted based on their perceptual attributes and psychoacoustic parameters. In total, 100 birdsongs from different bird species, all normalized to 55 dBA were used as stimuli. These acoustic stimuli were analyzed for psychoacoustic parameters, including loudness, sharpness, roughness, and fluctuation strength. Additionally, the birdsongs were evaluated using a semantic differential perceptual attribute scale. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to identify the key perceptual dimensions of the birdsongs, followed by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) to group the birdsongs accordingly. The results from the HCA identified four distinct clusters of birdsongs, while the PCA indicated that variations in sharpness and loudness over time were critical factors in differentiating between these clusters. The findings of this study could help in selecting pleasant and appropriate birdsongs for soundscape design in various contexts.
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| 15:20 |
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Developing a linguistic corpora-based soundscape questionnaire: addressing translation challenges in the ISO Standard
by M. Ferretti, D. Chiarella, A. Cinini, P. Cutugno.
Abstract:
This study presents the development of a linguistic-acoustic questionnaire, created and administered as part of the PNRR RAISE (Robotics and AI for Socio-economic Empowerment) project, designed to validate and extend the results of the previous survey on the perceptual description of soundscapes in Italian port and backport areas conducted as part of the TRIPLO project. This new questionnaire incorporates elements of the standard PD ISO-TS 12913-2:2018 (Method A), developed as part of the ISO 12913 series to establish international consensus and facilitate communication in soundscape research. The ISO 12913 series promote an integrated approach to the acoustic environment, assessing all perceived sounds in their complexity. Based on this, the questionnaire integrates the framework of the standard and its Italian translation drawn from recent literature to perform a comparison between adjectives derived from English and those identified through linguistic analyses of Italian corpora. By incorporating both established methodologies and linguistically grounded approaches, this study aims to further refine the descriptive framework for soundscape perception and explore the interplay between language and cultural context in evaluating acoustic environments. The results may offer valuable insights and be a good basis for the development of tools to enable comparative soundscape studies between languages.
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| 15:40 |
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The role of pleasantness mapping in a University campus for studying soundscape subjective perception in evolving environments
by A. Mascolo, D. Rossi, M. Grimaldi, C. Guarnaccia.
Abstract:
The diversity of acoustic environments within a University campus makes it an ideal case study for exploring soundscape mapping and assessment methodologies. This study focuses on the Fisciano campus of the University of Salerno (Italy), where acoustic and soundscape data have been collected over recent years, at different times of the day and across various seasons, offering insights into the temporal evolution of distinct acoustic environments. Soundscape maps were created using spatialization techniques based on perceptual metrics such as pleasantness, while physical sound levels were considered to better understand the acoustic characteristics of the areas. The data were obtained through soundwalks conducted in accordance with ISO 12913 guidelines, as well as crowdsourcing campaigns using the NoiseCapture app. In this work, the maps are used to facilitate an analysis of the campus soundscape’s evolution, by comparing results obtained using data collected over the years and considering changes in daily and seasonal activities. This work highlights the potential of soundscape mapping to understand the interplay between acoustic environments and human perception in complex settings that evolves over time, contributing to the development of innovative tools for soundscape analysis and urban planning.
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| 16:00 |
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Psychoacoustic Assessment of loud vehicles recorded by a noise radar
by A. Fiebig, M. Diechmann, P. Kolingba-Froidevaux, A. Mundt, M. Schuck.
Abstract:
Road traffic noise is one of the most critical noise sources, leading to considerable noise pollution. Besides several aspects, vehicle manipulations and individual driving behavior also contribute to the extent of road traffic noise. Thus, the city of Berlin has installed a prototype noise radar to detect excessively loud vehicles and to investigate the need for measures to tackle this problem. After an 8-week test phase, around 2500 vehicles were recorded that exceeded a LFmax of 82 dB(A). Based on the recorded data, analyses were performed to determine the reasons for level exceedances and to investigate the psychoacoustic annoyance potential of loud vehicles as a function of vehicle characteristics. It was found that certain vehicle classes systematically exhibited higher psychoacoustic annoyance values than others. When comparing motorbikes and cars, for example, a systematic shift in the loudness level was observed when the LAmax is the same. Motorbikes sound louder than the conventional sound pressure level indicator suggests. In addition, machine learning was used to differentiate between noise-provoking driving behavior and technically induced vehicle noise. The psychoacoustic analyses results and their value in relation to noise effects are discussed and the need for interventions to combat noise-insensitive driving behavior is reviewed.
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A17.04 Soundscape methods, monitoring and metrics (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| J. Vida Manzano |
| I. Aspuru Soloaga |
| R. M. Alsina-Pagès |
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Soundscape analysis according to ISO/TS 12913-2:2018: A case study for areas of high heritage value in Coimbra
by L. Oliveira, A. Pereira, P. Amado Mendes, L. Godinho.
Abstract:
Traditionally, most of the work done in assessing and controlling environmental noise has focused exclusively on measuring the physical parameters of the acoustic environment, as defined by standards. Recently, a new approach known as the ”soundscape” method has emerged, which incorporates users’ perception and contextual factors in this evaluation, as well. This innovative method marks a significant shift in environmental noise assessment by placing the user at the centre of the process. In this study, the soundscape of two historical areas of high heritage value in Coimbra, Portugal, will be analysed by performing a soundwalk through these locations, using the methods provided in the ISO/TS 12913-2:2018 standard, for data collection (Methods A and B, as well as sound pressure level measurements). The collected data will then be analysed according to the guidelines specified in the third part of the same standard (ISO/TS 12913-3:2019). This approach allows for a comparative analysis of both objective physical noise measurements and subjective perceptual responses, resulting in a more comprehensive and holistic understanding of the acoustic environment.
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Collaborative learning in the diagnosis of the soundscape of the Historic Center of Morelia, Mexico
by F. Rodriguez-Manzo, J. Á. García-Márquez.
Abstract:
The research and diagnosis of the soundscape are recently in the Mexican case, even more so in the context of its Historical Centers. In this panorama, there is a need not only for professionalization, but also for dissemination within the fields of architecture and urbanism. Thus, this article contains the experiences and results that the team of the project for the research of soundscapes in historic centers of Mexico sponsored by the National Council of Humanities, Sciences and Technology (CONAHCYT) at the Autonomous Metropolitan University (UAM) has carried out with students and professors of architecture at the Michoacana University of San Nicolás de Hidalgo (UMSNH). The intention is to bring students closer to the use and importance of the ISO 12913 Standard, in a context where Mexican regulations are not linked to this research framework which is a need for taking care of the sound heritage of the urban landscape. It is important to highlight the use of participatory methodologies, like sound walks and mappings, as well as citizen participation in the diagnosis and spreading process.
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Questionnaires and Acoustic Measurements in Longyearbyen Area During Winter and Summer Seasons
by J. Wiciak, D. Mlynarczyk, P. Malecki, J. Piechowicz.
Abstract:
The article discusses the results of a survey and acoustic measurements carried out in Spitsbergen near Longyearbyen, the largest town in the area. The surveys focused on the landscape and soundscape existing near Longyearbyen. Questions included: noise sources in the study area, their perception, important landscape elements, and acoustic impressions. The results made it possible to determine preferences for tourist activities in the Longyearbyen area during the polar pre-winter and summer. Acoustic analyses of the selected sites included: analysis of time courses of sound pressure level A, equivalent sound level A, spectra, and spectrograms.
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NoiseSens - a system for identifying noise offenders in road traffic
by F. Fuhrmann, R. Ladstädter, M. Blass, A. Maly, A. Gregorac, F. Graf.
Abstract:
We present a system for identifying noise offenders in road traffic. The system is designed to automatically detect excessively loud road users. The multimodal system consists of acoustic and visual sensors, and a mobile user interface. The acoustic sensors include a calibrated sound pressure level meter (SLM) and an acoustic camera (microphone array + wide-angle camera). The SLM monitors the acoustic scene and notifies in case of loud sound events. The acoustic camera assigns a direction to the sound event, and visualizes the measured sound field on the wide-angle camera image. The visual component uses an S-RGBT camera to synchronously evaluate images from an RGB and a thermal camera. It monitors the observed road section and generates synchronized RGB and thermal measurement images at up to 10 Hz. The vehicle causing the noise is visually identified and tracked within a defined time window to determine the optimal position for license plate recognition. The thermal images are analyzed to identify potentially overheated vehicle components. The mobile user interface is installed on a tablet computer. In the event of a relevant acoustic incident, the user receives a notification and can quickly review the current data to take further action.
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A17.05 Indoor soundscapes (1)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: SC2-1 - VITRUVIUS |
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| S. Torresin |
| P. N. D. Yorukoglu |
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| 9:00 |
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Comparing Teachers’ And Students’ Perceptions Of School Soundscapes Through A Questionnaire-Based Study
by H. Kurukose Cal, F. Aletta, J. Kang, P. Clarke.
Abstract:
This study explores differences in how teachers and students perceive school indoor soundscapes, highlighting their distinct acoustic needs and preferences. Conducted at St. Oscar Romero Catholic School in Goring-by-Sea, Worthing, the study involved 87 students (aged 11–14) and 18 staff members (aged 25–66), who completed questionnaires evaluating the school sound environment. Using a circumplex model to map soundscape attributes, the findings reveal that teachers predominantly reported positive perceptions of their soundscapes, with 50% falling into the ”Engaged” quadrant, characterized by high Comfort and Content levels. Conversely, students were primarily concentrated in the ”Detached” quadrant (47.7%), reflecting negative experiences of both dimensions. Statistical analyses, including independent t-tests, confirmed these differences, with significant p-values for Comfort (p = 0.0083) and Content (p = 0.0075). These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions to enhance students’ auditory experiences within educational spaces. Recommendations include implementing acoustic treatments, introducing positive sound elements (e.g., nature sounds or calming music), and allowing students with control over their auditory environments. These findings highlight the need for future research on the long term impacts of tailored soundscapes on wellbeing and academic performance.
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| 9:20 |
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A Systematic Review Of Perceptual Attributes For Indoor Soundscape Assessment In Primary School Classrooms
by S. Syed, S. Torresin, C. Visentin.
Abstract:
This study investigates semantic attributes and evaluation methods used in the literature to assess children’s perception of the sound environment in primary school classrooms. While existing research on indoor soundscapes in educational settings has focused mainly on high schools and universities, there is a significant gap in understanding how younger children (ages 6–10) perceive and interact with classroom acoustic environments. Tools, attributes, and methodologies developed for adults may not be completely relevant or comprehended by children, due to their developing cognitive and linguistic abilities. Consequently, child-centric approaches are required for evaluating the auditory perception of children and designing educational spaces accordingly. To address this gap, a comprehensive review of existing research was conducted to identify key semantic attributes and tools, such as visual scales and pictorial representations. The preliminary insights from this ongoing work highlight the existing methodologies and will inform future research towards standardized frameworks for children.
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| 9:40 |
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Cross-modal effects on assessments of soundscape and IAQ in university classrooms
by M. Pellegatti, C. Visentin, S. Torresin, F. Babich, P. W. Wargocki, N. Prodi.
Abstract:
Ensuring adequate indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in educational settings is essential for safeguarding students’ well-being and optimizing learning. Despite the importance of this issue, limited research has examined the cross-modal effects of acoustics and indoor air quality (IAQ). In this laboratory study, 29 university students were tasked with assessing soundscapes and evaluating IAQ under two CO2 concentrations (800 and 3000 ppm) and four acoustic conditions (quiet, babble noise, mechanical ventilation noise, and birdsongs). Soundscape data were analysed using linear mixed-effects models, while IAQ assessments were analysed with general linear mixed models. All models accounted for the effects of the sounds, CO2 concentrations, and their interactions. The results revealed that soundscape evaluations were influenced solely by the acoustic conditions, with birdsongs being perceived as pleasant, quiet and calm, mechanical ventilation as monotonous, and babble noise as chaotic. In contrast, IAQ evaluations were affected only by the CO2 concentration, with poorer air quality leading to worse perceptions. In conclusion, for the conditions tested in this experiment, each assessment was independently influenced by its respective domain, suggesting an absence of cross-modal effects.
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| 10:00 |
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Adaptive Comfort: Similarities and Differences Between the Acoustic and Thermal Domains
by S. Yuksel Dicle, F. Aletta, J. Kang.
Abstract:
Adaptive responses to thermal conditions have been extensively studied through the adaptive thermal comfort model, reflected in both literature and standards. However, the application of this framework to acoustic comfort evaluations remains underexplored. This study examines the potential for an adaptive acoustic comfort model by drawing comparison with the adaptive thermal comfort model. To address this, structured interviews with 11 experts were conducted, and data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Preliminary findings reveal both similarities and differences between thermal and acoustic adaptation. Regarding the similarities with the thermal model, it was noted that outdoor conditions and adaptation influence indoor acoustic acceptability, and users exhibit adaptive acoustic behaviors to adjust to these conditions. Furthermore, this acceptability is influenced by factors such as ventilation type, control options, expectations, and personal differences. In terms of differences, the relationship between indoor acceptability and outdoor sound level in acoustic comfort is expected to be weaker than the relationship between indoor acceptability and outdoor temperature in thermal comfort in terms of the adaptive mechanism. Additionally, the dynamic nature of acoustic environments, variability in sound perception, and challenges in defining neutral or comfort level have been identified as critical considerations for developing an adaptive acoustic comfort model.
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| 10:20 |
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Thermo-Acoustic Perception In An Open-Plan Office: Influence Of Ventilation, Gender, And Headphones Under Similar Thermal Conditions
by L. P. De Souza, A. P. Melo, R. Lamberts.
Abstract:
This study evaluates differences in acoustic annoyance and thermal sensation in an open-plan office under natural ventilation and artificial air conditioning during summer. The office has 36 workstations, located in Florianópolis, Brazil, in a hot and humid climate. The field study occurred over four days in January 2024 and involved 14 participants (8 male, 6 female). Sound pressure level, air temperature, relative humidity, globe temperature, and air velocity were measured continuously. Participants wore similar clothing, performed similar office activities, and could not use headphones. They answered questionnaires on thermal sensation and acoustic annoyance every 20–30 minutes, specifying the noise source and their preferred headphone use mode if allowed. Results show that NV days led to cooler sensations, while AC days resulted in warmer perceptions. Noise annoyance varied: outdoor noise was more disturbing under NV, whereas HVAC noise, thermal PECS, and unintelligible speech were more prominent under AC. Females reported higher annoyance from colleagues’ PECS, walking, and speech. Overall, 53% preferred using headphones, primarily for masking, while 47% preferred not to use them, especially on AC days. These findings highlight the interaction between thermal and acoustic perception and the need for adaptive strategies to improve workplace comfort.
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A17.05 Indoor soundscapes (2)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: Auditorium |
|
| S. Torresin |
| P. N. D. Yorukoglu |
|
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| 14:20 |
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Characterizing New Modalities Of Shared Offices: A Diary-Interview Methodology To Inform Audio Augmented Reality Approaches
by C. Boukhemia, N. Misdariis, M. Lagrange.
Abstract:
Noise is a persistent issue in indoor environments such as shared offices, where acoustic treatments may not provide sufficient auditory comfort. Sound masking systems, which reduce speech intelligibility by adding background noise, can be effective but typically increase overall sound levels, leading to very mixed results in the literature. This paper first presents an exploratory experiment that examines sound masking to enhance shared indoor soundscapes. The sound mixtures created using two ventilation noises and five water sounds are evaluated for their pleasantness. While variations in pleasantness are related to the type of water sound, the results raise some questions about what is perceived as annoying, what is considered pleasant, and what practical elements should be considered to improve sound comfort. To conduct more in-depth research about contextual elements, a forthcoming diary study is initiated to investigate people’s sound-related experiences, behaviors, and needs in shared offices. The methodology used to design this study is presented, as well as the expected results and perspectives, offering insights into auditory experiences at work and informing the development of audio augmented reality approaches.
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| 14:40 |
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Noise Perception And Cognitive Effort In The New Civic Central Library Of Torino
by A. Astolfi, M. Modica, I. Grozeva, D. Cetani, V. Martinelli, L. Shtrepi, L. Lavagna, A. Griginis, C. Pintore, M. Zampini.
Abstract:
The transformation of libraries into multifunctional hubs for social, cultural, and academic activities has introduced significant challenges in managing their acoustic environments. Noise perception and its impact on cognitive tasks of occupants have become critical areas of investigation. This study examines the noise perception and the cognitive effort in the historical New Civic Central Library of Torino (Italy). A geometrical acoustic simulation was performed using Odeon 18 at two receiver positions in the middle of the library, accounting for various noise sources. The library, with a volume of about 160,000 m³ and a mid-frequency reverberation time of approximately 6 seconds, is protected by cultural heritage authorities. Simulated noise sources included traffic, ventilation, ambient buzz from occupied areas, footsteps, page-turning, pens, and syntactically correct but semantically meaningless sentences. Noise levels at the receiver was between 44.9–45.4 dB(A). Subjective tests were conducted on 12 participants (20–55, normal hearing) to evaluate the impact of noise and reverberation on their noise perception and cognitive effort.
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| 15:00 |
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Prison soundscapes and health effects: Insights from the literature
by J. Chieng, L. Woodland, O. Williams, B. Fenech.
Abstract:
This narrative review, based on academic articles and grey literature published over the last two decades, examines the soundscape characteristics of prisons and their effects on the health and well-being of inmates. While it is wellestablished that noise exposure in residential settings is associated with adverse psychological and physiological effects, evidence on the impact of sound on prison populations is limited. The results are presented through four themes: the sound environment; health impacts; health equity and contextual factors; and the mitigation of noise. Prisons can be noisy environments from activities and routine operations, with sounds occurring unpredictably at any time. Reported health effects attributed (directly or indirectly) to noise include sleep disturbances, self-harm, social withdrawal and negative effects on mental wellbeing. People in prison can encounter health inequalities, exacerbated by non-acoustic factors of individual sound sensitivity and coping capacities, particularly among population subgroups that may be at a higher risk, such as the elderly or those with pre-existing health conditions. Currently, there is a lack of specific standards addressing the sound environment of prisons. Intervention strategies targeting both the physical building and behaviours may contribute to improving the prison soundscape and reducing the adverse impacts of noise on health.
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| 15:20 |
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Soundscape attribute for the assessment of the acoustical environment in apartments
by S. Lee, D. Kim, J. Ryu.
Abstract:
This study investigated the soundscape attributes of apartment acoustic environments consisting of residential noise and combined sounds with intervening natural sounds. The sound sources from neighboring upper unit or outside consisted of child jumping, air conditioner of outdoor unit, plumbing, and natural sounds (birdsong and water sounds). To evaluate the soundscape for each sound scenario, we used attributes in two kinds of soundscape assessment models (ISO/TS 12913-2 and Torresin et al.). Each attribute was translated to Korean through a questionnaire. As a result, the results of two assessments are similar patterns, and different for some attributes. In addition, the two assessment models showed significant differences mainly in child jumping noise. Based on these results, we conducted soundscape attributes experiment to evaluate the acoustic environment of an apartment living space. This study suggested that soundscape attribute for assessment of acoustic environment in apartment is necessary.
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| 15:40 |
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Clustering residential sound based on soundscape attributes
by J. Kim, J. Ryu.
Abstract:
This study performed clustering of residential sounds using soundscape attributes data. Residential sounds in apartments were defined as primarily consisting of noise from neighbors and outdoor sources, as well as natural sounds such as birdsong and water sounds. The evaluation of soundscape attributes for residential acoustic environment was conducted in a laboratory setting with 67 participants, using 8 soundscape attributes specified in torresin et al. indoor soundscape. The soundscape attribute data used for clustering consisted of evaluation results for the eight descriptors, transformed into two soundscape dimensions. Clustering was conducted using the k-means algorithm, and the optimal number of clusters k was determined through the silhouette coefficient and elbow method. The analysis revealed that each cluster exhibited unique soundscape attributes and acoustic characteristics, which were comprehensively evaluated to systematically classify the sound characteristics of residential environments.
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A17.05 Indoor soundscapes (3)
| Thursday 26 June 2025 - 10:40 |
| Room: SC2-1 - VITRUVIUS |
|
| S. Torresin |
| P. N. D. Yorukoglu |
|
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| 10:40 |
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Effects of adding a natural and a mechanical sound to a polyclinic soundscape on spatial knowledge performance
by D. Dalir.
Abstract:
This study explores the difference between the addition of natural and mechanical sounds with different signal-to-noise ratios on spatial knowledge task performance, perceived loudness, and overall soundscape quality in a virtual polyclinic. Previous research indicates that hospital sound environments, despite generally evoking negative emotions, may positively influence spatial tasks based on sound source characteristics and locations. A binaural recording of the sound environment of a polyclinic was analyzed regarding its sound sources and temporal characteristics and was augmented with one natural sound (birdsong) and one mechanical sound (alarm sound) at different loudness levels. Thirty-five participants were randomly assigned to five different groups: a control group (no change in the sound environment), a normalized loudness group with the addition of a natural sound; a normalized loudness group with the addition of a mechanical sound; increased loudness of the natural sound (3dB louder than the background); increased loudness of the mechanical sound (3dB louder than the background). The results suggested that the addition of both natural and mechanical sounds at different levels enhanced the perception towards the sound environment while decreasing the perceived loudness. There was also a trend towards better spatial performance in groups with an augmented sound environment.
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| 11:00 |
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Radiation and Spatial Characteristics of Masking Speaker Reproduced Sound in Residential Spaces and Its Impact on Masking Performance
by D. Kim, S. Kim, Y. Kim, C. Yun, C. Eom, J. Ryu.
Abstract:
With growing interest in well-being, Acoustic PECS (Personalized Environmental Control System) has been introduced to enhance the indoor acoustic environment. For an active Acoustic PECS, the use of masking speakers is significant, and it is necessary to carefully examine the characteristics of the reproduced sound of the masking speaker according to spatial positions. Accordingly, field measurements were conducted in residential spaces (bedroom and living room) to assess the sound spectral characteristics of the masking speaker at different spatial positions. In the bedroom, the sound pressure level varied by up to 17.9 dB at 125 Hz band and 10.1 dB at 2000 Hz band depending on the location. Furthermore, listening tests were conducted to investigate the masking effects of residential noise based on acoustic differences in the reproduced sound of the masking speaker at different spatial positions. Subjective evaluations were conducted with and without artificial or natural sounds from the sound masking speaker, under conditions where residential noise was played through speakers. A comprehensive analysis was presented regarding the physical characteristics and masking performance of the reproduced sound of the sound masking speaker, depending on spatial positions within residential spaces.
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| 11:20 |
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Auditory Processing-Driven Soundscape Design for Dementia: A Systematic Framework for Environmental Intervention
by A. Talebzadeh, P. Devos, D. Botteldooren.
Abstract:
Auditory neuroscience research has uncovered distinctive patterns of auditory processing deficits across dementia variants, underscoring the urgent need for targeted soundscape interventions in indoor spaces and specifically for dementia care design. This paper develops a systematic framework linking dementia-specific auditory deficits to soundscape design principles. By examining both bottom-up and top-down auditory processing mechanisms, we elucidate how different forms of dementia affect auditory scene analysis. We present a functional block diagram that maps specific auditory deficits to distinct dementia types, including Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, and posterior cortical atrophy. This mapping guides the development of soundscape interventions that address both energetic and semantic masking while promoting temporal and spatial orientation. Our study reveals how strategic indoor soundscape augmentation can compensate for specific auditory processing deficits. Based on our findings, we present evidence-based guidelines for soundscape augmentation in indoor environments, emphasizing personalized approaches and environmental context. This work advances both the theoretical understanding of auditory processing in dementia and practical applications for creating supportive acoustic environments, ultimately enhancing the quality of life for people with dementia.
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| 11:40 |
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The Role of Salient Sounds in everyday indoor Soundscapes
by S. Versümer, J. Steffens, P. Blättermann.
Abstract:
Acoustical salience is the property of certain sounds to capture attention in auditory scenes. In this study, we investigated how the most salient sound in indoor environments contributes to overall soundscapes. We reanalyzed data from a field study in which 105 participants rated the most salient sound and their overall soundscape at home several times per day during their 10-day participation. Assessed attributes of the salient sound included perceived loudness, sound source category (natural, human, technical), frequency, and liking, while overall evaluations measured soundscape pleasantness and eventfulness. Linear mixed-effects models explained 23% of the variance in eventfulness and 42% of pleasantness, underlying the importance of the most salient sound especially for the pleasantness dimension. Results further showed that higher perceived loudness was linked to increased eventfulness and reduced pleasantness, whereas liking emerged as a key predictor of pleasantness. Human and natural sounds— compared to technical sounds—increased the eventfulness, possibly due to the evolutionary higher significance in contrast to modern technical sounds but had little or even no impact on pleasantness. Our findings further support the ecological validity of bottom-up auditory processing over top-down task-driven approaches, highlighting that focusing on attention-grabbing sounds can offer critical insights for managing acoustic environments.
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| 12:00 |
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Soundscape experience mapping: A deep listening approach for eliciting older adults’ perceptions of indoor soundscapes
by T. Deacon, G. Bibbó, A. Singh, M. Plumbley.
Abstract:
Indoor soundscapes impact the well-being of building occupants, yet methods for understanding their perception, particularly among older adults, remain limited. This paper presents a novel methodological framework, we call Soundscape Experience Mapping, designed to capture and analyse older adults’ perceptions of indoor acoustic environments. Our approach utilises the phenomenological practice of deep listening through structured listening exercises and audio data capture, enabling participants to document and reflect on their acoustic experiences across various indoor settings. The study engaged older adults (aged 65-85) across different residential contexts in Belgium, collecting quantitative audio data and qualitative data about their soundscape experiences over a 1-week period. Our methodology offers insight into how older adults perceive, interpret, and respond to indoor soundscapes, highlighting the importance of personal control, temporal patterns, and acoustic comfort in their daily experiences. The findings demonstrate that older adults’ soundscape preferences are deeply connected to their daily routines, social interactions, and emotional well-being. This research contributes to the growing area of AI-assisted soundscape design by providing a structured approach to understanding occupant needs, particularly for an ageing population. The methodology presented offers valuable insights for architects, designers, and researchers working to create more supportive acoustic environments for older adults.
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A17.05 Indoor soundscapes (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| S. Torresin |
| P. N. D. Yorukoglu |
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| |
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Contribution to the measurement and assessment of indoor university soundscapes: a classroom experience
by J. Vida Manzano, R. García Quesada, J. A. Almagro Pastor.
Abstract:
The measurement and assessment of indoor soundscapes is an emerging discipline that grows together with the evaluation of outdoor soundscapes, pushed alike as research adds new knowledge and standardization brings harmonization on methods and analysis techniques. While traditional indoor acoustic assessments have focused on the characteristics of the construction and the quality of the environment in relation to the final use of rooms, little attention has been paid to the perception of the acoustic climate by the people who stay in those spaces, that is, the user’s own opinion in context. Following the development of ISO 12913 standard for urban soundscape assessments, great efforts are presently being made to find the best indoor soundscapes measurement and analysis method to determine the citizens´ perceived affective quality of the stays where they live and work. Taking into account users´ opinion on the construction and design of indoor spaces would contribute to the improvement of their own quality of live. Within educational and research environments, this would also contribute to better teaching and effectiveness in outcomes. In this work we present first results obtained from the exploration of these new techniques and proposals in a university classroom during a quarter.
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A17.06 Soundscape and inclusion, from theory to practice (1)
| Monday 23 June 2025 - 12:00 |
| Room: SC2-1 - VITRUVIUS |
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| A. Talebzadeh |
| B. Schulte-Fortkamp |
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| 12:00 |
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Diversity In Soundscapes Studies: A Monochromatic Case On Nature
by K. Van Den Bosch, K. Chatburn, A. Talebzadeh.
Abstract:
This paper offers a critical examination of Schafer’s legacy by looking at the lack of diversity in one of the most studied aspects in our field: nature, and shows how the overrepresentation of green and blue is symptomatic of a Western normative listening style. Despite work within human soundscape studies that generally acknowledges differing gender-based, age-based and cultural responses to soundscape, dominant Western cultural narratives presuppose the benefits of specific kinds of nature sound and demonstrate a lack of further in-depth critical narrative. These narratives seem to be underpinned by a lack of diversity within human soundscape research, leading to a limited understanding, for example, of the role of socioeconomic and cultural diversity within soundscape reception. We argue for further acknowledgement of the subjective perspectives present within the definition of soundscape that focus on the perception of the listener at a certain place and time and exercise room for both individuality and context. We invite soundscape researchers to adopt a more inclusive approach to their studies and highlight ways in which a broader and more inclusive perspective can further a more representative and equitable understanding of the impact of soundscapes across communities.
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| 12:20 |
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Multispecies Soundscape Character: Conceptualising Soundscape Character For/From Multiple Perspectives
by U. Ruiz Arana, G. Cerwén.
Abstract:
Soundscapes are experienced through multiple perspectives, human and non-human. Accordingly, many research approaches and methods are currently being developed to characterise and improve soundscapes for people and wildlife, and to understand environments through their sonic character or expression. These methods include self-reports such as questionnaires, interviews and soundwalks, alongside more ‘objective’ measures, such as acoustic indicators (e.g., sound pressure levels) and ecoacoustic indices. However, current approaches are not fully integrated and might favour one species (humans) over others (nonhumans). This skew could in part be due to communication limitations in accessing subjective experiences from other species, as well as ontological limitations that prevent us from experiencing the world other than through anthropocentric lenses. Current approaches are also not integrated within landscape architecture and urban design practices as knowledge from research does not align with practitioners’ ways of working. In this paper, we develop a framework that seeks to integrate landscape-led approaches to character assessment, with knowledge, understanding and methods from ecoacoustics and soundscape research. Through the interweaving of various approaches to soundscape research with landscape practice methods, the proposed framework has the capacity not only to translate research into practice, but also to expand soundscape concerns beyond the human.
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| 12:40 |
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Listening To Hospitals: Towards An Assessment Tool Of Audio Data Ethics For ICUs
by A. Giglio, S. Lenzi, S. Spagnol, E. Özcan.
Abstract:
In Intensive Care Units (ICUs), excessive non-human and human sounds cause behavioural and psychological problems in patients and reduce professionals’ job satisfaction and performance. Rather than relying solely on quantitative (psycho/acoustic) metrics, their combination with qualitative data (soundscape descriptors) provides the most reliable method to assess this context, as it considers the perceived environment. Moreover, sound event detection (SED) and classification techniques enhance the reliability of the assessment model. However, they also raise ethical concerns regarding vulnerable patients’ rights. Therefore, the development of audio data ethics is essential for designing research strategies that strike a balance between patients’ rights and research effectiveness. This study aims to define audio data ethics based on expert interviews and outline the basics of a tool to identify and assess risks for mitigation strategies. Results indicate that quantitative and qualitative data present minimal ethical risks, but audio recording for event identification poses significant ones. Managing these risks helps prevent patient re-identification, discrimination, and mistrust in research. The results will be validated in an ICU.
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| 13:00 |
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Characterizing the soundscape of Oncology Hospital Spaces at University Hospital 'Mother Teresa' (UHCT): Assessment of Patients and Staff
by E. Alimadhi, E. Fasllija, A. Cani.
Abstract:
The increasing number of users in oncology units globally, including in Albania, underscores the critical importance of assessing the acoustic environments of such spaces. Despite the significance of acoustic exposure in clinical settings, studies focusing on soundscape evaluations remain scarce, particularly in the Albanian context where no soundscape-based research has been conducted to date. This study extends the Albanian adaptation of perceived affective qualities derived from the SATP project to explore the experiences of two user profiles in oncology hospitals. A total of 97 participants completed surveys, administered both online and on paper, across various spaces in oncology hospitals during daytime hours, including ambulatory chemotherapy rooms, staff rooms, patient rooms, operatory rooms, waiting area, and reception area. Simultaneously, objective sound pressure level metrics and audio recordings were conducted at each location to characterize the acoustic environment. The findings of this study in Albania will offer valuable insights into how users perceive the soundscape of oncology hospitals. These results aim to inform the design of more inclusive and user-centered healthcare environments, addressing the needs and experience of the majority of stakeholders in those critical yet utilitarian environments.
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A17.06 Soundscape and inclusion, from theory to practice (2)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 11:00 |
| Room: SC2-1 - VITRUVIUS |
|
| A. Talebzadeh |
| B. Schulte-Fortkamp |
|
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| 11:00 |
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Rehabilitation exercises using spatial sound
by K. Piątek, D. Mlynarczyk.
Abstract:
This project presents an innovative approach to supporting the spatial orientation development of visually impaired children through auditory stimuli. The project aims to reduce anxiety related to outdoor environments and enhance spatial awareness through immersive audio plays.The training method incorporates exercises designed to teach spatial prepositions, direction assessment, and overall spatial orientation. The designed structure and format of these audio plays allows for both mentor and independent learning. Binaural recordings are used to create realistic soundscapes that faithfully reflect auditory landscapes.The created audio plays and their analyses are shared via YouTube, accompanied by forms for collecting listener responses. The analysis of the collected data provides valuable insights into how users perceive the audio plays and interact with them. Initial research confirms literature findings suggesting rehabilitation through binaural recordings. It also allows for senses correlation analysis.Thanks to its accessibility and carefully designed structure, the audio plays can be a tool for auditory spatial orientation training for everyone. The project is also being expanded to include a sound map and a dedicated application, which will allow users to track their progress in completing exercises. .
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| 11:20 |
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Exploring pedestrian perceptions of safety through Shared Space soundscapes
by F. Pereira, R. Almeida, D. Machado, E. Sousa, W. L. Martens, E. Freitas.
Abstract:
Pedestrians often avoid areas they perceive as unsafe. Negative feelings of safety undermine the goals of urban planning initiatives such as shared spaces, designed to promote pedestrian mobility and social interaction.The soundscape - defined as the acoustic environment as perceived by individuals - has the potential to shape pedestrians’ perceptions of urban settings, while its impact is at the same time influenced by specific pedestrian context and expectations.This study explores the impact of soundscapes on pedestrians’ feelings of safety in dynamically interactive shared spaces, where pedestrians and vehicles coexist.Using interactive virtual reality simulations, participants are immersed in realistic urban shared space scenarios, where they are exposed to different acoustic environment conditions. The simulations integrate acoustically defined natural, human-made and mechanical sounding elements. Participants engage with the simulations from a pedestrian perspective, where they may take the role of a walking pedestrian or while engaging in leisure activities.The study examines the interplay between auditory stimuli and participants’ perceived safety using subjective assessments (rating tasks and descriptors) and objective physiological responses. Insights from these evaluations aim to identify shared space design interventions that enhance pedestrians’ auditory perceptions of safety.
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| 11:40 |
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Diversity Of Responses And Potential Conflicts In Inclusive Urban Sound Design – Preliminary Results From Interviews In Brighton (UK)
by M. Cobianchi, L. Lavia, J. Drever.
Abstract:
To encourage the inclusion of more diverse experiences and perspectives in urban sound design, the Liveable Listenable Cities Collaborative Doctoral Award attempts to use a participatory art-based approach to co-design an urban sound art installation including neurodivergent and auraldivergent collaborators.The first stage of this project involved interviewing citizens from Brighton and nearby areas to understand their experiences of outdoor acoustic environments and the language used in describing its attributes and their own feelings. This will constitute the basis for a forthcoming participatory workshop that will use sound art and community music principles for a playful approach to conflict resolution.Here we report the preliminary results of the analysis of 13 collaborators’ interviews. These show the diversity of experiences across different collaborators as well as across different times for the same collaborator, and the potential conflicts that can thus arise. Our findings emphasize the need to respect different experiences and embrace possible conflicts in policy making. We believe participatory co-design is an important tool to increase the inclusivity in the approach of local authorities and professionals with the aim of granting a greater decisional power to citizens over design choices.
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| 12:00 |
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Sunday Soundscapes: Foreign Domestic Helpers' Acoustic Contributions to Hong Kong's Public Spaces
by R. Yue, P. Lindborg, L. H. Lam, A. L. Lin, Y. C. Kam.
Abstract:
This study investigates the impact of foreign domestic helpers (FDH) on Hong Kong’s urban soundscape, focusing on their weekly Sunday gatherings in public spaces. With over 400,000 FDH working and living in Hong Kong their presence significantly influences the city’s social fabric. While extensive research exists on FDH’ use of public spaces and related policy issues, the ways in which they contribute to urban soundscapes, and what the soundscape means to them, remains understudied. The research extends beyond traditional interpretations of ”voice” as a political metaphor for minority groups. We examine the acoustic environment created by FDH gatherings in pedestrian footbridges and parks. Building on soundscape research, especially sensewalk methods, this study employs comparative analysis of weekday and Sunday soundscapes through on-site interviews and measurement. It explores how FDH create a distinctive acoustic environment and examines how the public perceives them. The findings contribute to understanding inclusive urban soundscape planning while revealing the complex social and cultural dynamics of public spaces. Additionally, the study considers how soundscape diversity potentially enhances Hong Kong’s tourism appeal, offering a new perspective on the intersection of social inclusion, urban planning, and tourism development.
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A17.07 Hospital soundscape
| Thursday 26 June 2025 - 9:20 |
| Room: SC2-1 - VITRUVIUS |
|
| P. J. Lee |
| E. Özcan |
| T. Hampton |
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| 9:20 |
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The role of critical alarms in the ICU acoustic environment: A Pilot Study
by E. Fasllija, E. De Ruiter, D. Gommers, E. Özcan.
Abstract:
While developments in medical device technology improve clinical monitoring by incorporating more sensitive features, they also lead to high ICU noise levels due to the increased number of alarms. This study seeks to understand the effect of critical alarms from various medical devices, such as patient monitors, infusion pumps, and mechanical ventilators, on overall sound pressure levels and existing noise metrics in the Adult ICU of Erasmus Medical Center. The study was conducted for ten days, during which two patients were admitted, and their usual care routines were maintained. A calibrated class II sound level meter was positioned above the patient’s head to continuously record acoustical data in one of the single-patient ICU rooms. Acoustic parameters, including LAF, LCPeak, LAeq, were measured, and alarm logs were retrieved from the alarm management database. Patient monitor alarms were also analyzed by severity, as different alarms have distinct acoustic characteristics. Initial findings indicate that equivalent sound pressure levels exceed recommended thresholds, however, with only a limited contribution of alarms. Future research should focus on a more comprehensive and human-centered acoustic characterization of this critical environment, so that relevant associations between health outcomes and sound environment can be made.
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| 9:40 |
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Impacts of soundscape on healthcare workers' wellbeing
by P. J. Lee, Z. Song.
Abstract:
This study conducted questionnaire surveys in four Chinese hospitals, involving 103 healthcare workers from intensive care units (ICUs) and 122 from non-ICU departments. The online questionnaire comprised four major sections. The first section included questions on disturbance, noise annoyance, and noise sensitivity, while the second section focused on job satisfaction, physical health symptoms, and anxiety. The third section covered coping strategies, childcare responsibilities, and attitudes toward colleagues and patients. Lastly, personal information about the participants was collected. The collected data were analysed using structural equation modeling. The results indicated that noise disturbance and annoyance affected healthcare workers’ well-being, including burnout and anxiety. Additionally, noise sensitivity showed significant effects on noise disturbance and annoyance. Furthermore, noise annoyance showed a significant relationship with coping strategies.
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| 10:00 |
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Nurses’ Interpretation Of ICU Soundscape: An Annotated Sound Level Measurement At Erasmus Medical Center
by E. Özcan, K. Bogers, D. Gommers, S. Spagnol.
Abstract:
Intensive care nurses are regularly exposed to loud sounds, but it is crucial to understand which sounds they consciously perceive during their shifts. This study, conducted in the Adult ICU at Erasmus Medical Center in the Netherlands, used a mixed-method approach to explore nurses’ auditory experiences. Over three weeks, the researchers continuously measured sound levels in patient rooms, nurse stations, and a corridor, focusing on morning shifts. Additionally, a context mapping study was conducted, by which nurses documented sound sources using portable audio recorders, arranged them on a timeline, and provided interpretations in semi-structured interviews. The findings indicate that nurses primarily hear environmental sounds and are particularly sensitive to alarm sounds during transitions. Their interpretation of ICU sounds varies based on their tasks, with both positive and negative appraisals. This suggests that ICU environments can be optimized by organizing sound events to better align with nurses’ clinical needs. Understanding the sounds nurses consciously notice and react to can help improve working conditions and patient care. By refining acoustic environments, hospitals can reduce unnecessary noise while ensuring that critical alarms remain effective, ultimately supporting both staff efficiency and patient well-being in intensive care settings.
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A18.01 Speech - General
| Thursday 26 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: SC1-3 - RAYLEIGH |
|
| L. Moro-Velázquez |
| E. San Segundo |
| N. Cummins |
| P. Aichinger |
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| 9:00 |
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Masker Type And Speaker Voice Cues Determine Masking Of Speech By A Single Talker
by L. Rachman, D. Baskent.
Abstract:
Speech-on-speech perception relies on perceptual and cognitive mechanisms. Differences in voice cues, such as mean fundamental frequency (F0) and vocal-tract length (VTL), and intensity levels (target-to-masker ratio, TMR), help discriminate between target and masker speech and facilitate speech-on-speech perception. Here, using Dutch Child-friendly Coordinate Response Measure (CCRM) sentences with numbers and colors as keywords, we show that masking patterns from a single-talker masker vary depending on the masker type. We used scrambled sentence maskers and intact full sentence maskers, where keywords from the target and masker speech largely overlapped. In addition, the effect of voice cue differences between target and masker speech was assessed for the full sentence condition only, by manipulating F0 and VTL of the masker speech. The scrambled sentence masker showed a weak monotonic masking effect as a function of varying TMR. The full sentence masker showed a non-monotonic masking effect, which was affected by TMR and voice differences. Hence, masking from single-talker speech highly depends on acoustic factors and overlapping keywords. The different patterns of speech perception scores as a function of masker type and TMR has implications on methods commonly used to quantify speech-on-speech perception, such as when determining speech reception thresholds using adaptive procedures.
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| 9:20 |
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Rhythm instruction to enhance ESP students' prosody: An acoustic study
by L. Quesada Vázquez.
Abstract:
This study belongs to a broader project that examines the efficacy of rhythm instruction to enhance Spanish/Catalan engineering undergraduates’ comprehensibility and fluency in English. To this end, a ten-week pronunciation module was designed and embedded within a technical English course. 42 students participated in the experiment: half of them received explicit rhythm instruction (experimental group), and half of them did not (control group). All the subjects were recorded before and after treatment. Ten sentences were analyzed acoustically, and measures of VarcoV and %V were obtained, as these have been considered better measures of rhythm in second language research. Previous studies showed that VarcoV values tended to increase after treatment for the experiential group, adopting a more stress-timed rhythm, whereas the control group showed several inconsistencies. This paper will present the results obtained when measuring %V, and how these complement previous findings. Results revealed that the experimental group tended to decrease their %V values, while the control group appeared to increase them. Besides, the comparison of the effect sizes of each group’s differences in performance showed more and larger signs of improvement for the experimental group. These findings further support that rhythm instruction can be beneficial to enhance ESP students’ prosody.
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| 9:40 |
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Slicer - A Tool for Efficient Stimuli Extraction from Large Speech Corpora
by L. Eckert, S. Wepner, B. Schuppler.
Abstract:
This paper introduces a tool for searching and extracting stimuli from speech corpora, allowing to manipulate both the audio and the annotation file simultaneously. SLICER is designed to complement existing software like Praat by offering additional functionalities, which include: 1) An advanced label search, allowing users to locate specific segments based on annotations. 2) Slices can subsequently be manipulated. 3) These slices can further be filed and exported to create a set of stimuli. When manipulating segments (e.g., phones, words), SLICER offers the possibility to insert noise with configurable signal-tonoise ratios, and apply smooth attack and decay transitions to ensure natural-sounding stimuli. 4) When exporting the set of stimuli, users can (a) choose which annotation levels to include, (b) set audio sample rates and formats, and (c) normalize the audio output for consistency between the stimuli. 5) The integrated file-naming conventions allow for locating the stimulus in the original corpus file. As an example from our own work, we used SLICER to extract disfluent utterances from a corpus of spontaneous conversations, which were manipulated (i.e., by deleting or substituting filler particles), normalized, and subsequently used in a perception experiment.
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| 10:00 |
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The avatars speech intelligibility: comparison between two different speech generation methodologies for facial animation
by F. Cioffi, M. Masullo, A. Pascale, L. Maffei.
Abstract:
Research on speech intelligibility has shown that visual cues, such as facial movements synchronized with acoustic cues, significantly affect listeners efforts during communication tasks. The mismatch in these elements can adversely affect speech intelligibility outcomes in terms of cognitive load and correct comprehension. This task is even more critical in noisy environments where listeners must discern speech against challenging background noise. In even more interactive virtual environments, communication with the avatars becomes increasingly prevalent, requiring a comprehensive understanding of their dynamics to ensure effective interactions between the avatars involved. Utilizing Unreal Engine’s MetaHuman technology, the present study compares two different speech generation methodologies (synthetised text-to-speech vs human voice recording) for testing automatic facial animations generation through a laboratory experiment that investigated how these can affect avatars’ speech intelligibility under adverse acoustic conditions. Thirty-six words from the Diagnostic Rhyme Test (DRT) were recorded by human voice and generated through a text-to-speech software to drive the animations. Participants were presented with 72 animations with an adversarial babble noise with a fixed signal-to-noise ratio of -13 dB. The study showed that animations drove by the human voice, in comparison with the synthetised one, significantly improved the avatars’ speech intelligibility. .
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A18.01 Speech - General (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| L. Moro-Velázquez |
| E. San Segundo |
| N. Cummins |
| P. Aichinger |
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The effect of congruence of virtual image and reverberation-induced speech on speech intelligibility
by N. Hodoshima, K. Hamamoto, M. Mizumachi, K.-I. Sakakibara.
Abstract:
Public address announcements under reverberation are generally unintelligible, and reverberation-induced speech (reverberant version of Lombard speech) may offer a solution. Since the audio-visual information people receive in public spaces is not always consistent, this study investigates the role of audio-visual congruency in the intelligibility of reverberation-induced speech. Two virtual classroom images were created by Unity: Smaller room simulated a space with a reverberation time (RT)=1.5 s, and Larger room simulated a space with RT=12 s. A young adult recorded sentences under quiet condition (Q), congruent reverberation (R1: Larger room and RT=12 s), and incongruent reverberation (R2: Larger room and RT=1.5 s and R3: Smaller room and RT=12 s). Under R1- R3, the reverberant speech was fed back via headphones, and the images were displayed via a head-mounted display (HMD). Twenty young adults carried out word identification tests wearing headphones and HMD under reverberation. The results showed that R1 was significantly more intelligible under RT=12 s than Q and R3. However, no significant difference was found under RT=1.5 s between Q and R2, suggesting that audio, rather than visual information, contributes to the intelligibility of reverberation-induced speech when RT is relatively long.ng.
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A18.02 Forensic phonetics and acoustics
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SM3 - BERANEK |
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| R. Hernández-Molina |
| R. Pérez Vargas |
| M. Ramírez Salado |
| V. M. Rodríguez-Montaño |
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| 14:20 |
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Acoustic And Comparative Analysis In The Process Of Trans-Voice Hormonal Treatment
by J. Alonso Nogales.
Abstract:
This study focuses on the analysis of the changes that the voice undergoes in the process of taking sex change hormones, with the aim of comparing these changes to create a transitional vocal passport. For this purpose, three samples were taken from the informants: before the hormones were taken, during the hormone treatment and once the treatment was finished; within the informants we found changes of sex from female to male and changes from male to female with the intention of making a comparative analysis. This work is necessary because there is almost no evidence or studies of trans voices, which is a problem because they are absolutely indispensable for many fields, such as forensic linguistics and clinical linguistics. These sciences are growing in these last decades, so it is of prime necessity to continue advancing in them and to cover all those lines of research that are unknown and are so important, as is the case of this study for authorship attribution, for psychoacoustics...Keywords: voice, hormones, transgender, linguistics.
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| 14:40 |
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Digital Voices: An Analysis Of Speech Intelligibility Through Mobile Devices
by R. Pérez Vargas, V. M. Rodríguez-Montaño.
Abstract:
The phonetic-acoustic interface is crucial in the forensic domain, yet its study and practical application have been relatively underexplored. Its significance stems from the ability to analyze vocal characteristics within legal contexts, providing valuable insights for tasks such as speaker identification, voice authentication and the assessment of message quality. This interface also studies how voice features are transmitted across various settings, contributing to a deeper understanding of the clarity of communicative exchanges. In this regard, this study seeks to emphasize the critical role of mobile devices in determining speech intelligibility. Specifically, it aims to analyze how different devices, including prominent brands such as iPhone, Xiaomi, Samsung and Motorola, affect the clarity of oral messages. The underlying motivation of this research is to identify which brands enhance speech intelligibility and which hinder it, thereby influencing the effectiveness of communication in mobile phone interactions. To achieve this, ArtemiS SUITE software will be used, a specialized tool for the objective analysis of speech intelligibility. The findings from this analysis will provide valuable insights into the relationship between mobile technology and speech perception, contributing to the development of more effective communication tools.
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| 15:00 |
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Human-Machine Speaker Identification According To TOBI Principles
by F. Bernal Ortiz.
Abstract:
Forensic linguistics has been significantly affected by advances in Generative Artificial Intelligence as there is now a wide range of tools that allow users to create spoken and written texts artificially. Additionally, the accessibility of these models has provoked a rise in crime rates regarding impersonation and several other felonies. This poses a new challenge for the linguistic discipline, as speaker identification must now take into account robotic sources. Therefore, there is a need to detect those voices that are human and those produced by Large Language Models. In this communication, ToBI prosodic principles are studied in order to propose a feature that significantly differentiates the two types of authorship. For this purpose, a series of utterances with different prosodic characteristics have been elaborated; recordings of humans and artificial intelligences have been carried out; these have been annotated in a semi-automatic way to obtain their prosodic structure taking into account the mentioned principles and the similarity of these structures has been verified to obtain a conclusion.Keywords: speaker identification, tobi, forensic linguistics, acoustic linguistics, prosody.
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| 15:20 |
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Perception Of Audio Deepfakes In Spanish And Japanese: Effects Of Language, Speaking Style, And Voice Familiarity
by A. López-Jareño, J. J. Romero, E. San Segundo, X. Wang.
Abstract:
Deepfakes are posing significant challenges to forensic phonetics, undermining citizen security and trust in digital media. Thus, understanding the human ability to distinguish synthetic audio from authentic audio is crucial in addressing this growing threat. Using PsychoPy, we conducted a perceptual experiment in which participants classified real and fake audio samples. The test featured Spanish and Japanese stimuli distributed to Spanish native speakers to examine the impact of language knowledge on performance. [1-2] have explored this variable, whose results we aim to compare with our findings. Additionally, this study evaluates how speaking style (interviews vs. text reading) and familiarity with the speaker’s voice impact performance. The experiment includes 80 voice samples (M=10.15 s), 50% real and 50% fake. For the real interview samples, we selected 10 Spanish stimuli from VoxCeleb-ESP [3] and 10 Japanese stimuli from EACELEB [4]. For the 20 real text-reading samples, 20 Spanish and Japanese were sourced from LibriVox and YouTube audiobooks. Furthermore, these 40 real stimuli (interviews and text reading) were cloned using Eleven Labs to generate their synthetic counterparts.
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| 15:40 |
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Speech Clarity And Topic Relevance: Forensic Analysis In Varying Acoustic Environments
by R. Pérez Vargas.
Abstract:
In forensic linguistics, a field dedicated to the interface between language and law, phonetics stands out as a key discipline. In this regard, the present study seeks to emphasize the significance of the interface between phonetics and acoustics, two areas focused on the properties of voice and acoustic signals, and to expand this field of research, particularly within the context of speech clarity. The methodology involves recording conversations between men and women on various topics to analyze how discourse conditions affect voice properties, such as pitch and fundamental frequency. Additionally, it examines how these characteristics change when the conversation shifts to a confession, particularly in a simulated crime scenario. This research aims to identify how emotional or psychological factors, such as tension or fear, as well as context, may alter the acoustic features of the voice and influence the perception and comprehension of speech, contributing to the identification of vocal cues useful in forensic contexts. This approach proposes a novel perspective on the analysis of testimony and interrogation techniques, emphasizing the relevance of the interface between phonetics and acoustics for the interpretation of verbal behaviors in judicial investigations.
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A18.02 Forensic phonetics and acoustics (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| R. Hernández-Molina |
| R. Pérez Vargas |
| M. Ramírez Salado |
| V. M. Rodríguez-Montaño |
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Perceptual evaluation of synthetic voice detection with dysphonic speakers
by J. J. Romero, A. López-Jareño, E. San Segundo, J. Delgado.
Abstract:
In the present work, we have designed a perceptual experiment comprising 80 stimuli: 40 samples of natural voices and 40 samples of their corresponding deepfakes. As for natural samples: 20 are from dysphonic patients and 20 are from a control group (half English and half Spanish for both groups). In the former group, we have 5 patients classified as mild-moderate and 5 as severe according to the CAPE-V scale for each language. The experiment involves listeners indicating, for each recording, whether it is a synthetic or human voice. Although some perceptual experiments have tested human performance in detecting synthetic voices, studies involving dysphonic voices are far less common. Our hypothesis is that dysphonic voices are more likely to be perceived as human voices than as deepfakes. In the same way that human faces are characterized by imperfections (e.g. wrinkles) and this allows distinguishing real images from visual deepfakes, human voices are often characterized by dysprosodic and dysphonic phenomena. The aim of this paper is therefore to shed light on new possible predictors of listener performance in perceptual experiments involving audio deepfake detection.
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A18.03 Speech production pathologies
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 16:20 |
| Room: SM3 - BERANEK |
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| 16:20 |
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Texture Analysis In Recurrence Plots For Pathological Voice Recognition
by H. Fandiño-Toro, D. Torricelli, J.A. Gómez-García.
Abstract:
In this paper, we explore the integration of recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) features and texture features, both extracted from unthresholded RPs. The results obtained show a balanced performance for the two classifiers considered, and that texture features could be a useful approach as a tool to extract meaningful information from recurrent plots for the task of automated pathological voice recognition.
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| 16:40 |
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Automatic Speech Recognition for a Dysarthric Child Speaking Austrian German
by L. Eckert, B. Schuppler.
Abstract:
This paper compares Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems for dysarthric child speech in Austrian German, focusing on a case of ataxic dysarthria. While dysarthria is well studied in adults, research on children is limited and no speech databases exist for dysarthric child speech in German, posing unique challenges for ASR development. In collaboration with the child, the family and the child’s speech therapist, we decided how to record and annotate speech material of different styles, including read stories, digits, calculations and spontaneous dialogues. Using this material, experiments were conducted with different state-of-the-art ASR models, such as Whisper and Wav2Vec, applying finetuning and speech augmentation to address the limited dataset. Additionally, a recording tool was developed so the child can record new material in a familiar environment. Given that the ASR system shall be integrated into a real-time assistive technology, the next step will involve evaluating the ASR systems in real-life scenarios with the child to determine the most suitable option for daily use. This work demonstrates how data augmentation, tailored system adjustments, and collaborative approaches can address resource-constrained scenarios. The findings contribute to developing more inclusive ASR technologies for children with speech impairments.
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A18.03 Speech production pathologies (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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Discriminating Parkinson’s Disease from Normophonic Voices Using a SincNet model
by J.A. Gómez-García, H. Fandiño-Toro, D. Torricelli.
Abstract:
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that often manifests vocal symptoms, making voice and speech analysis a valuable tool for noninvasive monitoring and diagnosis. This paper investigates the use of a deep learning model, comprising a SincNet front-end coupled with an EfficientNetV2-L backbone, to discriminate between pathological voices of individuals with PD and normophonic voices in Spanish-speaking individuals in the Neurovoz database. Using an 11-fold stratified group cross-validation methodology, our model achieved a mean accuracy of 76. 08% to discriminate between PD patients and healthy controls (HC). The results demonstrate the capabilities of the Sinc network for the characterization of voice pathologies using custom filterbanks.
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Explainable Feature Selection for Dementia Recognition from Acoustic and Linguistic Cues
by A. Gallardo-Antolín, I. Oiza-Zapata, J. Ferreiros-López, F. Fernández-Martínez, R. San-Segundo.
Abstract:
Dementia represents a substantial health challenge, with early detection being critical to enable timely interventions and mitigate its progression. Speech analysis, integrated with Machine Learning (ML) techniques, has gained prominence as a promising approach for the automatic detection of dementia, as vocal and linguistic biomarkers serve as valuable indicators of cognitive impairment that can be effectively exploited by ML algorithms. Explainability is a critical requisite for the practical application of ML-based systems in clinical settings. In this study, we address this challenge by feeding the system with a reduced set of acoustic and linguistic features easily understood by humans. These features are determined utilizing SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) values, an Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) method. This way, SHAP helps to identify the most impactful features on the predictions, which allows not only to explain the model decisions, but also to select the characteristics according to their global relevance, thus optimizing the model and enhancing its explainability. The proposed framework is firstly applied independently to the acoustic and text (transcriptions) modalities and secondly, to the multimodal system. Experiments on the ADReSS dataset demonstrate its feasi bility and highlight the potential of explainable feature selection to bridge ML techniques with clinically meaningful insights.
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A18.04 Speech perception pathologies
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 10:00 |
| Room: SM2 - MORSE |
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| I. López-Espejo |
| G. Encina Llamas |
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| 10:00 |
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Comparison Of DNN-Based And Traditional Hearing-Aid Algorithms For Sensorineural Hearing-Loss
by M. Wouters, C. Wen, A. Fráter, S. Verhulst.
Abstract:
Traditional hearing aid (HA) algorithms, based on computational and non-differentiable auditory models, are unable to compensate for cochlear synaptopathy (CS). In order to provide hearing solutions for sensorineural hearingloss (SNHL), deep-neural-network- (DNN) based HAs have recently been developed. We trained several DNNbased HA models using an optimized version of our differentiable DNN-based auditory model dCoNNear to compensate for outer-hair-cell (OHC) loss and/or CS. The HA models were trained using backpropagation to minimize the difference in hearing-impaired and normal-hearing auditory nerve (AN) responses. On the basis of transfer functions, simulated auditory model responses to standard auditory stimuli and speech, and the normalizedroot-mean-square-error (NRMSE) of the AN population response, we compare our own DNN-based HAs to the NAL-NL2 reference HA to offer an objective assessment of DNN-based HA processing as a compensation strategy for SNHL. We will objectively assess the effect of the HA processing on the sound quality and speech intelligibility in future clinical experiments.
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| 10:20 |
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Modelling of distortions created by temporal interactions between pulses in CI users
by F. Guérit, C. Garcia, R. P. Carlyon.
Abstract:
With Cochlear Implants (CIs), interleaving two pulse trains modulated respectively at 80 and 120 Hz produces a neural distortion response (NDR) at 40 Hz in the cortical EEG response. Understanding how this NDR is generated may help diagnose the auditory nerve (AN) physiological status of CI users. We investigated two phenomenological models of the AN, one that included refractoriness and spike-rate adaptation (“Brochier2022”), and one that additionally included facilitation and accommodation (“Joshi2017”). The two pulse trains were separated by an inter-pulse interval (IPI) ranging from 0 to 1000 µs. We quantified the summed neural activity at 40 Hz. Both models created an NDR. At IPIs below 400 µs and in the Joshi2017 model, this was driven by facilitation between pulses, while at IPIs above 400 µs (and all IPIs for the Brochier2022 model), refractoriness was the main generation mechanism. Neither model predicted the reduction in NDR at longer IPIs seen in humans, but a modified version (with a faster release from refractoriness) of the Brochier2022 model could. The phase of the NDR was better predicted by refractoriness generation than facilitation. This suggests NDRs may already be present at the level of the AN and reflect fundamental temporal-interaction mechanisms.
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| 10:40 |
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Perceptual evaluation of deep learning-based speech enhancement for hearing aids
by M. Baig, E. Gusó, J. Luberadzka, U. Sayin.
Abstract:
Hearing aids (HA) are widely used to compensate for hearing loss, although users often have difficulty understanding speech in complex environments, regardless of the several available signal processing algorithms. Recent advances in deep neural networks (DNNs) for speech processing suggest that these approaches could become a promising alternative to traditional HA technologies. In this study, we compare the performance of conventional speech enhancement algorithms used in commercially available HAs with that of DNN-based techniques. We generate speech in noise situations in an Ambisonics setup and record them with a dummy head. The signals are either enhanced using the HA default settings or using a DNN as a post-filter and presented to hearing-impaired and normal hearing individuals. We evaluate both causal and non-causal DNN variants, training the models to either fully remove or partially preserve reverberation using anechoic and pseudo-anechoic targets, which we refer to as strong and mild speech enhancement, respectively. We observe a significant preference for the mild models which are less prone to contain sound artifacts and distortion. Our results conclude that a mild speech enhancement DNN has the potential to improve HA performance in noisy environments.
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A18.04 Speech perception pathologies (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| I. López-Espejo |
| G. Encina Llamas |
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Audio-Visual Feature Synchronization for Robust Speech Enhancement in Hearing Aids
by N. Saleem, M. Gogate, K. Dashtipour, A. Hussain, U. Anwar, A. Adetomi, A. Tughrul, A. Hussain.
Abstract:
Audio-visual feature synchronization for real-time speech enhancement in hearing aids represents a progressive approach to improving speech intelligibility and user experience, particularly in strong noisy backgrounds. This approach integrates auditory signals with visual cues, utilizing the complementary description of these modalities to improve speech intelligibility. Audio-visual feature synchronization for real-time SE in hearing aids can be further optimized using an efficient feature alignment module. In this study, a lightweight cross-attentional model learns robust audio-visual representations by exploiting large-scale data and simple architecture. By incorporating the lightweight cross-attentional model in an AVSE framework, the neural system dynamically emphasizes critical features across audio and visual modalities, enabling defined synchronization and improved speech intelligibility. The proposed AVSE model not only ensures high performance in noise suppression and feature alignment but also achieves real-time processing with minimal latency (36ms) and energy consumption. Evaluations on the AVSEC3 dataset show the efficiency of the model, achieving significant gains over baselines in perceptual quality (PESQ:↑0.52), intelligibility (STOI:↑19%), and fidelity (SI-SDR:↑10.10dB).
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Assessing Speech Processing HA/CI Advancements for Naturalistic Field Testing: Advancements with the CCi-MOBILE Research Platform
by J. H.L. Hansen, J. N. Saba, H. A.F. Younis, T. Lawson, S. O. Okei, H.-T. Chiang.
Abstract:
Advancements for hearing assistive technologies for hearing aids (HA) and cochlear implants (CI) have advanced significantly in the past two decades, with new emerging machine learning (ML) approaches used in speech technology applications (e.g., speech enhancement, recognition, diarization, etc.). However, advanced computing resources and real-time operation needs can limit realizing viable solutions in real-world settings for CI/HA based processors. In this study, we present a high level overview of the design, development, clinical evaluation, and applications of CCi-MOBILE, a powerful signal processing platform built for researchers in the CI/HA hearing impaired field. Advanced research platforms are necessary to advance CI/HA solutions in real-world field evaluations. We consider a range of past and current speech enhancement methods proposed for front-end noise and reverberation suppression, and address trade-offs for real-world naturalistic field testing for CI/HA scenarios. Here, a recently formulated deep complex convolution transformer with frequency transformation is evaluated with CI subjects using CCi-MOBILE. A proposed framework for extended day-long field testing with CCi-MOBILE research platform is also presented. This effort aims to create new research opportunities for scientists and researchers to investigate viable real-world human subject testing of emerging speech enhancement solutions that leverage ML concepts in complex acoustic scenarios.
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A18.05 Speech technologies: diarization, emotion, enhancement
| Thursday 26 June 2025 - 10:20 |
| Room: SC1-3 - RAYLEIGH |
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| L. Moro-Velázquez |
| T. Thebaud |
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| 10:20 |
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Localize, Filter, Segment: Towards Multi-Microphone Speaker Segmentation
by T. Mariotte.
Abstract:
Speaker Diarization addresses the question Who spoke and when? —a crucial task in conversational AI. We propose Localize, Filter, Segment (LoFi-Seg), a novel framework for speaker segmentation in multi-microphone setups. LoFi-Seg consists of three modules: a direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimator, a spatial filter bank (beamforming), and a Voice Activity Detection (VAD) model. The framework processes multichannel audio by steering beamformers—one per speaker—toward predicted directions from the DOA module. The output of each beamformer is then passed through the VAD model to determine speaker activity. Combining explicit DoA estimation and VAD improves the model transparency, thus preserving physical interpretability during multichannel filtering. We validate LoFi-Seg through experiments on simulated multi-speaker, multi- microphone conversations, where speaker positions and acoustic conditions are controlled. The system is evaluated on speaker segmentation performance, with additional assessments of speaker localization performance drift across setups. This approach demonstrates how LoFi-Seg combines robust speaker segmentation with interpretable processing, making it a valuable tool for advancing speaker diarization in complex audio environments.
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A18.05 Speech technologies: diarization, emotion, enhancement (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| L. Moro-Velázquez |
| T. Thebaud |
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Temporal Segmentation Strategy to Improve Speech-Based Anger Detection using YAMNet
by F. Zhu-Zhou, R. Gil-Pita, D. Tejera Berengué, G. Corral García, M. Zurera-Rosa, M. Utrilla-Manso.
Abstract:
Anger detection in speech is a critical task in affective computing, especially in real-world environments where acoustic conditions are often suboptimal. This paper presents a robust anger detection system based on transfer learning using YAMNet, a convolutional neural network pre-trained on large audio datasets. Two key parameters are analyzed: the number of layers retained from the pre-trained model and the number of temporal segments per utterance introduced to capture temporally distributed emotional cues. The system is evaluated on the emoDB dataset under a leave-one-speaker-out cross-validation scheme. Audio samples are augmented with noise and reverberation to simulate realistic acoustic conditions. The results show that increasing the number of temporal segments per utterance leads to significant performance improvements, with configurations using four or more segments achieving up to 60% relative reduction in the probability of false positives and significantly higher F1 scores. Moderate network depths provide a good trade-off between complexity and accuracy. These results highlight the effectiveness of segment-wise processing and architectural optimization in improving speech-based emotion recognition. The proposed system demonstrates high robustness and generalizability, making it suitable for use in practical human-machine interaction scenarios.
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Towards Interpretable Emotion Recognition: Identifying Key Features with Machine Learning
by Y. Kaloga, I. Kodrasi.
Abstract:
Unsupervised methods, such as wav2vec2 and HuBERT, have achieved state-of-the-art performance in audio tasks, leading to a shift away from research on interpretable features. However, the lack of interpretability in these methods limits their applicability in critical domains like medicine, where understanding feature relevance is crucial. To better understand the features of unsupervised models, it remains critical to identify the interpretable features relevant to a given task. In this work, we focus on emotion recognition and use machine learning algorithms to identify and generalize the most important interpretable features for this task. While previous studies have explored feature relevance in emotion recognition, they are often constrained by narrow contexts and present inconsistent findings. Our approach aims to overcome these limitations, providing a broader and more robust framework for identifying the most important interpretable features.
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Developing a novel multimodal speech enhancement intelligibility evaluation metric: Addressing the limitation of traditional objective measures
by A. Hussain, M. Gogate, K. Dashtipour, N. Saleem, A. Goman, A. Tughrul, A. Sheikh, A. Hussain.
Abstract:
The evaluation of speech intelligibility is crucial for optimising speech-based systems. Existing objective metrics primarily focus on acoustic analysis, often neglecting the audiovisual (AV) nature of speech. To address this limitation, this study proposes AVIntell, a deep learning-based model that integrates subjective intelligibility AV data for intelligibility prediction. In addition, we introduce NAPEAV, a novel dataset specifically designed for the assessment of AV intelligibility. The model uses the complementary strengths of convolutional neural network (CNN) and long short term memory (LSTM) to predict speech intelligibility by comparing processed audio with reference speech. Experimental results demonstrate a strong correlation with human perceptual scores, surpassing the stateof-the-art speech intelligibility metrics including STOI and MOSA Net+ across all evaluation metrics. These findings confirm the advantages of integrating AV intelligibility data collected for a more accurate and robust assessment of speech intelligibility.
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A19.01 Numerical, computational and theoretical acoustics - General
| Thursday 26 June 2025 - 10:40 |
| Room: SM6 - HELMHOLTZ |
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| M. Hornikx |
| J.-D. Chazot |
| M. Maeder |
| E.A. Sea |
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| 10:40 |
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Optimizing Volume Penalization for Acoustic FDTD Simulations: Modeling Errors and Parameter Selection
by Y. Schubert, M. Lemke.
Abstract:
Recently, a volume penalization approach has been introduced that enables acoustic finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations for complex geometries and supports the modeling of boundary impedances. In this method, objects are modeled as porous materials by introducing a reduced volume (porosity) and additional friction terms (flow resistance, permability) into the governing equations. This contribution presents the approach in detail and investigates the numerical modeling error inherent in this methodology. The analysis focuses on rigid walls and sound reflection at these boundaries, exploring modeling with porosity, permeability, and their combination. The goal is to achieve a realistic approximation of the physical behavior by optimizing the choice of modeling parameters. This provides a deeper insight into the physics and functionality of the volume penalization approach and paves the way for further optimization possibilities.
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| 11:00 |
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Generation of sound waves by nonlinearly evolving two-dimensional coherent structures on a turbulent subsonic mixing layer
by Z. Zhang, W. Ji, X. Wu.
Abstract:
Coherent structures (CS) are present on a subsonic turbulent mixing layer or a wing wake and are known to constitute an important source of aircraft noise. With these structures being treated as wavepackets of instability modes supported by the mean flow, two acoustic radiation mechanisms have been identified. The first, referred to as generalised Mach-wave radiation (GMWR), is associated with the fact that a CS undergoing amplification and attenuation consists of supersonic components in its spectral tail, which radiate to the far field as sound waves. On the other hand, the nonlinear interaction of the CS generates a temporally and spatially modulated mean-flow distortion, which emits low-frequency sound waves. This second mechanism is referred to as envelope radiation (ER). We investigate, in a common mathematical setting, these two radiation processes for nonlinearly evolving CS of planar modes, which are described by strongly nonlinear critical-layer theory. The emitted noise for each mechanism is predicted on the basis of first principles. Nonlinear effects are found to induce jittering, which enhances the GMWR significantly but suppresses ER slightly. The two mechanisms are both viable for CS of moderate amplitude, with GMWR and ER being dominant in the near downstream and sideline regions respectively. .
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| 11:20 |
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Data-driven discovery of nonlinear wave equations in weak formulation
by A. Furmanová, V. Hruška, T. Filipska.
Abstract:
This paper deals with one of the subfields of physicsinformed machine learning: data-driven discovery of partial differential equations. This work focuses on finiteamplitude sound propagation, i.e., nonlinear wave equations of the second-order approximation. Based on the principle of parsimony, we employ the sparsity promoting regression techniques to discover the governing equations. The training dataset was obtained by numerically solving the compressible Navier-Stokes equations. The investigated case involves the propagation of pressure pulses as travelling waves, leading to the discovery of the Westervelt equation. An algorithm trying to discover strong formulation of a partial differential equation suffers from low accuracy, due to the physical phenomena we are dealing with, i.e. local steep gradients. Improved accuracy was achieved when the problem is converted from strong formulation to a weak one. This benchmark study opens up opportunities for further discoveries in finite-amplitude sound propagation or findings linearizing transformations.
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| 11:40 |
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Uncertainties and Efficiency of Bayesian Decay Analysis
by N. Xiang, Z. Sü Gül.
Abstract:
Bayesian methods have been widely applied in vibroacoustics, architectural acoustics and signal processing in acoustics. Bayesian framework is capable of not only parameter estimation, optimization (lower level of inference), but also model selection (higher level of inference). These two levels of inference have already substantiated their wide range of applicability in acoustics. Furthermore, Bayesian probabilistic analysis is naturally useful for quantification of uncertainties. This work focuses on analyzing sound energy decays often encountered in experimentally measured data. Several advanced methods, such as nonlinear regressions, Bayesian methods, and artificial neural networks have been developed to cope with energy decay analysis being challenging in vibro-acoustics and air-borne sound in enclosures. Using these methods, a wide range of data resolutions can meet the need of energy decay analysis. Yet for high efficiency, lower resolutions may be preferable, still adequately representing energy decay processes. This paper discusses conditions of representing energy decay processes by desirable, sufficiently less data points for higher efficiency of data analysis. At the same time, increased efficiency inevitably brings uncertainties. Using Bayesian decay analysis in foreground, the analysis uncertainties are investigated against those of experimental measurements. This paper quantifies uncertainties for leveraging adequate accuracies and the analysis efficiency.
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| 12:00 |
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Acoustic Field Reconstruction in Tubes via Physics-Informed Neural Networks
by X. Luan, K. Yokota, G. Scavone.
Abstract:
This study investigates the application of PhysicsInformed Neural Networks (PINNs) to inverse problems in acoustic tube analysis, focusing on reconstructing acoustic fields from noisy and limited observation data. Specifically, we address scenarios where the radiation model is unknown, and pressure data is only available at the tube’s radiation end. A PINNs framework is proposed to reconstruct the acoustic field, along with the PINN Fine-Tuning Method (PINN-FTM) and a traditional optimization method (TOM) for predicting radiation model coefficients. The results demonstrate that PINNs can effectively reconstruct the tube’s acoustic field under noisy conditions, even with unknown radiation parameters. PINN-FTM outperforms TOM by delivering balanced and reliable predictions and exhibiting robust noise-tolerance capabilities.
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A19.01 Numerical, computational and theoretical acoustics - General (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| M. Hornikx |
| J.-D. Chazot |
| M. Maeder |
| E.A. Sea |
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Machine learning for modelling band structure properties
by A. Furmanová, V. Hruška, A. Bajicová.
Abstract:
Although there are various analytical approaches and numerical methods for solving sonic crystal problems, analytical expressions for modelling the band structure properties are limited to a few special cases. The access to a numerical model offers a solid foundation for data-driven discovery. In our approach, we employed the Webster equation for the unit cell and Floquet-Bloch theory for periodic structures, with the waveguide parametrized by cubic splines. To extract analytical formulae linking the waveguide geometry to the corresponding dispersion relation, we applied methods of physics-informed machine learning, such as coordinate transformation and symbolic regression. These results provide a deeper understanding of the underlying principles and serve as an efficient alternative to computationally demanding numerical optimization. Moving toward a Schrodinger-like equation and ¨ parametrization by Gaussian curvature allows for a more multiphysical approach, yet it also presents challenges related to the feasibility limits of the geometry.
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A19.02 Numerical methods for acoustics and vibration (1)
| Monday 23 June 2025 - 12:00 |
| Room: SM4 - ZWICKER |
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| D. Panagiotopoulos |
| D. Mayhofer |
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| 12:00 |
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Identification of acoustic characteristic of tweeter loudspeakers for car cabin sound quality simulations
by E. Garofalo, G. Costa, G. Isacchi, S. Talucci, M. Olivieri, M. Ebri, F. Ripamonti.
Abstract:
Numerical simulations play a crucial role in the design of acoustic environments and, in this context, modeling sound sources is essential for virtualizing the radiated sound field. This paper presents a modeling approach to simulate loudspeakers as sound sources for ray tracing (RT) simulations. The methodology is designed to model various types of loudspeakers, with a particular focus on the medium to high-frequency range. A dome array and a ribbon-type tweeter are analyzed as test cases. A detailed procedure for the complete simulation of these devices is developed. It begins with an experimental campaign to characterize the sound power and directivity of the loudspeakers. Numerical models are then created in COMSOL Multiphysics and validated against experimental data collected from the loudspeakers mounted on a dedicated test rig. Finally, the two devices are compared for a potential application in the automotive industry, demonstrating how this methodology can be effectively applied to the acoustic modeling of vehicle interiors.
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| 12:20 |
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Development and comparative analysis of novel Component Mode Synthesis Methods for structural and acoustic applications
by S. El Kadmiri Pedraza, S. Algermissen, H. P. Monner.
Abstract:
This paper introduces two novel Component Mode Synthesis (CMS) techniques. It begins with an overview of existing CMS approaches. A dual assembly method using fixed-interface modes is formulated based on the Craig-Bampton approach and a further condensation of the interface degrees-of-freedom (DOF) as in MacNeal’s Method is carried out. Then, a dual assembly method employing free-interface modes is derived by integrating the principles of the Dual Craig-Bampton Method with simplifications from MacNeal’s Method. Finally, the proposed methods are evaluated against established techniques through two examples spanning structural and acoustic models. This comparison is conducted in both the modal and frequency domains, providing a detailed analysis of their performance and computational efficiency.
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| 12:40 |
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Reduced-order transient simulations of the convected wave equation with perfectly matched layers
by Y. Cai, G. Gabard, S. Van Ophem, W. Desmet, E. Deckers.
Abstract:
Perfectly matched layers (PMLs) have been widely employed to create non-reflecting boundary conditions for various wave-propagation problems. Stability and efficiency are crucial for transient simulations of such systems. For wave propagation with flow, classical PMLs can suffer from stability issues. Although recent improvements address these concerns, we found they are inaccurate at low frequencies. In addition, PMLs require a sufficient number of layers to reduce numerical errors and result in additional variables in the time domain, leading to a high computational cost for transient simulations. This paper presents a novel reduced-order approach to enable fast, stable, and accurate transient simulations of the convected wave equation with PMLs. Firstly, the convected Helmholtz equation is transformed into a modified Helmholtz equation using the Lorentz transformation. The employment of PMLs in the Lorentz space guarantees stability and accuracy. Secondly, auxiliary variables are designed to build the time-domain model, where the stable model order reduction can be applied to accelerate the transient simulations. The proposed method is successfully verified by numerical experiments.
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| 13:00 |
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Application of Craig-Bampton reduction in vibro-acoustic coupling
by S. El Kadmiri Pedraza, S. Algermissen, H. P. Monner.
Abstract:
Vibro-acoustic coupling between structural and acoustic domains via the Finite Element Method can be tackled using different reduction techniques. This study compares three coupling approaches within the displacement-pressure formulation: standard modal coupling, modal coupling with static corrections, and Craig-Bampton vibro-acoustic coupling. A symmetrization procedure is introduced for all methods, facilitating the computation of coupled vibro-acoustic modes. Through a representative example, the methods are evaluated in terms of performance and computational efficiency, benchmarked against the physical, non-reduced coupling approach.
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A19.02 Numerical methods for acoustics and vibration (2)
| Monday 23 June 2025 - 16:00 |
| Room: SM4 - ZWICKER |
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| D. Panagiotopoulos |
| D. Mayhofer |
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| 16:00 |
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Applicability of the Discontinuous Galerkin method for outdoor noise propagation simulations
by F. Kraxberger, J. Heinz, A. Wurzinger, M. Kaltenbacher, S. Schoder, C. Adams.
Abstract:
Simulation of outdoor noise propagation is often performed using geometry-based methods. However, these methods typically lack the ability to accurately capture wave phenomena, such as diffraction, leading to limitations in the low-frequency range. This study investigates the application of the Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method, a wave-based computational approach, for simulating acoustic wave propagation in the time domain within a large outdoor environment. The used implementation of the DG method supports high-order basis functions in space and uses a matrix-free approach for high computational efficiency suitable for computations on high-performance clusters. Preliminary results from DG simulations conducted in a geometrically complex outdoor setting are presented, demonstrating the potential of this method for accurate noise propagation analysis at low frequencies.
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| 16:20 |
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Isogeometric FEM/BEM approach for a coupled acoustic fluid-structural interaction systems
by A. M. Shaaban, S. Marburg.
Abstract:
In the present work, an isogeometric approach is proposed to address the acoustic-structural coupled system, which is essential for noise control analysis of thin and light weight shell structures instead of dealing with sound hard structures. The acoustic model is based on the time-harmonic Helmholtz equation for wave propagation problems and analyzed by isogeometric boundary element analysis, while the structural model is analysed by an isogeometric Reissner-Mindlin shell formulation following the finite element basis. A direct approach is performed to couple both the boundary element and finite element models, thus benefitting from using the same isogeometric mesh. The isogeometric analysis is proposed for both models as it has the ability to model real geometries by adopting moderate degrees of freedom. This will enable us to further analyse large-scale problems or irregular complex geometries such as vibroacoustic metamaterials.
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| 16:40 |
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On the usage of acoustic radiation modes for Krylov subspace reduction of acoustic finite element models in the time domain
by S. Van Ophem.
Abstract:
Recent works have shown that Krylov subspace reduction of vibro-acoustic finite element models can lead to accurate reduced order models that are only a fraction of the size of the full system. However, one of the disadvantages of this reduction method is that the resulting reduced order model size is dependent on the number of uncorrelated inputs. This can be an issue for vibro-acoustic models in which the structural vibration is not explicitly modelled. For example, this could occur when the structural vibration is measured, such as with high-speed cameras. In this case we might not know the structural properties, but we can measure full-field vibration patterns and apply them as acoustic boundary conditions. Thus, effectively implementing the boundary condition as a high number of uncorrelated inputs. It is known that at low frequencies a few acoustic radiation modes are responsible for most of the far-field sound radiation. Therefore, in this work we are investigating the creation of reduced order models through a decomposition of the input into radiation modes. It is shown how the input can be approximated by a few radiation modes and how to use these modes to create a reduced order model.
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| 17:00 |
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Reconstruction Of Radiated Acoustic Fields Using 3D Laser Vibrometry And FEM Simulation: A Comparative Study Of Interpolation Approaches
by P. Nieradka, M. Veloso, J. Jóska, B. Chmielewski, M. Kozupa, G. Kmita.
Abstract:
This study presents a methodology for reconstructing the radiated acoustic field of a box-like structure using laser vibrometry (LV) scanning and finite element method (FEM) simulation. The complex vibration velocities in all three directions were measured on the surface of a 3D noise source. These velocities were then converted into normal velocity boundary conditions for FEM simulations to predict the radiated noise. Due to the absence of predefined CAD geometry for the analyzed object, data from discrete points were interpolated to form a complete 3D radiating surface. Different approaches were tested to address these challenges. The study compares sound power levels, directivity plots, and the effort required for post-processing data for each approach. Future research will involve comparing the predicted sound power levels and directivity plots with results obtained from other methods.
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| 17:20 |
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Investigation of the influence of slip-operators on ultrasound pulse-based sound generation principles
by D. Mayrhofer, T. Wilczacki, M. Kaltenbacher.
Abstract:
Ultrasound pulse-based sound generation principles like Advanced Digital Sound Reconstruction (ADSR) require fast-moving actuators operating in the micro-scale. In this contribution, we investigate the influence of solutiondependent slip-operators on the sound generation process of a unit cell for ADSR. The unit cell consists of a sound generation unit (loudspeaker) encased by two shutter gates, responsible for redirecting sound. For the numerical investigation, we solve the linearized compressible flow equations on moving domains coupled to structural mechanics and acoustics within a finite element context. Depending on geometric parameters, the sensitivity with respect to such effects as well as the performance can vary significantly. Here, we consider an extension of the linearized compressible flow equations up to a Knudsen number of 0.1. Besides the non-linear effect caused by slip-boundary conditions, the influence of finite mounting stiffness is investigated. Using a parameter study, we characterize the impact on the achievable sound pressure as well as the introduced asymmetry of the sound generation process.
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| 17:40 |
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Investigation of Memory Efficient Convolutional Truncation Methods for the 2D Time Domain Boundary Element Method
by D. Kılıçarslan, D. Panagiotopoulos, E. Deckers.
Abstract:
Transient numerical simulations are typically used to auralize sound sources and in particular for problems including moving sources. The time domain boundary element method (TD-BEM) is a particularly attractive alternative as it is especially suitable for exterior/unbounded domains. Nevertheless, as TD-BEM uses the fundamental solution together with a convolution integral to obtain the solution; a new system matrix is assembled for each time step and used together with all previously assembled system matrices to calculate the response for the current time step. Thus, the memory required to store the system matrices grows with time, possibly resulting in an excessive requirement. To alleviate this issue, several techniques resort to either efficient truncations of the convolution calculation at later time instances or interpolation strategies of the fundamental solution in time. In this work, the truncation method for 2D TD-BEM is extended using higher order Taylor series expansion, focusing on a better tradeoff between memory reduction and numerical error. In particular, the effect of changing the expansion order and the representative distance on the error is examined for interior and exterior examples. Results lead to the conclusion that larger storage reduction is obtained by including higher order terms while the error remains acceptable.
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| 18:00 |
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| 18:20 |
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An Absorbing Boundary Condition Formulation For Fast Frequency Sweep Of Unbounded Acoustic Finite Element Problems
by P. Mariotti, H. Mao, S. Schopper, R. Rumpler.
Abstract:
In exterior acoustic simulations using the finite element method, accurate modelling of an infinite domain using a finite computational space is challenging due to reflections at the truncated boundaries. This study introduces a second-order operator for implementing absorbing boundary conditions with frequency-independent matrices. This new implementation is based on the coupling of the Helmholtz equation and the absorbing boundary condition operator equation with a common term. It involves a small expansion of the matrix, which is not costly compared to the advantage of the frequency-independent system matrix. In addition, the matrix formulation is wellsuited for moment matching model order reduction due to the polynomial frequency combination of frequency independent matrices. This advancement presents a robust solution for large-scale acoustic problems, reducing computational time and resource requirements.
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A19.05/A10.06 Numerical methods for acoustic materials and metamaterials
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: SM6 - HELMHOLTZ |
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| 9:00 |
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Design and Optimisation of a Multi-Layer Porous Barrier with Tunable Resonators
by L. Sousa, L. Godinho, P. Amado Mendes.
Abstract:
Complementing the effect of porous materials with embedded resonators can be a simple and effective strategy to improve sound absorption of traffic noise barriers. Although several studies exist in the literature, few practical applications can be found, and there is ample room for defining optimized configurations that may allow improving, for example, their low frequency behaviour. For the specific case of embedded resonant structures, introducing multiple elements with different resonant frequencies, and allowing for more complex neck geometries may be a possible way of obtaining such improvement. Here, the development of a carefully designed acoustic barrier is addressed. A metasurface is introduced, consisting of a porous multi-layer system into which tuned resonators are integrated. Both the multi-layer arrangement and the resonators optimise targeting specific frequency ranges. For the case of the resonators, optimal designs are obtained by adjusting their dimensions, neck geometry and number of different resonators employed. Modelling is performed using the Transfer Matrix Method and validated by means of a Finite Element Method, and good agreement between the two methods has been observed. The final results demonstrate the possibility of defining practical and effective solutions for application in noise barriers in the context of traffic noise mitigation.
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| 9:20 |
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Periodic boundary conditions in finite difference time domain
by J. Galiana Nieves, R. Picó, D. Ramírez-Solana, J. Redondo.
Abstract:
Finite difference time domain (FDTD) is a numerical technique that has been well-established for cases where the time signature of an acoustic system is required. As with other volumetric methods, it involves discretely meshing the full spatial domain under study. In the case of periodic structures, such as sonic crystals, periodic boundary conditions can be used to minimise the computational cost of the simulation, since they allow for the consideration of an infinite number of periodic elements. The normal incidence case is straightforward; however, a number of incidence angles are required for the proper characterisation of a periodic material. There are several methods for implementing periodic boundary conditions with varying incident angles, each with its advantages and disadvantages. In this work, we present a review of the aforementioned techniques and compare their performance in a particular case.
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| 9:40 |
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Non reciprocity in spatiotemporal sonic crystals
by J. Galiana Nieves, J. Redondo, V. J. Sánchez-Morcillo, R. Picó.
Abstract:
In recent years, there has been considerable interest in spatio-temporal metamaterials and their potential applications in the field of acoustic wave propagation due to their ability to modify the behaviour of sound waves. These active materials are based on the variation in time of their physical characteristics, such as shape, position or intrinsic properties. This results in wave properties that differ significantly from those observed in time-invariant materials. Time-domain simulation methods, are a helpful tool to study the associated phenomenology.A salient property of these materials is the non-reciprocity of wave propagation, a feature that is absent in most static systems. In this study, uncoupled spatio-temporal variations of the properties of a medium are considered, with the aim to show the conditions of non-reciprocal behavior of sound waves.
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| 10:00 |
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A meshfree approach for sound wave propagation in periodic media with multi-layer porous inclusions
by L. Godinho, N. Herrera-Leon, P. Amado Mendes, A. Pereira, J. Redondo.
Abstract:
The application of periodic structures in acoustic problems covers a wide area, including noise barriers, cloaking devices or wave guiding systems. Many different methods have been used for this purpose, including numerical (FEM, FD, BEM, …) and analytical approaches. In the present paper, the authors address this problem extending previous works and proposing a general strategy to simulate infinite periodic media with multiple inclusions disposed periodically along one direction. The inclusions may be multi-layered and include porous materials, with each layer modelled as an equivalent fluid. In this paper, the authors make use of a 2D/2.5D formulation based in the Method of Fundamental Solutions (MFS), using special Green’s functions derived for periodic media. Within the scatterers, and the MFS, together with periodic fundamental solutions, to simulate the homogeneous part of the domain. Two types of periodic Green’s functions are tested in terms of efficiency and accuracy. The MFS implementation is validated against Finite Element and Finite Difference (time domain) models. A set of application examples are given to illustrate its applicability in the simulation of sonic crystal barriers with absorbing properties. Key Words: Periodic Media, Meshless Methods, Acoustic Waves.
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| 10:20 |
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Model-based auralization of vibro-acoustic metamaterial partitions
by L. Van Belle, F. Di Giusto, E. Deckers.
Abstract:
Vibro-acoustic metamaterials have recently emerged as possible lightweight and compact solutions with favorable noise insulation properties. By adding resonant structures on a sub-wavelength scale to a partition, targeted frequency ranges of strongly reduced sound transmission can be achieved. Although this already makes them appealing for reducing band-limited and tonal noise, other noise characteristics and our perception thereof also impact our well-being and health beyond just noise levels. Furthermore, the unconventional frequency content changes caused by vibro-acoustic metamaterials was recently found to possibly lead to more annoyance than conventional solutions, despite lower noise levels. While the sound perception impact of these metamaterials is yet to be understood, the opportunity arises to include sound perception in their modelling and leverage these insights already in the early design stage. However, full-scale models of these often intricate structures may pose computational challenges. Hence, in this work, a filter-based auralization approach is proposed to enable efficiently predicting and evaluating the impact of metamaterial partitions on the transmitted sound. Analytical model-based filters are derived for single and double metamaterial partitions. Following an experimental verification, a virtual reality demonstrator is set up as an example of an immersive virtual metamaterial design space.
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| 10:40 |
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Geometrical optimisation of an acoustic metamaterial for low-frequency sound absorption
by M. L. López Ibañez, A. Melis, J. Muñoz-Paniagua, C. Díaz, E. Latorre Iglesias.
Abstract:
An acoustic metamaterial is developed as a combination of microperforated panels backed by a cavity with several Helmholtz resonators, aimed to achieve high absorption at low frequencies while maintaining a limited size. Its design is optimised using three numerical methods: Markov chain Monte Carlo, genetic algorithms, and neural networks. The optimisation is based on an analytical description of the system, building the equivalent electro-acoustic circuit and solving for normal sound incidence. The free parameters during the optimisation processes are related to the geometry of the components: the distance between microperforations (which determines the porosity of the microperforated panels), the depth of the back cavities, and the neck length and diameter of the Helmholtz resonators. For all methods, the cost function quantifies the difference between an ideal absorption coefficient, alpha0=1, and the absorption coefficient of the system in the frequency range considered (between 100 Hz and 1500 Hz). The solutions obtained are validated using the finite element method in COMSOL Multiphysics. Optimization approaches are compared in terms of computational cost and performance of the solution.
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A19.05/A10.06 Numerical methods for acoustic materials and metamaterials (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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Investigation of Stop Band Behavior in complex finite Vibroacoustic Metamaterial Structures using a Power-based Method
by H. Atzrodt, A. Maniam, N. Kleinfeller, S. Rieß.
Abstract:
The Structural intensity (STI ) is a powerful tool for identifying energy sources and sinks and analysing the transmission paths of vibrational energy within structures. Vibroacoustic metamaterials (VAMMs), which utilize local resonance effects to create stop bands, inhibit free wave propagation within specific frequency ranges. This study introduces an approach that uses active structural intensity to quantitatively assess the stop band behavior in complex, curved, finite VAMM plate-like structures. The proposed power-based method offers a robust framework for evaluating stop band characteristics by analyzing active power flow and quantifying the energy loss due to the VAMM’s resonators. Furthermore, damping plays a crucial role in the application of the power-based method, and it is necessary to distinguish between the influences of the structural damping and metamaterials. The effectiveness of this approach is confirmed by comparing the predicted stop band with the frequency response function (FRF) of the structure, demonstrating its accuracy in capturing the stop band behavior. In this work, the effect of uncertainty of the resonator parameters on the stop band width is explored to assess the sensitivity of the power-based method in predicting the stop band behavior under varying parameters.
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A19.06/A07.05 Methods for advanced computational aeroacoustics
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 16:20 |
| Room: SM4 - ZWICKER |
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| S. Schoder |
| G. Bernardini |
| F. Avallone |
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| 16:20 |
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Separating aerodynamic from acoustic-induced velocity on a portion of an acoustic liner through modal decomposition methods
by F. Scarano, B. Lyu, A. Paduano, F. Avallone.
Abstract:
The separation of acoustic-induced velocity from the turbulent velocity fluctuations is tackled on a numerical database representing a segment of an acoustic liner subjected to a grazing acoustic wave and a turbulent grazing flow. The evaluation of the acoustic velocity in the current test case has practical implications for the liner’s impedance calculation and sound absorption properties. The separation of the acoustic induced velocity from the turbulent fluctuation is provided by modal decomposition methods: proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), spectral proper orthogonal decomposition (SPOD) and the recently developed canonical correlation decomposition (CCD). For all the decomposition methods, the capability to decompose the acoustic and the aerodynamic component is affected the amplitude of the acoustic waves with respect to the background turbulence. The CCD and SPOD are found to outperform POD when the acoustic amplitude is low compared with the background turbulence. For SPOD, the acoustic forcing frequency needs to be known a-priori or easily identifiable in the spectrum to correctly filter out the acoustic induced velocity. POD and CCD have the advantage of automatically capture non-linear effects due to the vortex shedding which are associated with high order modes.
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| 16:40 |
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Prediction of in-duct aeroacoustic noise of a mechanical ventilation system
by R. Sevenois.
Abstract:
The in-duct aeroacoustic sound power of an impeller and volute is predicted up to a frequency of 2.5kHz (approx. 4x the blade passing frequency). The performance of two techniques, compressible LES (LES) and incompressible LES with Perturbed Convective Wave (LES-PCW), are compared. Several volute designs are considered and the accuracy of the prediction is compared to experimental measurements. Although there is room for improvement, the result show that advanced simulation allows to compare the impact of different volute designs. This allows designers to virtually compare volute designs in a pre-prototype stage. Ultimately, the model can be integrated in a design optimization framework.
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| 17:00 |
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Acoustic Propagation Through Diffuse Interfaces
by A. Ballout, O. A. Marino, G. Rubio, E. Ferrer.
Abstract:
We propose a novel approach for simulating acoustic wave propagation across multiphase media with a diffuse interface model. Extending Discontinuous Galerkin Spectral Element Methods (DGSEM) for the incompressible Navier-Stokes/Cahn-Hilliard systems, our approach incorporates a modified weakly compressible formulation that accommodates phase-dependent sound speeds. Numerical experiments demonstrate spectral convergence for Snell’s law in 2D. This work aims to advance high-fidelity simulations of acoustic propagation in multiphase systems and has implications for marine aeroacoustics and related fields.
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| 17:20 |
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An Advanced Boundary Integral Formulation for Sound Scattered by Deforming Bodies
by B. De Rubeis, M. Gennaretti, G. Bernardini, C. Poggi.
Abstract:
Sound scattering is a phenomenon that may deeply affect the acoustic environment generated by sound sources. Recent studies have shown that the predictions of the multiharmonic signal scattered by a deforming body impinged by a monochromatic sound wave, determined by means of linear boundary integral formulations expressed in terms of acoustic pressure governed by the Ffowcs-Williams and Hawkings equation and velocity potential perturbations, give different results. This occurs because the nonlinear field terms neglected in these two formulations make significant but different contributions in the case of a moving boundary. This paper introduces a novel harmonicbalance, velocity-potential cascade solution approach for nonlinear sound scattering that takes into account the effects of the flow-field produced by the dynamic deformation of the scatterer. The numerical investigation considers a pulsating sphere as sound scatterer impinged by a plane wave. It examines the convergence rate of the proposed nonlinear solution algorithm and the effects of the contributions related to the fluid flow generated by the surface pulsations on the scattered signal. The influence of the amplitude of the incident signal on the directivity pattern of the scattered sound is also investigated.
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| 17:40 |
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Sound source identification based on balance of acoustic energy
by J. Kreuzinger, F. Schwertfirm.
Abstract:
Using a hydrodynamic acoustic split approach to compute aeroacoustic sound provides acoustic quantities pa, (ua, va, wa) in the complete domain including the source region. Using these, an acoustic energy can be defined and it’s balance terms computed. Production and dissipation of acoustic energy and acoustic intensity flux can be located and quantified.The terms are implemented in a CFD-CAA solver and evaluated in an application case. The method used is the immersed boundary finite volume code MGLET, solving incompressible Navier Stokes equations together with acoustic perturbation equations. Application case is a car HVAC outlet. The simulation of sound radiation is validated by comparison to measurements. For frequency bands of peaks in the sound spectra the location and magnitude of production and dissipation of acoustic energy are analyzed.
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| 18:00 |
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Stability investigations of solid wall immersed boundary schemes for the linearized Euler equations in multidimensions
by M. G.S. Izsak, H.-J. Kaltenbach.
Abstract:
We investigate the numerical stability of our recently developed multidimensional sharp-interface immersed boundary treatment for equidistant Cartesian grids to solve the linearized Euler equations (LEE) for scattering problems and the linearized perturbed compressible equations (LPCE) for flow-induced aeroacoustic simulations in multidimensions. Instead of employing common ghost point techniques, we recently proposed designing modified finite-difference stencils for first derivatives near the solid wall that directly include the imposition of multiple boundary constraints, including a zero-vorticity constraint. We employ the matrix method, including the method-of-lines approach, to assess the numerical stability of our stencil design. We determine eigenvalues of the semi-discretized system of difference equations, including immersed obstacles, to identify the underlying parameters most contributing to the stability of our multidimensional boundary treatment. Conclusively, using a hybrid hydrodynamic/acoustic splitting approach, we simulate the classical aeolian sound produced by the low-Reynolds flow around a circular cylinder resolved by eight grid nodes per diameter in 2D via the LPCE without spatial filtering of the numerical solution.
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| 18:20 |
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Numerical And Experimental Zig-Zag Trip Effects On A Low Reynolds Number Propeller
by M. Lattari, A. Beck, G. C. Vicente, F. D. Silva, J. P. L. C. Salazar, J. A. Cordioli, C. J. Deschamps.
Abstract:
Hybrid RANS/LES simulations have emerged as effective computational aeroacoustics tools for propeller noise, combining benefits of modeled and scaled turbulence, i.e., RANS and LES, respectively. The latter is chosen for solving tip vortices, turbulent wakes, vortex shedding, and blade-vortex interactions. The former is suitable for boundary layers modeled by wall functions, ensuring a feasible computational cost, but demanding the prescription of boundary layer regimes and its transition line. However, a key challenge lies in triggering LES models, as a physical obstacle on the transition is often required, such as zig-zag protuberant tripping on the span transition. Although tripping is a numerical strategy, the impact of the structure on a real propeller needs clarification. This work aims to numerically and experimentally investigate various propeller tripping span locations, both arbitrarily chosen and determined using low-order viscous panel transition models. Numerical simulations with PowerFLOW Lattice Boltzmann model are compared with tripped propeller measurements. Our results show that simulations differed from experimental broadband noise by 10-15 dB, depending on where the tripping is placed. Thrust and torque highlight a 15tripped propeller yielded consistent results, but turbulent variables analysis reveals the importance of the tripping for triggering LES.
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A19.07 Validation and benchmarks in computational acoustics (1)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: SM4 - ZWICKER |
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| A. Prinn |
| L. Aspöck |
| S. Schoder |
| M. Maeder |
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| 9:00 |
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Validation study of broadband numerical methods for room acoustic simulations and binaural rendering in a furnished room
by H. Sampedro Llopis, S. Guðjónsson, M. Cosnefroy, H. Hafsteinsson, F. Pind.
Abstract:
Previous research introduced a wave-based acoustic simulation framework, which demonstrated high-accuracy predictions of spatial room impulse responses. This study further refines the framework to enable broadband simulations across an extended frequency range up to 12 kHz. Additionally, the effect of air absorption, crucial for covering the full 8 kHz octave band, is included. The sound field is encoded into spherical harmonics using a spherical array of receivers, employing a 32nd-order ambisonics configuration. The framework utilizes these encodings to render binaural signals via a head-related transfer function, measured under anechoic conditions. Initially, the method is validated in an empty room setup model. Subsequently, a second model is considered incorporating various living room furnishings. The simulation results are compared with the measurements in situ. In both configurations, empty and furnished, the simulated binaural outputs show remarkable concordance with the measured data, highlighting the framework’s efficacy in accurately replicating real-world complex acoustic environments. This enables practical applications such as simulating complex audio devices, including wearable technology, in diverse acoustic environments for preliminary testing and prototyping.
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| 9:20 |
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Benchmarking Room Acoustic Sound Particle Simulations incorporating Uncertainty-Based Diffraction: Challenges and Strategies
by I. Herrero-Durá, T. Judd, S. Weigand, J. Hörmeyer, J. Schaal.
Abstract:
Outdoor noise prediction methods are standardized and well-defined due to their regulatory applications, ensuring reliable and comparable results. Benchmark test cases for validating software implementations are therefore straightforward to define and widely accepted as a quality management tool. In contrast, room acoustics presents different challenges. The diversity of algorithms and methods for predicting sound propagation and key metrics such as reverberation time (RT) or speech transmission index (STI) increases the complexity of benchmarking. Competing approaches strive to incorporate complex physical phenomena while keeping computational aspects within feasible limits, making method-agnostic comparisons of results essential. The need for reference solutions that systematically evaluate all aspects of sound propagation while remaining generally valid significantly narrows the scope of potential benchmarks. Four primary approaches are discussed for obtaining reference values: analytical solutions, numerical simulations, experimental measurements, and round-robin comparisons. In this paper, test cases are presented by employing these approaches, which have successfully been used to validate geometrical room acoustic models. These examples highlight the importance of strategic benchmark design in advancing the reliability and comparability of room acoustic simulation tools. The challenges posed by room acoustics are highlighted, including complex diffraction phenomena, and potential approaches are proposed to address these challenges.
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| 9:40 |
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Acoustic characteristics of an open-fan model from semi-analytical predictions and wind tunnel measurements
by C. Polacsek, V. Daydé-Thomas, S. Fauqueux, J. Mardjono, M. Descamps.
Abstract:
This study investigates the ability of CFD coupled to semianalytical methods to restitute the sound radiation from an open-fan designed by SAE (Safran Aircraft Engines) recently tested in S1-Modane wind tunnel. The acoustic predictions are restricted to sound sources located on the rotor blades and stator vanes. The tone noise is assessed using a source-mode integral formulation derived from the Ffowcs-Williams and Hawkings analogy written in the frequency domain and in which the harmonic loadings are issued from URANS calculations performed by SAE. A compact-source approach allowing quite fast calculations is also proposed. Broadband noise is estimated using analytical models derived from Amiet’s theory with RANSbased inputs. Calculations are focused on take-off condition (sideline point), without incidence angle. First results obtained for tone noise show a fairly good matching between fully non-compact and compact predictions and a reasonable agreement with measured sound directivities at BPF1 and BPF2, which should be presented during the Conference. Broadband noise assessment is still underway and present analyzes, at takeoff condition too, are devoted to a previous generic open fan from SAE. ONERA predictions (using in-house tools) are found to be very close to SAE ones (from own industrial tool), in terms of both power spectra and overall sound pressure level directivities, when using common RANS inputs.
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| 10:00 |
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Comparing Open Source Room Acoustics Simulation Tools: Performance and Usability Insights
by L. Dijkman, N. Hoekstra, M. Hornikx.
Abstract:
In previous decades, many studies, including several round robin studies, have been conducted on the validation of room acoustics simulation software for real rooms. However, these earlier studies mainly studied commercial software, did not assess the subjective usability of the software, and the results are less reproducible for several reasons. In recent years, open source room acoustic simulation tools have increasingly been shared, free to be used and redistributed by anyone subject to the license conditions. These software open the potential to accelerate science and offer opportunities for reproducibility of the results. Open source tools for room acoustic simulation, however, lack evaluation of their performance and usability. In an effort to promote the usage of open source acoustic simulation tools, this research presents an approach to compare the performance of open source simulation software for room acoustics. Furthermore, it intends to be a starting point for a curated performance table of open source software. Amongst the selected software are wave-based methods, geometrical acoustics methods and machine learning approaches. Simulation results of these software are compared with measurement data from the BRAS database. Furthermore, the usability of these open-source tools have been assessed from an end user standpoint.
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| 10:20 |
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Input data for room acoustic simulations: ray-based vs hybrid models of a rectangular room
by G. Fratoni, D. D'Orazio.
Abstract:
Ordinary rooms typically feature rectangular shapes and absorbing ceilings, contributing to non-uniform sound absorption distributions. Consequently, non-diffuse sound fields require accurate predictions of room acoustic criteria since the early stages of acoustic design. The test environment for this study is a rectangular room with airbacked sound-absorbing materials at the ceiling and lowscattering surfaces. In this context, room criteria predictions were made using analytical formulas, energy-based geometrical acoustic simulations, and a hybrid room acoustic simulator combining wave-based and ray-based engines. Then, the consistency between the three prediction approaches and measurements - the experimental reference throughout this study - is evaluated. The work focuses on the input data employed in the analytical model and the boundary conditions assigned for the two numerical approaches. Focusing on the sound-absorbing tiles of the suspended ceiling, the results identify substantial discrepancies among the methods’ input data. These gaps, which are more evident within the low-mid frequency range, are provided and discussed.
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A19.07 Validation and benchmarks in computational acoustics (2)
| Thursday 26 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: SM6 - HELMHOLTZ |
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| A. Prinn |
| L. Aspöck |
| S. Schoder |
| M. Maeder |
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| 9:00 |
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Testing of commercial software to generate simulated impulse responses for Personal Sound Zones systems
by D. De La Prida, G. Piñero, L. Fuster, L. A. Azpicueta-Ruiz.
Abstract:
Personal Sound Zones (PSZ) systems are used to create customized listening areas using loudspeaker arrays, achieving listening zones with different audio signals, without headphones. For this purpose, these systems are optimized to obtain a filter bank, with a filter for each loudspeaker, so that the array can generate an area in space with a particular sound (bright zone) and another where the sound of that emission is cancelled (dark zone), and vice versa for another sound. One of the biggest challenges for the widespread use of PSZ systems is that the construction of those filters requires a large set of precise source-receiver impulse responses, i.e., one for each array loudspeaker and multiple receiver points in the potential listening areas. Measuring these impulse responses is, however, very time-consuming, and usually requires expensive and high-quality acoustical instrumentation. In this communication, we present preliminary results of testing the reliability of the use of commercial room acoustics simulation software to obtain the required set of impulse responses, without performing in situ measurements. We evaluate the influence of different simulation setups (e.g., emitter/receiver directivities, environmental conditions, transition order, model calibration, etc.) on the performance of a PSZ system, in terms of acoustic contrast.
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| 9:20 |
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Measures of validation for computational room acoustics
by A. Prinn, Z. Xu, E. Habets.
Abstract:
Recent advances in computational methods and machine learning have spurred the development of new room acoustic modeling methods. For instance, some models leverage discontinuous Galerkin methods on GPU clusters, while others, currently evolving in various research labs, employ generative deep learning. As these innovations bring us closer to accurately simulating room acoustics across the entire audible frequency range, it is crucial to ensure their reliability. This paper examines what constitutes a trustworthy solution in room acoustics simulation. By analyzing the features of room transfer functions, room impulse responses, and energy decay curves through simulation-based parameter studies and fundamental physical principles, we propose a set of advisory measures to assess the accuracy of simulated room acoustics against measured data.
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| 9:40 |
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Numerical validation of VLES-LBM for predicting aerodynamic and acoustic phenomena in propeller-wing ultra-tight separation distances
by M. Lattari, A. Beck, L. T. Moresco, F. D. Silva, J. P. L. C. Salazar, J. A. Cordioli, C. J. Deschamps.
Abstract:
eVTOLs and other distributed propulsion aircraft often leverage the benefits of many propellers, resulting in reduced (ultra-tight) propeller-wing separation. Even minor variations in this separation can amplify Blade Passing Frequency (BPF) harmonics and broadband noise, challenging compliance with increasingly stringent noise regulations. To address these concerns, reliable numerical simulations are essential in early-stage aircraft design. In this study, a systematic experimental validation campaign was carried out to confirm the fidelity of simulation results in capturing noise trends under subtle propeller-wing separation changes. PowerFLOW, a high-fidelity aeroacoustics solver, was used to model various propeller-wing separation distances in both the chordwise and spanwise directions, ranging from 10% to 50% of the propeller diameter. The simulations are validated against experimental data for a propeller placed near a NACA 0012 wing inside a semi-anechoic chamber. Time-synchronous analysis of the measured and numerically predicted acoustic noise signals identified the first three BPF harmonics and broadband noise. Amplifications of up to 20 dB in the BPF peaks and up to 10 dB in broadband noise were observed as the separation distance decreased. Overall noise levels and directivity trends from the simulations agreed with measurements within 5–10 dB, which aligns with the expected accuracy for high-fidelity modeling.
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| 10:00 |
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Unlocking the Potential of Open Research Software in Acoustics: lessons learned from the Nantes workshop
by M. Hornikx, H. Wang, I. Fichera, S. Willemsen, L. Paganini.
Abstract:
In acoustics, there is a growing collection of research tools that are shared as open source software, that is, free to use, modify, and redistribute according to the respective license of the project. Such software is valuable because it can accelerate science through availability, comparison, and development, foster collaboration in science, and attract industry interest. Despite its potential, open source research software is not yet widely recognized as an essential research output within the acoustic community. During the 2024 workshop in Nantes, participants exchanged information and ideas on this topic and examples of four open source software were presented. The motivations, expectations, experiences, and practices of the participants regarding open source software were captured in a live questionnaire, and the discussions of the workshop were recorded in a collaborative online document. This work presents the results of this workshop. The shared view is that to further develop open source software in the acoustics community, several aspects are important and need attention, of which collaboration and time commitment are prominent.
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A19.08/A10.10 Numerical methods for wave propagation in complex media
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 16:20 |
| Room: SM4 - ZWICKER |
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| A. Prieto |
| P. Amado Mendes |
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| 16:20 |
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Streamlined model of porous media for Finite Difference Time Domain schemes
by P. Camblor Iglesias, L. Godinho, J. Redondo.
Abstract:
Extracting the microscopic parameters of a porous material is a challenging task, and efforts have been made to create models that simulate their properties with minimal data. For example, tests to assess macroscopic behaviors like tortuosity, which is directly related to microscopic behavior, can lead to errors if the measurement tools are not accurate, and the same applies to other parameters. Therefore, we have developed a minimalistic sound propagation model in porous materials with a rigid frame, based on local theory, aimed at simplifying the process of obtaining the fundamental macroscopic characteristics of porous materials, such as their absorption coefficient at normal and random incidences, as well as their normal surface impedance. The proposed linearized equivalent-fluid model includes four phenomenological coefficients that describe acoustic propagation through the material. These coefficients are determined by the material’s thickness and with impedance tube absorption measurements following the ISO 10534 standard. Consequently, only the measured absorption coefficient—either in one-third or one-octave bands—is needed to fully characterize the material acoustic behavior. The model has been simulated using the Finite Difference Time Domain scheme for porous and fibrous materials, and the results show strong agreement with the laboratory measurements and other well-established semi-phenomenological models.
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| 16:40 |
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Inspection of welding joints using elastoacoustic signals via topological derivative
by C. Placinta, S. Muñoz, M.-L. Rapún.
Abstract:
Inspection of welding joints is a must in many industrial applications to avoid defects that might lead to breaking of crucial parts. In this work, we briefly describe the inspection process, and we propose a model for defect detection based on the minimization of a cost functional by using the topological derivative. We show a numerical example to ilustrate the performance of the proposed method.
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| 17:00 |
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Numerical Quantification Of The Bivalve Presence In Granular Sediments On Coastal Seabeds
by A. Prieto, P. Rubial.
Abstract:
A seabed environment has been numerically studied by computing the hydroacoustic scattered field, enabling the seabed classification [1] and quantifying the bivalves buried within the seabed. The echosounder has been represented as an end-fire array with an axis-symmetric directivity pattern. The seabed domain has been modelled as a poroelastic medium using the Biot-Stoll model, which quantifies the energy dissipation caused by the sediment grains [2] but written in a simplified displacementbased formulation, where only the compressional waves with the lowest absorption rates have taken into account. Since the underwater coupled problem involves a bilayer unbounded configuration (seawater and granular seabed), a displacement-based Finite Element Method combined with a Perfectly Matched Layer [3] technique has been used to compute the time-harmonic solutions where the bivalves are enclosed in a localized narrow spatial domain, which reduces the computational cost of the numerical simulations. Assuming, additionally, that the coupling interface between the fluid and granular media is planar, the scattering field in the seawater has been evaluated at the far field using a Green’s representation formula utilizing the explicit evaluation of the fundamental solution of the Helmholtz equation in bilayer media [4].
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| 17:20 |
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DG-Trefftz method with radiating boundary conditions imposed via the NtD map: Analysis on a waveguide
by P. Monk, M. Pena, V. Selgas.
Abstract:
The Trefftz Discontinuous Galerkin (TDG) method is a discontinuous Galerkin method where the set of basis functions used in each cell belongs to the nullspace of the differential operator. For example, for the Helmholtz equation in two dimensions, the set of basis functions can be chosen as a set of plane waves with different directions of propagation. This is an interesting approach for problems with very high wavenumber, as much fewer basis functions are needed to approximate a given solution than if using a standard DG-FEM method where the basis functions are polynomials. However, in general, the condition number of the matrices appearing in the TDG method is much higher, and can affect the accuracy of the method. In this work, we show results obtained when a waveguide with different scatterers is simulated. The radiating conditions are imposed via an approximation of the Neuman to Dirichlet map which allows us to reduce the number of cells in the mesh.
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| 17:40 |
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A 3D finite element model of ultrasonic waves travelling through pervious concrete
by A. Spalvier, N. Pérez, P. Garcén, L. Hernández, G. Cetrangolo.
Abstract:
This study investigates ultrasonic (US) wave propagation in pervious concrete (PeC) through 3D finite element simulations. A simplified geometric model, representing PeC as a series of trimmed-out spheres, is proposed to analyze the relationship between US wave speed and porosity. The numerical results support an analytical model that aligns with existing experimental data, demonstrating a decrease in US speed with increasing porosity. The model incorporates key parameters such as aggregate size, Young’s modulus, and density, revealing their impact on wave propagation. While it effectively predicts ultrasonic behavior, certain limitations—such as uniform aggregate size and idealized geometry—suggest directions for future refinement. These findings establish a foundation for ultrasonic PeC assessment, with potential applications in quality control and material characterization.
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| 18:00 |
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Generalized plane wave quasi-trefftz spaces for wave propagation in inhomogeneous media
by I. Fontana, L.-M. Imbert-Gerard.
Abstract:
Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) models for wave propagation in inhomogeneous media are relevant for many applications. We will discuss numerical methods tailored for tackling problems governed by these variablecoefficient PDEs. Trefftz methods rely, in broad terms, on the idea of approximating solutions to PDEs via Galerkin methods using basis functions that are exact solutions of the PDE, making explicit use of information about the ambient medium. However, wave propagation in inhomogeneous media is modeled by PDEs with variable coefficients, and in general no exact solutions are available. Quasi-Trefftz methods have been introduced, in the case of the Helmholtz equation, to address this problem: they rely instead on high-order approximate solutions constructed locally. We will discuss basis of Generalized Plane Waves, a particular kind of quasi-Trefftz functions, and how their construction can be related to the construction of polynomial quasi-Trefftz bases.
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| 18:20 |
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Efficient Simulation Of Time-Domain Acoustic Wave Propagation In Unbounded And Penetrable Media
by V. Dominguez, M. Ganesh, F. Le Louër.
Abstract:
Space- and time-dependent acoustic wave propagation naturally occurs in unbounded regions with discontinuous velocity fields. These unbounded regions typically consist of free space (which has a constant propagation speed) and a penetrable bounded medium, where the propagation speed differs from that of the surrounding unbounded environment. Standard approaches for simulating the time-domain model of penetrable media include: (i) truncating the unbounded region with an artificial boundary condition; or (ii) ignoring the penetrable properties of the bounded medium. The first approach usually employs the finite element method (FEM) in space, combined with time-stepping discretization. In contrast, the second approach leverages the analytical representation of the Green’s function of the time-domain model in free space. This allows the boundary element method (BEM) in space, along with convolution quadrature (CQ), to efficiently simulate the exterior model. Building on our recent work involving a high-order BEMCQ model for the time-domain free-space model and an overlapped frequency-domain FEM-BEM framework, in this article we propose and demonstrate an efficient simulation framework for time-domain acoustic wave propagation in unbounded and penetrable media.
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A19.08/A10.10 Numerical methods for wave propagation in complex media (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| A. Prieto |
| P. Amado Mendes |
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On the Acoustic Investigation of Complex Buildings materials by Physics Informed Neural Networks (PINN)
by S. Ryehan, I. Z. Soma, J. Naumann.
Abstract:
Architects always use a range of aesthetic elements, including fractionally graded materials (FGMs), at a high acoustic and thermal demand level. Numerous partial differential equations, especially wave equations, have previously been the focus of extensive analytical or numerical approaches. However, the application of Neural Networks guided by physics raises the standard for acoustic results. Using the novel paradigm outlined in that paper, metal-ceramic composites, for instance, demonstrate extremely effective wave behavior to demonstrate changes in stiffness and density, including radiation, scattering, and noise transmission. Several kinds of PINN can help precisely define the error when comparing square error, absolute error, and mean square error compared to finite element simulations. The MATLAB NEURAL simulation for neural network toolboxes were used to view the simulation in this research. The research revealed that the results were extremely accurate, with a maximum inaccuracy of 2.6%. Intending to improve the acoustic management of homogenous materials, this study correspondingly examines the impact of material gradient on reflection and sound insulation properties. This suggested strategy offers a highly motivated basis for resolving wave propagation, opening the door to far better soundproofing outcomes, noise management, and more effective building material design.
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A20.01 Transportation noise and vibration - General
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: SM3 - BERANEK |
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| S. Theodossiades |
| E. Latorre Iglesias |
| R. Peral-Orts |
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| 9:00 |
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A source model for airborne noise from ship traffic in fairways
by A. Genell, A. Gustafson.
Abstract:
Noise from transportation is a major global health problem, and exposure is mainly dominated by road traffic noise, followed by railway noise and aircraft noise. Noise from shipping has mostly been investigated in relation to ships at berth, and is most often due to ships running their auxillary engines to provide power for necessary systems. To what extent noise from ships underway between ports may be a cause for annoyance or otherwise have a negative health impact is very poorly investigated. In a recent project airborne noise from ships underway in the fairway leading in to the Port of Gothenburg, Sweden, was recorded for a relatively large number of ships. The measurements indicated that for some low frewquency one-third octave bands, levels are high enough to exceed Swedish indoor low frequency noise regulation levels even at relatively large distances. In the current project the aim is to use detailed AIS data together with ship register database information in an attempt to create a source model for airborne noise from ship traffic in fairways, similar to what is available for other modes of transport. Such a source model could then be used to predict noise levels around ports and fairways.
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| 9:20 |
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Rolling resistance and Rolling noise assessment of bituminous mixtures
by M. Ramón Martínez, V. Fernández Vázquez, F. J. Terán Sierra, Á. M. Martínez García-Hoz, S. Expósito Paje.
Abstract:
The following article presents the design and construction of a specialised trailer for measuring rolling resistance (RR) on different surfaces. This parameter is receiving increasing attention due to its environmental implications as it is often the most important parameter affecting energy consumption during the environmental life cycle assessment of pavements. It is one of the main opposing forces affecting on-road vehicles.The trailer is equipped with the necessary electronics to record forces generated during tyre/pavement interaction, allowing data to be collected under real driving conditions.This article details the materials and methods used in the construction of the trailer, as well as the tests carried out to validate its effectiveness. The results confirm that the device provides reliable and consistent measurements, making it a useful tool for research into technologies aimed at reducing the RR produced by tyre/pavement interaction.In conclusion, the development of this trailer represents an efficient and cost-effective tool to assess RR directly in the field, offering a reliable method to analyse the impact of pavement materials and designs on vehicle energy consumption.
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| 9:40 |
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Analysing the Effect of undetected flights in the comparison of measured and modelled aircraft noise
by R. Van Der Grift, A. S. Jayanthi, M. Snellen, A. Amiri-Simkooei.
Abstract:
Aircraft noise has a severe impact on communities around airports. For noise regulation, yearly average noise levels LDEN are modelled for large areas around the airport. To validate and improve the noise model, noise monitoring terminals (NMT) can be used. These NMTs, however, are often placed further away from the airport and in areas with higher background noise levels than ideal measurement conditions. Thresholds placed on the NMTs prevent them from capturing too much background noise but also prohibit them from measuring lower noise levels from aircraft. This research addresses the potential effects of undetected flights on the measured LNight and LDEN . For this, the Doc 29 modelling method is used. The case study is Schiphol Airport, where 41 NMTs are placed at different distances from the runways. Analysis of undetected flights showed that newer aircraft, such as the A320-NEO, were often not measured. Applying weighted least-squares to the available noise level measurements and supporting data gives insights into the possible aircraft-induced noise levels of undetected flights. These insights are used to improve the alignment between measured and modelled LNight and LDEN .
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| 10:00 |
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IOTA: A positional data processing software for aircraft noise simulations
by T. Ramseier, M. Gligorijevic, S. Plüss, B. Schäffer.
Abstract:
Aircraft noise simulations rely on accurate positional data to achieve precise noise mapping based on real air traffic. This data can come from different sources, such as radar data or ADS-B. In most cases, the raw data requires processing to represent the real flown trajectories more closely. Indeed, such data often displays large amount of scatter, missing information and/or unusable or unavailable data close to the runway. For such data processing, the novel program IOTA was developed in Python, which can process different types of trajectory data. It was developed, since the current processing software SELFA2 of Empa is getting difficult to maintain and contains processing steps, which are not required nowadays due to improved radar data quality. In this contribution, IOTA with its processing steps, including Kalman smoothing, addition of data on the runway and horizontal correction, will be presented. Further, comparisons with SELFA2 will be shown. The comparisons reveal small differences in the resulting positional data and velocity profiles, mostly occurring close to the runways and for narrow turns. Resulting differences in computed sound pressure levels are then analyzed for different classes of aircraft types (airliners, propeller aircraft, private jets) for the Swiss airports of Geneva and Zurich.
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A20.02 Automotive noise and vibration
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 10:40 |
| Room: SM3 - BERANEK |
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| 10:40 |
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Modeling of the load transmissibility up to 300Hz of an vehicle air suspension
by J. Jang, J. Lee, S. Park, J. Jung, S. Lee, B. Sohn.
Abstract:
In this study, an analysis model was developed to predict the performance of the air suspension NVH in the road noise region. For road noise analysis, testing was conducted in the 30-300 Hz range, and test equipment was also developed for performance testing. Unlike conventional air suspension test equipment, equipment was developed for pre-loading without using an air damper, to model the boundary conditions of the analysis model. Since the road noise region is a frequency range with no displacement, load transmissibility was measured using load sensors on both the input and output parts[1]. The load conditions applied to the suspension were set to match the actual vehicle conditions, and load transmissibility was tested for various input load conditions, considering different road and vehicle boarding conditions[2]. Modal and ODS tests were conducted to correlate with the analysis model, and ODS correlation corresponding to the main peak frequencies was established[3]. As a result of the tests, the prediction of load transmissibility by the analysis model was verified, and an analysis model with behavior and levels observed in the tests.
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| 11:00 |
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Comparing Measured Pass-by Levels of Accelerating Battery Electric Cars and Combustion Engine Cars
by A. Heusser, J. Jäggi, M. Elser, S. Grunder, R. Pieren.
Abstract:
Road traffic is the noise source affecting most people, especially near major routes in densely populated areas. Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) are presumed quieter than Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEV), but under which conditions and by how much is uncertain. To quantify the pass-by level differences between both propulsion concepts, measurements were conducted with nine pairs of comparable BEVs and ICEVs, where controlled runs with target speeds and accelerations were performed on a closed test track. Kinematics were measured by RTKGNSS and sound exposure levels were evaluated with microphones beside the track. This paper presents first results from these measurements. From the collected data, pass-by level models as functions of speed and acceleration were developed for each vehicle. In an attempt to assess the acoustical effects of urban driving behavior, these models were linked to a frequency distribution of speed and acceleration acquired from driving data recorded in real traffic. On average, no level difference between the propulsion concepts was found at constant speeds above 30 km/h. At low speed and high acceleration, BEVs exhibit 5 dB lower levels. This difference diminishes with increasing speed and decreasing acceleration, becoming negligible above 40 km/h.
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| 11:20 |
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Psychoacoustic assessment of synthetic sounds for electric vehicles in a virtual reality experiment
by P. Bazilinskyy, M. S. Alam, R. Merino-Martinez.
Abstract:
The growing adoption of electric vehicles, known for their quieter operation compared to internal combustion engine vehicles, raises concerns about their detectability, particularly for vulnerable road users. To address this, regulations mandate the inclusion of exterior sound signals for electric vehicles, specifying minimum sound pressure levels at low speeds. These synthetic exterior sounds are often used in noisy urban environments, creating the challenge of enhancing detectability without introducing excessive noise annoyance. This study investigates the design of synthetic exterior sound signals that balance high noticeability with low annoyance. An audiovisual experiment with 14 participants was conducted using 15 virtual reality scenarios featuring a passing car. The scenarios included various sound signals, such as pure, intermittent, and complex tones at different frequencies. Two baseline cases, a diesel engine and only tyre noise, were also tested. Participants rated sounds for annoyance, noticeability, and informativeness using 11-point ICBEN scales. The findings highlight how psychoacoustic sound quality metrics predict annoyance ratings better than conventional sound metrics, providing insight into optimising sound design for electric vehicles. By improving pedestrian safety while minimising noise pollution, this research supports the development of effective and user-friendly exterior sound standards for electric vehicles.
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| 11:40 |
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The use of virtual reality for the subjective evaluation of vehicle cabin interior refinement levels
by E. Harry, R. M. Kirby.
Abstract:
A common challenge faced by NVH engineers in the automotive industry is demonstrating complex acoustic phenomena to stakeholders who lack extensive objective or subjective experience. Whilst technologies such as psychoacoustics, driving simulators, or KPIs exist to assist with this, effectively conveying the sensitivity of NVH trim changes remains problematic. Ride and Drive assessments are prone to repeatability variations and simulated spectral response charts can be misinterpreted. This paper considers the use of virtual reality in an interactive environment, as an effective way to interpret subjective NVH phenomena. Whilst still a proof-ofconcept, it describes the necessary fundamental acoustic measurements, panel sensitivity calculations and the importation into advanced visualisation software. This combination allows the user to experience the refinement of the vehicle in any operating condition. It also allows for complete movement within the cabin during vehicle operation and the subjective effect of modifying the noise source contributions from individual cabin sub-systems and / or noise generators. The final section describes how this concept can be further extended into a complete engineering tool for simulation and the technological steps needed to enable this.
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| 12:00 |
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The determination and ranking of interior cabin noise sources via advanced matrix manipulation
by E. Harry, R. Morris-Kirby.
Abstract:
The noise perceived inside a vehicle is a combination of airborne noise from the main noise source such as gearbox, tyres, or engine plus any structurally induced from vibrations at the drive train interface or road induced from the vehicle’s progress along the road. Airborne-noise is regularly studied using the author’s Acoustic DNA technique, but structure borne analysis can be far more complex and time consuming. This paper examines a novel panel contribution technique called SPEA which provides a companion to acoustic DNA. This enables not only the structural component to be extracted but also the NVH package to be optimized accordingly. A description of the measurement procedure is outlined along with the necessary analysis stages. Example results are included together with the airborne / structural split. Further work includes a sound phonon simulation method for comprehensive NVH package analysis.
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A20.02 Automotive noise and vibration (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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XAI based Frequency-Time feature Extraction and development of an optimal evaluation method for C-EPS
by J. Park, H. Jo, I.-J. Cho, J. Seo, S.-S. Yoo, S. Lee, S.-J. Bang, J.-L. Oh, C. Jeong, S.-Z. Cho.
Abstract:
The C-EPS (Column Type Electric Power Steering) system is a vehicle system that help smoother steering for the driver. When defects occurred in the components, interference noises may arise during steering, leading to driver discomfort. Conventional End-of-Line (EOL) testing, which detects defective C-EPS through order tracking at varying steering speeds, suffers from low detection rates due to boundary condition variations and low signal-tonoise ratios. Recently, many studies about anomaly detection have shown high detection rates, but these methods face challenges with unpredictable performance, vulnerability to small design changes, new types of interference noises and data imbalance. This study aims to address these challenges by collecting defective C-EPS data for different types of interference noise phenomena and constructing an XAI (explainable AI) model to extract FTFM (Frequency-Time Feature Map) frequencies. Due to the inherent characteristics of realworld testing, ensuring the robustness of the model is challenging. Therefore, instead of directly using the model for defective C-EPS detection, a quantitative evaluation was conducted using the extracted FTFM. These FTFM incorporate noise and vibration characteristics, such as rotational components and resonance within mechanical systems, contributing not only to defect detection but also to potentially reducing the time required to resolve related issues.
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Research on Integrated Virtual Component Sound System
by B. Kang, H. Jo, J. Seo, K. Park, K. Baek.
Abstract:
Unnatural noises generated by vehicles can cause anxiety and stress related to potential vehicle defects. This, in turn, can tarnish the brand image and lead to a loss of trust with customers. This is why automotive manufacturers continue to conduct research on noise reduction and are accelerating the development of related technologies. The transition from internal combustion engine vehicles to electric vehicles has intensified the focus on noise-related issues. The absence of an engine has made it possible to recognize noises that were previously masked by the engine. As a result, vehicle manufacturers are working to strengthen regulatory standards for component operating noise. Component manufacturers are addressing these demands through design improvements aimed at reducing noise. However, there are limitations to how much operational noise can be reduced through design changes alone. As a result, research has been conducted to change the perception of operating noise and effectively mask it, leading to the development of the Virtual Steering Sound System. This paper explores the advancement of the Virtual Steering Sound System, focusing on the generation of virtual sounds for individual components and their harmonious integration to create a musical experience for the driver during vehicle operation.
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A20.03 Road traffic noise and vibration (1)
| Monday 23 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SM4 - ZWICKER |
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| R. Peral-Orts |
| L. Estévez-Mauriz |
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| 14:20 |
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Loudspeaker Array-Based Auralization of Electric Vehicle Noise in Living Environments
by L. Müller, J. Ahrens, W. Kropp.
Abstract:
With the ongoing shift towards electromobility, electric vehicle warning sounds are becoming increasingly prevalent in urban areas, and listening experiments investigating the possible influence of such sounds on human health and well-being are needed. For this purpose, we recently presented an electric vehicle auralization toolbox, which we extend with this paper by implementing a speaker-based reproduction approach in our Living Room Lab. This lab consists of two adjacent rooms coupled with a window: one designed to resemble a typical living space and one equipped with an array of 24 loudspeakers. Employing sound field synthesis, we use these loudspeakers to recreate the sound field of an outdoor electric vehicle pass-by in the sending room, which then propagates through the window and results in a spatially accurate sound field in the receiving living room. In this study, we assess different array setups and synthesis strategies to mitigate time structure distortions of vehicle passages caused by the finite aperture of the loudspeaker array. Modeling the sound propagation between the two coupled rooms, we numerically compare these methods to a simulated continuous outdoor pass-by and perceptually evaluate the results by auralizing the simulated sound fields at a listening position.
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| 14:40 |
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Comprehensive Frequency Spectrum Analysis of Metro Rail Noise for Environmental and Acoustic Insights
by V. Laxmi, H. Phuleria.
Abstract:
The development of metro systems has brought forth heightened concerns regarding noise pollution generated by metro rail operations. This study delves into the assessment of noise levels and spectrum characteristics within metro stations during both with and without metro operations. Utilizing the 1/3-octave-band measurement and analysis system, the study emphasizes the significance of the octave band in capturing noise frequency traits effectively. Through meticulous statistical and frequency spectrum analyses, it was unveiled that metro rail presence contributes an additional noise ranging from 1.5 to 4.4 dB(A) across various stations. Noteworthy peaks in noise levels were observed in both low and high-frequency ranges, with dominant contributions from frequencies like 40 Hz, 63 Hz, 80 Hz, 800 Hz, 2500 Hz, 3150 Hz, and 6300 Hz. These findings encompass metro rail noise components, including aerodynamic and wheel-rail noise. This study highlights the importance of metro noise characterization as a foundation for targeted abatement strategies. By identifying key frequency ranges, it emphasizes monitoring noise in nearby residential areas to understand propagation and inform effective mitigation measures, ultimately reducing metro-related noise pollution.
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| 15:20 |
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Model-Based Approaches for Acoustic Pavement Characterization
by U. Pachale, F. Georgiou, J. Jäggi, D. Wöllstein, A. Heusser, R. Pieren.
Abstract:
The CPX method for pavement characterization is standardized at speeds of 50 and 80 km/h, but its applicability on roads with speed limits of 30 km/h remains uncertain. In a research project, a model-based approach was investigated to estimate acoustic pavement quality from asphalt’s sound absorption, airflow resistance, and surface texture. These three parameters were measured in situ on multiple road sections with varying acoustic characteristics, followed by local SPB measurements to derive spectral pavement corrections for the Swiss road traffic noise emission model, sonROAD18. Correlations were observed between surface texture levels and these pavement corrections, partially explaining how texture influences acoustic performance and pavement noise reduction. This work indicates that predictions based on a combination of sound absorption, airflow resistance, and surface texture may offer improved accuracy compared to the traditional CPX method. Except airflow resistance, measurement of the three parameters does not necessarily require a static setup, thus allowing for dynamic measurement approaches. The current dataset needs expansion with other pavement types and the models will be refined to support more comprehensive acoustic pavement quality assessments at speeds below 50 km/h.
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A20.03 Road traffic noise and vibration (2)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SM3 - BERANEK |
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| R. Peral-Orts |
| L. Estévez-Mauriz |
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| 14:20 |
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Evaluation Of Road Noise Prediction Models In Ireland: A Comparison Of CNOSSOS-EU And CRTN Source Models
by P. Redondo Martinez, E. King.
Abstract:
This study evaluates the performance and applicability of road traffic noise models, with a primary focus on CNOSSOS-EU (Common Noise Assessment Methods in Europe) and CRTN (Calculation of Road Traffic Noise) in the context of Ireland. CNOSSOS-EU, developed for the European Commission, offers a standardised and detailed framework for noise assessment, incorporating parameters such as vehicle type distributions, road surface characteristics, and environmental factors. In contrast, CRTN, established in the UK in 1988, provides a simplified approach to road traffic noise prediction. A pilot investigation examines the CNOSSOS-EU source model for Ireland by examining traffic flow dynamics, including vehicle quantity, speed, and type variations, and analysing predicted versus measured noise variances. Results are compared to the CRTN method where appropriate. This study supports its use in Ireland as explored factors such as traffic characteristics and road surface corrections for Irish road network .
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| 14:40 |
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Impact of the choice of road traffic speed data on modelled environmental noise
by A. Sheehan, S. Beevers, A. Beddows, J. Gulliver.
Abstract:
Accurate road traffic speed data is a key requirement for noise mapping. Speed datasets are however not routinely available, often resulting in the use of crude estimates by road type. In the EU-funded Equal-Life project, studying the relationship of environmental noise and mental health, we investigated the impact of varying traffic speed on modelled noise levels via three different approaches: 1) national speed limits (NSL), 2) half the national speed limit (HNSL) (i.e., to reflect the likely lower speed levels in built-up areas), 3) a novel approach using satellite imagery (SAT) (i.e., spatial displacement of detected vehicles between two images taken .
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| 15:00 |
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Microscopic and Dynamic Road Traffic Noise Model Coupled with a Vehicle Recognition and Tracking Video Analysis Tool
by D. Rossi, A. Pascale, A. Mascolo, M. Coelho, C. Guarnaccia.
Abstract:
The usage of road traffic noise models to assess the contribution of traffic flow to environmental noise is a common procedure. However, it is often complicated to obtain accurate input data for model calibration, development, and validation. This study presents a method for gathering key input parameters for road traffic noise modelling, including vehicle count, classification, and speed, through video recordings of traffic on a national road. The method is based on a custom Python script that employs image processing techniques to determine the position and speed of vehicles while categorizing them as either light or heavy, refining a previous work developed by some of the authors. The collected data are integrated with the CNOSSOS-EU noise emission model to estimate sound power levels of each vehicle. The pressure level at the receiver is then calculated by summing the contribution of all the vehicles within the influence range, as a function of time. This allows us to reproduce the time history of the road traffic noise signal and to compare it with the sound level meter recording, as well as to calculate the equivalent level on any time basis, including those required by regulation.
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| 15:20 |
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Experimental Assessment of Different Car Driving Styles and Their Role in Road Traffic Noise Annoyance Reduction
by M. Czuka, A. Fiebig, M. Schuck, M. Conter, C. Moshona, M. Chudalla, F. Strigari.
Abstract:
Noise is one of the major environmental health risks. To reduce harmful exposure to noise, behavioural approaches are increasingly considered in addition to technical measures to reduce sound emissions at the source. For road traffic, encouraging pro-environmental noise behaviour, such as anticipatory driving and early upshifts when switching gears, could be an important contribution to reduce noise conflicts. However, comparatively little research addresses the influence of noise-conscious driving behaviour on the resulting noise emission and annoyance. Thus, we performed a series of controlled pass-by measurements with two different cars (ICE, BE) and different driving styles using conventional and higher-order Ambisonic microphones for recording. Selected Ambisonic recordings served as stimuli for a listening experiment conducted in the Mixed-Reality-Lab of Berlin University of the Arts. At urban speeds, both the measurement and the listening experiment results showed significant differences between driving styles in terms of noise and psychoacoustic metrics, as well as in noise annoyance.
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| 15:40 |
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A case study of prediction accuracy of ASJ RTN-Model 2023 on Japanese general roads
by K. Yamauchi, K. Yoshimura.
Abstract:
The Acoustical Society of Japan (ASJ) has recently published a new version of road traffic noise prediction model “ASJ RTN-Model 2023”, as the latest development of the research committee on road traffic noise in ASJ for more than 50 years. It is an upgrade version of the previous model. The model is widely used in Japan for the noise assessment in the future, for the noise estimation tool, and for the noise abatement. In this paper, while the outline of the model is introduced, case studies of the prediction accuracy, namely the correspondence between the predicted and measured value using the new model is presented. For the examination on the prediction accuracy, measurement data were provided by Fukuoka City Government, containing simultaneous measurement of the equivalent contentious sound pressure level LAeq and traffic data. The LAeq at the measurement points, located just beside the road, were calculated using obtained traffic data. The prediction results using the ASJ RTN-Model 2023 showed good agreement with the measurement values. Moreover, the other measurements were conducted to examine the prediction accuray of the practical calculation method for predicting noise behind dense buildings. The calculated attenuations due to the buildings showed fine agreement with the measured attenuation.
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| 16:00 |
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Comparison of a Stochastic and Microscopic Road Traffic Noise Models Using Variable Level of Aggregation of Traffic Flows
by A. Mascolo, D. Rossi, M. Nigro, B. Gauvreau, C. Guarnaccia.
Abstract:
The problem of assessing road traffic noise levels by means of predictive models is strictly related to the issue of using reliable and easy-to-obtain input data. This work focuses on evaluating the performance of a stochastic and microscopic traffic noise prediction model, using traffic flow inputs aggregated in two ways: by grouping multiple lanes together or analysing them separately. The model incorporates stochastic distributions to account for the variability in single vehicle speeds, and consequently in noise emissions. It uses microscopic simulations to consider the motion of individual vehicles and to calculate the Sound Exposure Level (SEL) of each transit. To assess model effectiveness, predictions obtained using both aggregated and disaggregated traffic data are compared to field measurements collected in a long-term monitoring station site in France. Results suggest that disaggregating traffic flow by lanes modifies the equivalent continuous sound levels distributions, by acting on the distances between each lane and the receiver point, particularly when the flows are asymmetric. The study underlines the adaptability of the developed stochastic and microscopic model and provides valuable insights into optimizing the balance between accuracy and efficiency when dealing with traffic flow data collection at different levels of aggregation.
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A20.03 Road traffic noise and vibration (3)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SM4 - ZWICKER |
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| R. Peral-Orts |
| L. Estévez-Mauriz |
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| 14:20 |
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Acceleration Noise From Electric Cars Matters
by S. Baclet, R. Rumpler.
Abstract:
Electric vehicles (EVs) are expected to reduce urban noise pollution due to their quieter operation at low speeds. However, research has shown that EVs produce significant additional noise during acceleration, even at low speeds, primarily due to tyre–road interaction under high torque loads. This study investigates the impact of acceleration noise on two key exposure indicators—the equivalent continuous sound level (LAeq) and the number of noise events— using microscopic traffic simulations coupled with noise emission and propagation models. Acceleration noise was modelled using correction terms for both internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles and EVs, based on recent literature. Simulations were performed on a real-world microscopic traffic model of Tartu (Estonia), and the fraction of EVs in the fleet was varied. Results show that neglecting acceleration noise can lead to underestimating LAeq by up to 4.3 dBA and missing close to half of noise events, particularly in electric fleets. The influence of acceleration noise is more pronounced at louder locations and for high-exceedance noise events. These findings highlight the need to integrate acceleration noise into noise exposure assessments, especially as EV penetration increases in urban traffic.
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| 14:40 |
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Design of Vibration Isolation system for Multiple number of Spacecrafts Transportation Container
by D. S. Srivastava, S. Sahu, B. P V, R. V. Nadagouda.
Abstract:
Program critical, high cost and delicate space hardware like Spacecraft built with pressurized tanks, sensitive optics, delicate electronics and hazardous chemicals need protection from various environmental (Mechanical, Climatic and Electric) hazards during transportation to launch base and also between various test establishments. These environmental hazards include mechanical hazards such as shock, vibration and handling loads, climatic hazards such as temperature, humidity, rain, dust, differential pressure and electrical hazards like Electro Static Discharge, Electromagnetic interference(EMI), RF radiation etc. In order to offer protection to the spacecraft, multiple subsystems such as Shock & Vibration isolation system, Passive thermal control system, Gaseous nitrogen purge system, Passive Dehumidification System, Environmental control and Data Acquisition System are integrated inside the Container system. This paper describes the detailed design of the container, its road vibration attenuation techniques for multiple number of Micro/Nano size spacecraft transportationsimultaneously. Multiple number of Spacecraft putting in one container enable to avoid multiple trips of transportation for individual Spacecraft and associated expenses. The container Vibration isolation system is tuned in such a way that to avoid any dynamic coupling among spacecraft and to provide appropriate quantum of ground level shock and vibration attenuation onto spacecraft.
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| 15:00 |
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Relative importance of road traffic in the temporal structure of city noise
by J. M. Barrigón Morillas, D. Montes-Gonzáez, G. Rey Gozalo, R. Vílchez-Gómez.
Abstract:
The urban sound environment has a great variability over time and, at each instant, has a high complexity in its physical characteristics. This is a consequence of the multiple sound sources that may be present and the multiple circumstances that may occur and that will configure the characteristics of the sound environment of a street. In most city streets, road traffic represents the fundamental sound source, both in relative importance and in the variability of sound levels over time. A methodological proposal has recently been published which, by using a matrix variable, each value representing the proportion of traffic flow corresponding to one hour of the year, could explain the part of the annual variability of urban noise that is caused by road traffic. This proposal is analysed by comparing the results obtained from this variable at some point in the city with those obtained using the flows measured at the gauging stations close to the point where the noise levels are measured. The results lead to statistically significant relationships.
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| 15:20 |
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Challenges In Real-Time Low-Cost Vehicle Recognition Systems For CNOSSOS-EU Input
by L. Fiorella, D. Profumo, F. Petrongolo, G. De León, F. Artuso, L. Fredianelli, G. Licitra, E. Ascari.
Abstract:
The present paper describes the main issue to take into account to reach the implementation of an advanced system for real-time vehicle classification. Real-time vehicle identification is critical for traffic monitoring to mitigate traffic congestions, noise and air pollution, and in this context CNOSSOS-EU method included in the Annex II of the directive 2002/49/EC classes provides a common framework for acoustic classification of vehicles. Previous systems using road cameras and artificial intelligence models demonstrated promising results; however, they failed to meet real-time requirements mainly due to computational complexity and a lack of robustness in handling challenging environmental conditions. The present work evaluates the actual limitations and challenges arose in the development of an improved system able leverages edge computation, processing directly at the point of acquisition, for vehicle classification in applications such as environmental monitoring and dynamic traffic management.
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| 15:40 |
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Audio-Video Acquisition System For Dynamic Road Pavement Monitoring
by F. Petrongolo, L. Fiorella, G. De León, D. Profumo, F. Artuso, A. Monticelli, F. D'Alessandro, E. Ascari, G. Licitra, L. Fredianelli.
Abstract:
Pavement quality plays a crucial role in ride comfort, security, and vehicle pollution emissions, including tyre rolling noise. In addition, tempestive evaluation of the pavement conditions and localization of distresses can reduce the overall environmental impact of road traffic transport. These measures enhance road maintenance planning, extend pavement lifetime and reduce cost related effects. In order to have a deeper understanding of the road condition, a multimodal-system can be useful to extract diverse features across different domains. However, achieving synchronous connectivity between various devices, both online and offline, can be challenging. In this work, a new dynamic multimodal-system is presented. The system is based on the integration of a Tyre Cavity Microphone and a video recording device, enabling a road surface characterization both in terms of visual and acoustical inspection. Key challenges, such as alignment and spatial positioning, are tackled. Special attention is given to the synchronization between the multiple measuring devices. Additionally, the intrinsic constraints of each sensor are described. The main goal of the ongoing project is to create a system that can localize and assess pavements’ state during normal traffic conditions.
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A20.04 Tyre/road noise
| Monday 23 June 2025 - 17:00 |
| Room: SM1 - BÉKÉSY |
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| N. Campillo-Davo |
| E. Fraga De Frieta |
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| 17:00 |
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New road surface source correction factors for Nord2000 calculations in Sweden
by A. Genell, A. Gustafson.
Abstract:
On June 1st 2024 Sweden transitioned from the previous Nordic Prediction Method, revised 1996 (Nord96) to Nord2000 as recommended road traffic community noise calculation method. The road traffic source model in Nord2000 was extensively updated in 2005-2006 when major results from the EU-projects Harmonoise and Imagine was incorporated. As part of that inclusion was the oportunity to provide corrections for road surfaces other than the virtual reference surface included the Nord2000 (as well as in Harmonoise/Imagine). In Nord96 there was a table published presenting frequency independent, single value correction factors for certain reference traffic situations and road surfaces which were seldom used in practice. The updated Nord2000 road traffic source model allows for more detailed corrections, and in this paper speed and frequency dependent corrections for some common Sedish road surfaces are presented. These factors are based on extensive CPX measurements, and results show large source level impacts in certain frequency bands pointing to the importance of properly including road surface effects. .
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| 17:20 |
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Image-based prediction of noise: a two-step conceptual model
by F. G. Praticò, V. N.K. Mypati.
Abstract:
SESSION LIFE SILENTNoise importance in pavement performance evaluation is often overlooked. However, noise directly impacts environmental quality and human health. There is a lack of methods to approximately derive the noise contribution of a pavement based on its surface texture and/or other easy-to-measure factors. Based on the above, the objectives of this study were confined to the following: 1) Setting up a conceptual model to derive the acoustic contribution of a pavement based on its surface texture, this latter assessed through images. 2) Investigating the surface texture prediction based on the pavement surface analysis. After setting up the model, this study developed image-based indicators to analyse the macrotexture characteristics of bituminous mixtures. Experimental results validated these indicators, highlighting their potential for predicting surface texture and noise contributions. In order to pursue the goals above, the following tasks were carried out: 1)␁Study of the literature. 2)␁Set up a two-step model in order to derive the texture based on image analysis and the noise based on texture. 3)␁Design of the experiments. 4)␁Production of a set of bituminous mixtures and measurements. 5)␁Derivation of the relationship between an image-based indicator and macrotexture 6)␁Discussion of results and future work.
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| 17:40 |
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Machine Learning techniques for tyre rolling noise on rubberized asphalt roads
by S. Kanka, F. Artuso, A. Moro, F. Fidecaro, G. Licitra.
Abstract:
Tyre rolling noise remains a significant contributor to overall noise pollution, characterizing also electric vehicle emissions for speed greater than 25 km/h. Among low-noise pavements, rubberized asphalt roads have gained widespread use due to their acoustic benefits and durability over time. Additionally, these pavements provide an effective solution for recycling End-of-Life Tyres (ELTs), a challenging waste product to manage, which stockpiling poses substantial environmental risks, including fire hazards and serving as breeding grounds for disease-carrying mosquitos. In this work, Machine Learning techniques will be employed to evaluate and characterize various aspects of the investigated pavements, with a particular focus on those incorporating crumb rubber particles inserted with the Dry or Wet process. The pavements acoustic emission, measured using the standardized Close ProXimity (CPX) method, as well as through their texture profile, were collected. The pavements under investigation were geographically distributed across different regions of Italy, exposing them to varying external factors. The goal of this research project is to develop an artificial intelligence tool capable to improve the pavement design.
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| 18:00 |
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In-situ evaluation of tyre/road noise of a pavement based on footwear waste
by N. Campillo-Davo, R. Peral-Orts, H. Campello-Vicente, M. Fabra-Rodriguez, D. Abellan-Lopez, A. B. Muñoz-Milan, B. Mateu-Romero, F. Aran-Ais.
Abstract:
The noise emission generated by road traffic is one of the main noise sources in urban and interurban environments. A variety of noise sources are found in a driving vehicle, where tyre/road noise becomes a relevant one, even in the case of electric vehicles. Nowadays, much work is focused on the development of road surfaces with sound-absorbing properties, such as work based on the development of poroelastic road surfaces (PERS), that may contribute to the improvement of road noise levels. In that sense, the present article presents a preliminary study exploring the soundabsorbing capabilities of a pavement made using the polymeric fraction of post-consumer shoe waste. The tests have been carried out in-situ on a prototype paved area using an acoustic camera, and the results are compared with those obtained when circulating on a dense asphalt.
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A20.04 Tyre/road noise (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| N. Campillo-Davo |
| E. Fraga De Frieta |
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Long-term tyre/road noise comparison of different road surfaces measured by CPX method
by P. Markova, B. Hablovicova, V. Krivanek.
Abstract:
Road traffic noise is the dominant factor in noise pollution. The European Union assesses the road surface acoustic properties by the internationally proven close-proximity (CPX) method. In this paper, exposed aggregate cement concrete, fine-grained asphalt concrete for very thin layers, low-noise pavements, and grinding treatment of cement concrete surface were compared with the reference stone mastic asphalt surface. The tyre/road noise levels of surfaces were performed by the CPX method using the maximum quantity (mandatory and optional) of microphones at a speed of 80 km/h. The noise levels of surfaces increase faster for the first few years after laying and much more slowly thereafter. The benefits of low-noise pavements have been demonstrated from the acoustic point of view. The intention is to use the obtained long-term acoustic behavior data of the road surfaces to refine and update the average noise values given in the national technical quality requirement (TKP 7). It contains noise levels of surface treatments that aren’t longer in use and, on the contrary, doesn’t provide sufficient data about new technologies.
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Influence of velocity on the frequency spectra of SMA 11 road surface measured by CPX method
by B. Hablovicova, P. Markova, V. Krivanek.
Abstract:
Noise affects the health of the citizens. Its primary source is transport, especially road transport. Road noise is primarily caused by the vehicle’s combustion engine, the contact of the tyre with the road surface, and airflow around the vehicle (depending on the vehicle’s velocity). In cities, the most common noise is noise generated by the contact between the tyre and road surface, so-called tyre/road noise. The close-proximity (CPX) method is one of the most objective ways of measuring road surface noise. It uses microphones mounted near the reference tyre so the surrounding environment can’t affect the measured noise values. This paper presents the results from measurements of the reference asphalt surface using the CPX method at the different velocities using all six microphones. The thirdoctave band spectra for individual microphones were analyzed. The highest differences in trend lines are achieved at frequencies below 1000 Hz. The most significant differences of up to 5.8 dB(A) between the noise spectra values of individual microphones were found at the highest measured velocity for low frequencies.
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A20.05 Railway noise and vibration
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:20 |
| Room: SM1 - BÉKÉSY |
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| R. Arcos |
| E. Latorre Iglesias |
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| 9:20 |
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Method for Railway Noise Event Detection: experiment using Medusas sensors
by M. Hellot, M. Sineau, C. Mietlicki.
Abstract:
The noise generated by railway traffic is a significant source of annoyance. Energy indicators commonly used to measure sound levels are mean-based indicators that do not reflect event-based railway noise. New epidemiology studies are looking at the correlation between each train pass-by and the instantaneous annoyance of the population. In this study, we present a method for detecting railway noise events using two Medusas sensors, advanced acoustic array measurement devices capable of determining sound directionality and levels. The method combines signal processing techniques, such as Butterworth filtering, with sound localization data to identify and classify railway noise events. It was implemented as part of the GENIFER study, conducted in the commune of Savigny-sur-Orge, a complex urban environment with multiple noise sources. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed detection method in accurately identifying railway noise events, achieving high recall and precision. This methodology provides a robust framework for assessing railway noise impacts at the individual event level, paving the way for improved noise monitoring systems and a better understanding of the link between railway noise and human annoyance.
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| 9:40 |
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GENIFER feasability study - Assessing railway noise instantaneous annoyance with in-situ listening test
by M. Hellot, R. Mafféis, M. Sineau, A.-S. Evrard, J.-P. Regairaz.
Abstract:
Railway noise is one of the potential obstacles to the development of this low carbon means of mobility, and it is necessary to study its acoustic parameters in the involved annoyance for better characterization. In this frame, the GENIFER feasibility study, aimed at improving knowledge of the acoustic factors involved in instantaneous annoyance due to railway noise. This study implemented a first phase of instantaneous annoyance ratings using an electronic device with 62 people living near railway lines, followed by a second phase involving in-home listening panels with 33 of these people. During this second phase, and from binaural digital audio recordings of a representative sample of trains, they were asked to rate the instantaneous annoyance caused by passing trains. The results showed that sound indicators such as SEL or LAmax were the best predictors of instantaneous annoyance for non-equalized audio sounds, while psychoacoustic indicators such as tonality and roughness were the best predictors for equalized sounds. A hierarchical classification highlighted two groups of ‘raters’ with age as a potential distinguishing factor, with younger individuals assigning lower instantaneous annoyance ratings than other individuals. Finally, the two methods of assessing instantaneous annoyance were compared and showed different results.
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| 10:00 |
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VibraSIG - Modeling railway structure-borne noise and vibrations and implementation in QGIS geographic information software
by R. Walther.
Abstract:
In the context of engineering studies for passenger rail line projects, a method for predicting vibration and structure-borne noise levels in buildings close to the line is needed on the scale of a town or territory. ACOUSTB has developed VibraSIG, a method for calculating railway vibration and structure-borne noise, based on two numerical models (VibraFer, CSTB and MEFISSTO, CSTB). A numerical model in VibraFer is used to define a railway excitation source term. A numerical model in MEFISSTO is used to calculate the vibratory response of the tunnel and the ground up to the building on a cross-section. A statistical building response model is used to estimate structure-borne noise and floor vibration levels. Finally, the method for predicting vibration and structure-borne noise levels is extended to the entire project route, and the results are visualized for each building on a Geographic Information System (GIS).
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| 10:20 |
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Framework for the assessment of uncertainty of high-speed train pantograph aerodynamic noise predictions
by E. Latorre Iglesias, G. García Barrios, M. L. López Ibañez, A. Melis, J. Muñoz Paniagua, D. Thompson.
Abstract:
Noise predictions are normally used to evaluate compliance with regulations, to validate the design of new trains or for virtual certification in cases where existing trains are modified. Hence, prediction uncertainty should be considered to minimize risks. Although for measurements, a methodology for the assessment of uncertainty is well defined in the Guide for Uncertainty in Measurements (GUM), there is a lack of standardised procedures for predictions. This work proposes a framework for uncertainty assessment of aerodynamic noise predictions for a highspeed train pantograph using a component-based model. A sensitivity analysis is applied to select the relevant input parameters; uncertainty propagation is calculated assuming a Gaussian distribution and using the law of propagation of uncertainty for measurements given in the GUM. An example of the application of the proposed framework is given for pass-by noise predictions of a generic high-speed train pantograph installed in a train running at 330 km/h. The results show the feasibility of applying the proposed framework for uncertainty assessment of this specific case, but also the potential for application to railway exterior noise predictions using different prediction models.
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| 11:00 |
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BIM-Based Noise Protection Planning in Railway Infrastructure
by J. Bartnitzek, L. Höhle, J. Egeler, A. Schlesinger, M. Liepert, C. Huth, C. Ende, D. J. Meyer, T. Koch, B. Schlüter, R. Böhme.
Abstract:
Building Information Modeling (BIM) enables collaborative planning by integrating geospatial, technical and lifecycle data into a unified digital model. In railway infrastructure, BIM significantly enhances noise protection planning by linking spatial sound analysis with project visualization. The EAV-Infra research project exemplifies this approach by using BIM to integrate sound propagation calculations into the overall project model. The BIM model, derived from geodata in Germany, incorporates terrain, urban and cadastral data, enabling precise noise evaluations. Train assignments and track routing enrich the model for emission calculations under various scenarios. In a case study scenario with and without noise barriers were compared. The results, visualized as isophones, grid maps and evaluated facade points of buildings, demonstrated the barriers’ effectiveness in reducing sound pressure levels. These findings, embedded in the BIM model, streamline variant analysis and stakeholder engagement. By integrating sound planning into BIM workflows, the project accelerates approvals, improves model quality, and fosters acceptance, showcasing BIM’s transformative potential for railway infrastructure development.
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| 11:20 |
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The influence of nonlinear behaviour of reinforced concrete structures on numerical modelling for vibration
by M. Österreicher.
Abstract:
In the context of vibration predictions, numerical models typically form an integral part of the process. This is particularly important for newly planned structures near railway lines, where such calculations are considered as ”state of the art” and fundamental for reliable predictive computations. Numerical calculations generally assume linear-elastic behavior of concrete in its uncracked state (State I) . However, the design of structures aims to allow a certain degree of cracking in the final state (State II) to activate the reinforcement. This, however, leads to a reduction in the stiffness of the structure, resulting in diminished natural frequencies. Natural frequencies, in particular, represent a critical parameter in the dynamic assessment of buildings [1]. This work aims to investigate, through nonlinear numerical calculations, the influence of cracking and the transition to State II on the dynamic properties of structural constructions.
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| 11:40 |
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A method for track-independent railway vehicle characterization as ground-borne vibration sources based on blocked forces
by R. Arcos, A. Clot, Y. Shafieyoon, J. Meggitt.
Abstract:
In this article, a method to characterise rolling stock as sources of ground-borne noise and vibration is presented. The method is based on the blocked force approach, and it allows for a fully track-independent characterization of railway vehicles. It is designed for laboratory use, serving as a tool that rolling stock manufacturers can employ to assess the ground-borne vibration emissions of new railway vehicle prototypes. This can be achieved by conducting experiments at their own facilities using only a small track section and a set of excitation devices. This paper presents a numerical study of the feasibility of the proposed approach in which the particularities of the method are discussed through various simple case studies. Preliminary instructions to conduct experimental tests to characterise blocked forces of real rolling stock are also included.
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| 12:00 |
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Study of the effect of ballast properties and wheel geometry on rolling noise
by E. M. Sánchez Orgaz, V. T. Andrés, J. Martínez Casas, F. D. Denia.
Abstract:
Railway rolling noise can have pernicious effects on human health, especially in urban areas. To address this issue, the present work aims to reduce the total rolling noise radiated by the wheel, rail and sleeper through a comprehensive vibroacoustic model of the wheel and track that incorporates their dynamic interaction. The methodology associated with the acoustic calculation includes the characterization of the wheel using an axisymmetric approach with a view to reducing the computational requirements. The mitigation strategy focuses on analyzing the influence of wheel geometry and ballast characteristics on the radiated sound. Statistical techniques are used to quantify these effects and identify design modifications that minimize noise emission.
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A20.06 Noise barriers and mitigation techniques for road traffic and railway
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 16:40 |
| Room: SM5 - SCHROEDER |
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| 16:40 |
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The design of a sonic crystal noise barrier for an evolving urban area
by G. Fusaro, M. Garai.
Abstract:
Over the past 20 years, the area around Terracini Street in Bologna, Italy, evolved from a suburban industrial zone to a residential and university area. Proximity to a heavily trafficked road has resulted in significant noise limit exceedances in public spaces like the offices and laboratories of the School of Engineering. This research moves from the site’s morphological and infrastructural characteristics, existing urban regulations and measured environmental noise levels to design a new acoustic barrier to mitigate the noise impact on the university premises. A sonic crystal noise barrier is proposed, also exploiting a finite element method (FEM) analysis, achieving an average noise reduction of 10 dB(A) in the 200 Hz - 1 kHz range while maintaining visual transparency and air ventilation. The design considers the barrier’s ecological and aesthetic impact, aligning it with the area’s new identity as the home of the School of Engineering. The findings offer insights into innovative noise mitigation strategies and highlight the potential for applying acoustic metamaterials in similar urban contexts.
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| 17:00 |
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Noise barriers: what really matters and what doesn't?
by J. P. Clairbois, P. Houtave, M. Garai.
Abstract:
After more than 40 years spent designing and optimizing noise barriers for land transport, it is worth noting that many of the important factors determining their performance are still underestimated or even neglected. The purpose of this paper is to review all the factors that determine the actual performance of noise barriers in reducing noise around roads and railways. Those factors are : the physical phenomena (sound emission, sound propagation, sound reflection, sound diffraction and airborne sound transmission), the sound emission characteristics (vehicle type), the dimensions (height, length, volume, source / receiver relative positions, frequency domain, time scale), the shape of the objects, the sound propagation medium (air, weather conditions, ground effect) and, late but not least, the intrinsic performances of the barriers (sound absorption, airborne sound insulation, intrinsic sound diffraction). All those factors are influencing the final insertion loss performance, each one can have a major influence ... or not: it all depends on the context in which it is used. That’s the reason why it is so important to not underestimate or neglect any relevant factor: this paper will focus on several points too often neglected or poorly considered.
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| 17:20 |
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Assessment of efficiency of WHIStop diffractor for road traffic noise abatement
by E. King, S. Horsman, M. Manohare.
Abstract:
The WHIStop is a lightweight aluminum diffractor designed to enhance the performance of existing noise barriers by deflecting sound upwards. Reportedly, the WHIStop achieves a 4–5 dB noise reduction, comparable to increasing the barrier height by 2 meters. To test and evaluate the efficacy of a WHIStop in Ireland, Transport Infrastructure Ireland (TII) recently commissioned a test installation along a motorway section in the west of Ireland. As part of this assessment noise measurements were conducted at two fixed locations under three conditions: i) baseline with no mitigation; ii) after the installation of a 3m high noise barrier; and iii) after adding the WHIStop diffractor. Initial results suggest the WHIStop has had a positive impact on noise levels immediately behind the barrier. To further assess the acoustic impact, an acoustic camera was deployed to further assess the impact of the WHIStop on site. Several characteristic changes were observed, including a change in acoustic roughness, while a spectrogram analysis revealed a shift in the perceived Doppler effect. These findings highlight the WHIStop’s potential in altering and mitigating traffic noise effects for adjacent neighbourhoods.
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A20.06 Noise barriers and mitigation techniques for road traffic and railway (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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The ECODRIVE Project: Traffic Management and Control Measures to Mitigate Road Traffic Noise
by T. Onorato, P. Bellucci.
Abstract:
In the last decades, huge investments in road infrastructures and the spread of private cars have been necessary to meet the mobility needs of the population, whose well-being, work and personal needs have led to an ever-increasing travel demand. This ever more prevalent use of private road transport, in addition to its benefits, has also given rise to well-known consequences, including congestion, accidents, pollution and, notably, traffic noise. Over the years, different solutions have been proposed to reduce the effects of long exposure in areas close to road infrastructures, involving cars technology and road pavements characteristics. The ECODRIVE Project tries to address these issues, providing traffic management and control schemes and combining different policies affecting flow variables and traffic dynamics, with the aim of reducing the environmental impact of road transport. Even though the project, based on a simulative approach, is focused on the simultaneous reduction of atmospheric and acoustic emissions, it produced significant and interesting results in terms of noise reduction. In this paper a summary of the main aspects and the most interesting outcomes of the ECODRIVE project is provided. .
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A20.07 Aircraft noise
| Thursday 26 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: SM4 - ZWICKER |
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| P. Rodríguez Garcia |
| R. Merino-Martinez |
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| 9:00 |
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AAVT: A Tool To Run Virtual Surveys With Passing Aircraft
by G. Isherwood, J. Eccles, G. Memoli.
Abstract:
Multiple studies have identified the perception of aircraft sounds to be highly multisensorial, making it difficult to predict what the effects of airspace restructuring may be. This is because very few survey methodologies can capture future aircraft-dominated soundscapes, with multisensorial fidelity and in different areas around an airport. In this study, we explore the possibility of creating an immersive environment for soundscape surveys, focused on aircraft sounds and capable of virtually bringing survey participants to different parts of a territory, like virtual tourists. Built within a game engine, our Aviation Acoustics Visualisation Tool (AAVT) combines video recordings of a local community with virtual 3D-modelled passing aircraft. Acoustic emissions within AAVT are based on real audio recordings of single aircraft flyovers at various altitudes. This work describes the technical validation of the tool, including challenges related to audio-visual synchronisation, lens distortion calibration, acoustic level adjustments and system modularity. AAVT provides a foundation for future comparative studies that aim to reproduce multisensory judgements, like the correlation between the visually perceived height of a passing aircraft and the acoustically perceived noise. Future studies will support investigations on community responses and discussions on aircraft noise policies.
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| 9:20 |
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Exposure-response relationships between aircraft noise and annoyance or sleep disturbance for Dutch civil and military airports
by M. Reedijk, R. Van Poll, J. Hoekstra, W. Swart, J. Van Der Kassteele, A. Sahai, D. Houthuijs.
Abstract:
Residents living near airports are exposed to aircraft noise. In this study we investigated the association between aircraft noise exposure and high annoyance or sleep disturbance in the vicinity of 14 civil and military airports in the Netherlands. Data of 262.310 participants was used from the Municipal Public Health Service Health Monitor 2020, a nationwide survey on the state of public health. In the analyses the responses on the 11-point scale ISO questionnaire aircraft noise annoyance and sleep disturbance are combined with modelled noise exposure at the residential address. We conducted population-weighted logistic regression models with both a linear and non-linear exposure effect. It was possible to derive exposure-response relationship for most larger airports in the Netherlands. More residents were highly annoyed and sleep disturbed in 2020 at the same air traffic noise levels than in a study conducted in 2002 around Schiphol Airport which exposure response relationship is often used in Dutch policy. The survey was conducted during the COVID19 pandemic which could have influenced the results. Key recommendations from this research are the application of airport specific, recent and non-linear exposure response relationships. We plan to expand this current research on air traffic noise to rail and road traffic noise.
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| 9:40 |
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Sound Characteristics and Perception Study of new Generation of Turbofan Aircraft
by R. Aalmoes, N. Sieben, S. Nolet.
Abstract:
Ongoing development for more efficient and more silent aircraft resulted in the introduction of a new generation of turbofan aircraft for air transport. This new generation promises to be quieter and more efficient than existing generations. Examples are the Boeing 737MAX and the Embraer E-Jet E2 family. Some communities claim these benefits do not translate into less annoyance and for this reason, research has been performed to examine claimed benefits for noise and to examine whether reductions of noise also reduce annoyance by conducting a perception study. Participants rate simulated flyover events of prior and new generations of aircraft. A virtual reality environment provides both sound and visual stimuli for these events. Subsequently, participants rate these events on their perceived loudness, annoyance, sharpness, and tonality. In addition, psycho-acoustic differences between generations are examined to provide further insight into expected benefits for communities near airports. Results show that the Embraer E195-E2 is less annoying than the older E190. On the other hand, the newer generation Boeing 737 MAX aircraft is not less annoying than the older generation Boeing 737. When the sounds are corrected for loudness, the B737MAX is significantly more annoying than the older B737.
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| 10:00 |
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Indoor and Outdoor Noise perception of communities near Schiphol Airport
by N. Sieben, R. Aalmoes.
Abstract:
A large airport can have a negative environmental and health-related impact on neighbouring communities, due to aircraft induced noise exposure and air pollution. The impact of aviation on neighbouring communities could be mitigated by different methods of home insulation, a solution often provided by airports. A survey was conducted for residents living nearby Amsterdam Airport Schiphol to study the relation between aircraft annoyance and perception to aviation and home insulation. A comparison is also made to other typical noise sources residents experience both inside and outside of their home, such as noise from neighbours, road traffic noise, industry noise, and home appliances. Initial results show no relation between the amount of isolation methods someone applied in their home and aircraft annoyance. However, a positive relation was found between more isolation methods applied at someone’s home and aviation perception. Furthermore, residents experience more annoyance from aircraft noise than industry noise and the noise of home appliances. This difference was not found between aircraft noise and road noise, or noise from neighbours. Further analyses revealed that residents living in areas with aircraft noise exposure above 45dB Lden experience more aircraft annoyance than residents exposed to less than 45dB Lden.
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| 10:20 |
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Krueger flap noise generation on a semi-span aircraft model
by L. Sanders, M. Pott-Pollenske.
Abstract:
During the aircraft approach and landing phase, airframe noise is a predominant concern, with leading edge high-lift devices being a major contributor. Traditionally, classical slats are employed for this purpose. However, an alternative solution is the Krueger leading edge flap, a prerequisite for laminar wing technology - a promising innovation to enhance aircraft efficiency and reduce emissions. This device was experimentally investigated in the Airbus-led German INTONE project. Specifically designed for a 3D wing, it was tested in DNW’s low-speed wind tunnel acoustic test section in Braunschweig. The present study focuses on simulating flow and noise for two experimental configurations, aiming to validate these simulations against measurement data. Two high-lift designs are examined: 1. A conventional slat, and 2. A Krueger flap selected for its acoustic benefit. Unsteady flow simulations around the 3D wing model utilize the lattice-Boltzmann method. Acoustic time pressure signals are derived from both direct flow simulation noise and Ffowcs-Williams and Hawkings surface integration. Favorable comparisons are observed between simulated results and experimental data, including static pressure measurements on the wing model and farfield microphone recordings.
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| 11:00 |
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Aircraft Noise-Induced Annoyance Analysis Using Psychoacoustic Listening Experiments
by R. Merino-Martinez, V. S. Buzetelu.
Abstract:
Aircraft noise annoyance is inherently subjective, and its accurate quantification represents a challenging task. There is a lack of consensus in the scientific community regarding which metrics are best for effectively representing this type of annoyance. The present study aims at relating various sound metrics to noise annoyance ratings measured in listening experiments featuring 60 aircraft flyover recordings (30 landings and 30 take-offs). This is done by considering different sound quality metrics (SQMs), psychoacoustic annoyance models, and more conventional noise certification metrics, such as the effective perceived noise level (EPNL) or the sound exposure level. A correlation analysis was subsequently performed on a large pool of sound metrics considering both linear and non-linear functions. The results show that, in general, metrics derived from psychoacoustic annoyance models (especially those proposed by Zwicker and Di et al.) present considerably better correlations compared to conventional metrics and most individual SQMs. The metrics of loudness, EPNL, and maximum perceived noise level (PNL) also exhibit strong correlations and capacity to predict a substantial portion of the variance observed in the reported annoyance ratings. Moreover, considering non-linear functions (e.g. logarithmic or hyperbolic tangent power) further improves the prediction performance.
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| 11:20 |
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Evaluation Of Audio-Visual Parameters In The Perceived Aircraft Noise Annoyance In Virtual Reality Experiments
by S. A. Priboi, R. Merino-Martinez.
Abstract:
Most aircraft noise research is solely based on audio recordings. Nevertheless, the use of virtual reality (VR) environments provides a more immersive experience and, hence, a higher level of realism when conducting psychoacoustic listening experiments in laboratory conditions. Moreover, this approach enables the analysis of non-acoustical factors (e.g. visual cues). This study evaluates the influence of different (audio-)visual parameters in the perceived noise annoyance reported in VR experiments. For this purpose, an open-source application developed in Unity was employed to simulate 16 different VR scenarios based on real-life locations. These scenarios were characterized by different binary visual aspects (e.g. rural vs. urban, sunny vs. cloudy, or artificial vs. natural). In each scene, the same binaural aircraft flyover recording was employed to focus on the effect of the different environmental conditions. However, the background noise differed per soundscape, providing different signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) values. The influence of the aircraft visibility (not rendered in some cloudy scenarios) was also evaluated. The results show that, in general, cloudy, rural, and natural environments were perceived as slightly more annoying. Moreover, a significant and moderate correlation was observed between the annoyance ratings and the SNR, showing that background noise can partly mask the presence of aircraft.
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| 11:40 |
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Low-Noise Propeller Optimization Via Blade Sweep And Uneven Spacing
by F. Fruncillo, P. Luchini, F. Giannetti.
Abstract:
The present study investigates the impact of propeller planform on noise emission. Both balanced and unbalanced configurations are considered, acting on blade spacing and sweep. A global optimization, where the objective function is the sound pressure in the plane of rotation, confirms that uneven blade spacing can reduce noise. However, this does not necessarily lead to a reduction in emitted power. It is indeed the case that a stronger radiation in other directions results in an increase in the total noise from the source. Conversely, sweep optimization yields greater benefits, ensuring both local and overall noise reduction. An analysis of unbalanced rotors provides slightly improved results, but not enough to justify such a design.
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| 12:00 |
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Community And Cabin Noise Assessment Of A 19-Seater Hydrogen-Electric Airliner
by M. Barbarino, G. Fasulo, A. Pagano, A. Visingardi, F. Morlando, F. Petrosino, M. Zupanič, J. Drofelnik.
Abstract:
The need to reduce the environmental impact of aviation, as envisaged by Europe’s Flightpath 2050 vision, is pushing the development of sustainable and cost-efficient air mobility solutions. Within this framework, the European project NEWBORN is developing hybrid and full electric powertrains. For the latter, which combines hydrogen fuel cells and batteries for aeronautical applications, demonstrations are also planned on representative CS23 and CS25 aircraft platforms. This paper assesses the environmental performance and cabin noise characteristics of the innovative “Miniliner”, a 19-passenger airliner equipped with the NEWBORN-developed propulsion system whose propulsors are two newly designed propellers. The rotational movement of propellers (co-rotating and counterrotating) is examined considering the setup options (including direction of rotation and blade phase shift). The results of a comprehensive numerical framework are analyzed shedding light on the optimal propeller arrangement to reduce both external and cabin noise levels.
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A20.07 Aircraft noise (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| P. Rodríguez Garcia |
| R. Merino-Martinez |
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Exploring Acoustic Signatures of Different Aircraft Types and Operations Using Advanced Data Analysis
by I. Besnea, A. Amiri-Simkooei, I. Dedoussi, M. Snellen.
Abstract:
Understanding acoustic characteristics of aircraft is critical for designing optimal fleet compositions in terms of noise and improved airport operations. This study investigates acoustic signatures across different aircraft types, engine designs, and operational conditions. A dataset consisting of 457 field acoustic measurements of commercial turbofan aircraft landing and taking-off from Amsterdam Airport Schiphol was used. To unveil meaningful patterns, we focused on dimensionality reduction techniques—Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and tdistributed Stochastic Neighbour Embedding (t-SNE)— to analyse this high-dimensional acoustic data. These methods are complemented by clustering algorithms and supervised machine learning models, such as K-Means, random forests for feature importance, and multilayer perceptrons (MLP) to classify aircraft types, engine configurations, and operations. Results reveal a strong loudness axis in the first principal component, overshadowing subtle spectral and timebased differences across aircraft families, especially for takeoffs. Nonetheless, focusing on higher-order components and alternative embeddings (t-SNE) highlights additional spectral and temporal markers. Operation classification (landing vs. takeoff) achieves 98% accuracy, but aircraft and engine family classification remain challenging, with accuracy capped below 50% using these feature sets. These findings suggest that advanced feature selection and dimensionality reduction while considering amplitude characteristics are essential for disentangling nuanced design-based acoustic traits.
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A21.02 Applied sound-driven design
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SM6 - HELMHOLTZ |
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| N. Misdariis |
| S. Spagnol |
| S. Lenzi |
| E. Özcan |
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| 14:20 |
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Mitigating Motion Sickness in Electric Vehicles Through Active Sound Design
by S. Kim, J. Yang, M. E. Altinsoy.
Abstract:
The adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) introduces a unique driving experience; however, it poses challenges to passenger comfort due to distinct vehicle dynamics, such as rapid acceleration and regenerative braking, which may contribute to motion sickness. While prior studies have highlighted the potential of anticipatory audio cues in mitigating motion sickness, their practical implementation remains limited. From an in-vehicle soundscape perspective, the acoustic environment consists of both vehicle-generated sounds and those produced by audio systems. This study investigates the effectiveness of active sound design (ASD) in alleviating motion sickness in EVs. Controlled real-world experiments were conducted with healthy participants who experienced 30 minutes of natural acceleration, deceleration, and stopping on public roads. Motion sickness levels were recorded every three minutes using the misery scale, with participants engaging in a nondriving-related task (video viewing) under two conditions: without ASD and with ASD. The findings indicate that the introduction of ASD, functioning as situational cues for vehicular movements such as acceleration and deceleration, significantly reduces motion sickness. These results suggest that ASD, beyond its conventional role in enhancing auditory enjoyment, can serve as a practical tool to improve passenger comfort by enabling the anticipation of vehicle motion.
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| 14:40 |
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Sound design in beauty tech: improving the sounds of hair dryers
by A. Bhatara, A. Suwanto, S. Romagny, D. Morizet.
Abstract:
Sound is often neglected in traditional sensory research, especially in the cosmetics industry. In the present study, we investigate a beauty tech product that makes sound as a consequence of its function: hair dryers. We recorded the hair dryers’ sounds and digitally modified the spectral content of the recordings. We then tested these recordings and modified versions with a group of consumers to evaluate the effect of the modifications on listeners’ preferences and the emotional impact of each sound. We find clear positive effects of spectral modifications on both preference and emotion. Specifically, increasing sharpness (by increasing high-frequency energy) and reducing energy in the high-mid frequencies results in higher preference and more positive emotions. These results demonstrate the importance of carefully designing sounds in beauty tech, even those that are unintentionally part of the user experience, and they also demonstrate an original and cost-effective method for evaluating potential improvements to a product’s sound. .
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| 15:00 |
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Design and evaluation of the SoundAsleep app: the impact of emotional states on sound preferences for sleep
by S. Hallak, A. Choubey, S. Pauletto.
Abstract:
Sleep is essential in our lives. Unfortunately, many individuals suffer from a lack of sleep and sleep disorders, which negatively impact their daily lives and cause many problems. Feeling negative emotions during the day can be a reason for sleep deprivation. On the basis of our previous study which explored how emotional states influence sound preferences for sleep, we have developed the SoundAsleep app. After the user answers questions about their emotional state, the app suggests three sounds that can help them fall asleep. We evaluated the app - its impact on sleep quality and more generally how people experienced using it - with twenty participants who used it every day for at least one week. Results from this evaluation further support that a relationship between emotional states and sound preferences for sleep exists. Finally, we suggest new directions for research and development of effective sound-based sleep aids. .
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| 15:20 |
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SoundAI: Exploring culture-sensitive and environmentally-conscious applications for AI-supported sound-driven design
by E. Özcan, S. Mora, F. Duarte, S. Lenzi.
Abstract:
In an earlier study, we explored the intersection between human perception of sound, Machine Listening, and their potential societal and environmental impact with experts in computer science, art and philosophy, design, and ethics. As a follow-up work, we explored SoundAI applications through two MSc design student projects at TU Delft on the topics of building cultural bonds by generating new community soundscapes and increasing awareness on biodiversity by focussing on other-than-human noise sensitivity. This paper presents these two use cases with societal, environmental, and ethical considerations, and suitable AI techniques. The proposed applications manifest themselves as promoting accessibility, environmental awareness, and community well-being while mitigating ethical risks in privacy and ownership. These two design explorations allow us to imagine early AI applications for sound with their opportunities and limitations. It is our intention that SoundAI responds to the real needs of individuals, natural habitats, and other species to make a positive societal and environmental impact.
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A21.02 Applied sound-driven design (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| N. Misdariis |
| S. Spagnol |
| S. Lenzi |
| E. Özcan |
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From Research to Practice: A Collaborative Approach to Tackling Alarm Fatigue in ICUs
by I. Bostan, R. Van Egmond, D. Gommers, E. Özcan.
Abstract:
Alarm fatigue describes the desensitization, reduced alarm response, and negative emotions experienced by ICU nurses due to the excessive number of alarms generated by patient monitoring systems. Although alarms are intended to prompt action, high numbers of non-actionable alarms undermine nurse responsiveness and pose risks to patient safety. This study builds on previous research of the authors exploring the characteristics of ICU nurses as users of the system, system features of patient monitors, and alarm load across different ICU types. In this study, we synthesized previous findings into research insights. We conducted a multi-disciplinary workshop using a sound-driven design approach with diverse stakeholders, including ICU nurses, doctors, industry experts, designers, and researchers. Previous research insights were used to stimulate discussion and develop design directions aimed at mitigating alarm fatigue and supporting ICU nurse needs. The outcomes of this workshop produced actionable solution bundles that consolidate previous insights and introduce novel approaches, offering a holistic and collaborative perspective to mitigating alarm fatigue.
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Experimental Evidence Shows that Auditory Icon Clinical Alerts Work Better than Tones
by J. Edworthy.
Abstract:
Tonal and other abstract medical alarm signals were used historically because the technology used to produce the sounds was limited. Their use significantly compromises the ability of the hearer to recognise, differentiate between, and localize the source of the alarm. Better technology makes it possible to produce much richer alarm sounds which do not present the same problems. There is considerable experimental evidence to show that auditory icon alarms - sounds which proivide metaphors for their meanings - can outperform tonal alarms against almost all meaningful criteria. This paper presents two studies which show the superiority of auditory icons. In the first, the ability of a listener to identify both the meaning and the priority or two alarms presented simulteneously is significantly better for auditory icons. The second shows that when people are asked to identify alarms presented in realistic clinical sequences, they perform significantly better when the alarms are auditory icons rather than tonal alarms. It also shows that this effect persists when two different alarm naming protocols are used. These two experiments add to the growing body of evidence supporting the use of auditory icons as alarms, which is now recommended in the global medical device safety standard. .
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A21.03 Listening experience in sound-driven design
| Thursday 26 June 2025 - 11:00 |
| Room: SC1-3 - RAYLEIGH |
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| S. Pauletto |
| G. Marektakis |
| D. Del Palú |
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| 11:00 |
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Rotary Engine Essence Utilization for In-Car Sounds Driven Design
by M. Yamamoto, S. Ishimitsu, Y. Mitsuda, S. Fujikawa, K. Iwata, M. Kikuchi, M. Matsumoto, S. Kodama, H. Inaki.
Abstract:
In recent years, the widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has led to a reduction in engine noise emitted outside vehicles. However, engine sounds are important for drivers to perceive acceleration. Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to identify the appropriate acceleration sound for EV operation. This study aims to evaluate whether synthesized sounds exceed the characteristics of actual engine sounds and explore the types of sounds that align with brand image. Specifically, this study compared the impression of the engine sound of a rotary car with three types of synthesized sounds based on the actual engine sound. Through this research, it is possible to explain the differences between the in-vehicle engine sounds and synthesized sounds, which could contribute to establishing a brand image through sound.
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| 11:20 |
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Listening and talking about sound: exploring effective descriptors for everyday sounds with non-expert listeners
by D. Larsson Holmgren, N. Misdariis, S. Pauletto.
Abstract:
A key challenge in sonic interaction design is the lack of a shared vocabulary for describing sound in ways nonexperts can easily understand. To address this, we investigate the intuitive use of a lexicon originally developed for communication between sound designers and stakeholders. Building on a pre-study with pre-labeled stimuli, this new study tests the descriptors with a larger, unlabeled dataset. Through online listening tests, participants categorized sounds using selected descriptors, and their responses were compared to expert labels. Our findings confirm that descriptors such as Rough, Smooth, Metallic are the most intuitively well understood; Dull, Warm, Round and Non Round are also relatively well understood. These results inform ongoing research on sound preferences and the development of tools for personalized sonic interactions, helping listeners articulate their preferences for user-centered sonic interactions.
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| 11:40 |
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Exploring the benefits and boundaries of auditory representations in service design
by A. Kuštrak Korper, J. Blomkvist, V. Rodrigues.
Abstract:
Service design has been recognized as an expanding field with a strong focus on designing for experiences and interactions in complex service systems. One of the main tenets of service design is its ability to communicate intangible aspects and immaterial dimensions of service systems through visual representations in different stages of the design process. These representations serve as a tool for articulation, learning, collaboration, communication, and maintaining empathy. However, despite the prevalence of sound in service environments, its auditory dimensions remain largely overlooked in service design practices. We argue that incorporating the auditory dimension into a predominantly visual repertoire of service design can provide new ways to access collaboration, learning, creating, and communicating about experiential, contextual, and social qualities embedded in service systems. This study builds on the framework proposed by Blomkvist and Holmlid (2011) to articulate the benefits and boundaries of auditory representations in service design. Additionally, it provides an illustrative case highlighting the role of auditory representations in fostering creativity and stakeholder engagement based on insights collected from 3 workshops with professional service designers. This research contributes to the advancement of sound as a material of service design with implications for both researchers and practitioners.
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| 12:00 |
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Investigating strategies in a sound design for sustainability exercise in an educational setting
by G. Marentakis, S. Delle Monache.
Abstract:
Designing sound for sustainability is a vibrant research topic as researchers try to find ways to design sound in order to communicate values related to sustainability. We present here a study focusing on product sound design for sustainability. Students from a sound design course were asked to design sound for an electric device with a focus on communicating values related to sustainability. Here, we analyze and present our results based on a recently proposed framework for coding sound-driven design activities. We report on the elements which received most weight by the student designers and outline the creative solutions that were proposed. We use the framework to gather insight on how student designers considered different sound design aspects when developing their projects. We conclude by discussing possible methodological aspects that could be addressed more systematically in the future in an educational context.
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A21.03 Listening experience in sound-driven design (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| S. Pauletto |
| G. Marektakis |
| D. Del Palú |
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A Design Guideline For Gamified Intervention For Managing Hyperacusis: Insights From Expert Interview
by Q. Liu, T. Wang, H. Yang, E. Özcan.
Abstract:
Sounds can evoke various emotional reactions based not only on their acoustic properties but also on their perceived meanings. Hyperacusis is a condition in which individuals experience heightened sensitivity to everyday sounds, often resulting in anxiety, fear, and avoidance behaviors. The concept of soundscape—an individual’s subjective experience of the acoustic environment, combined with the appraisal theory provides insights for understanding the emotional roots of these behaviors. To support behavioral transformation, persuasive gamification offers a promising approach for designing effective and engaging interventions. By incorporating soundscapes into game world, such interventions can help individuals gradually acclimate to distressing sounds in a controlled and interactive way. This study aims to develop a design guideline for persuasive gamified interventions targeting hyperacusis listeners. We first integrated insights from literature and map hyperacusis behavior patterns based on appraisal processes. Semi-structured interviews with seven domain experts then inform six key design considerations: understanding hyperacusis listeners, entry points into the game world, the use of soundscapes as game elements, in-game coping strategies, the transfer effect to real-world behaviors, and ethical concerns.
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A21.04 Methodologies for sound-driven design and education
| Thursday 26 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: SC1-4 - SABINE |
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| S. Delle Monache |
| P. Susini |
| R. Sanz Segura |
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| 9:00 |
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From framework to practice: Les_Sons, a product sound tool for design education
by S. Delle Monache, T. Delfrap, N. Misdariis, D. Murray-Rust, E. Özcan.
Abstract:
This paper addresses the integration of sound into product design and engineering. Recognizing a gap in design education, the study focuses on introducing product design and engineering students to the principles of product sound design (PSD). By means of interviews with experts and literature research, a three-level framework is developed, addressing product features, object composition, and environmental context. This framework can assist students in understanding how engineering decisions influence sound perception at the product level, how material and structural choices affect sound at the object level, and how environmental factors shape the overall auditory experience. The framework served as the foundation for conceptualizing Les Sons, an educational software tool that mirrors these levels in its architecture. Les Sons supports students in exploring and modifying product acoustics through component and material selection. The paper stresses the role of tools like Les Sons for product sound design education, in order to practice and enhance collaboration and shared understanding in multidisciplinary contexts.
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| 9:20 |
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Designing Sounds For Exhibitions: Tools To Enhance Sound-Driven Design Strategies
by M. Riva, R. Trocchianesi.
Abstract:
The evolution of exhibition design has been significantly influenced by the recent technological and curatorial transformations along with the conceptual and practical shift from viewing museums as collections to recognizing them as narrative spaces. For exhibition designers, an evergrowing need has emerged: incorporating sounds and listening experiences into their projects. These are considered valuable means of crafting complex narratives and multisensorial habitats, capable of designing relationships between space, time, content, and audience. However, qualitative research conducted as part of a socalled project “Sound Design and Cultural Heritage” funded by Politecnico di Milano – which included literature reviews and fieldwork with semi-structured interviews of professionals and scholars – has revealed the need for shared conceptual and operational tools to address the sonic dimension in exhibitions. In response, we developed three methodological tools to guide the design process: two complementary conceptual tools (Sound narratives canvas and Sound narratives notation) and a practical design tool (Exhibit sound score). The purpose is to facilitate the conception and development of sound-driven exhibition projects by integrating curatorial strategies, spatial design, and sound design into multisensory and interactive narratives. Furthermore, those tools can enhance collaboration among curators, exhibition designers and sound designers, fostering co-design practices.
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| 10:00 |
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Sound-Driven Design in Astronomy: the long-term impact of design and evaluation activities on the development of astronomical data sonification tools
by S. Pauletto, N. Misdariis.
Abstract:
Interdisciplinary, collaborative workshops are one of the core activities in design disciplines. In design literature many descriptions of methods and analyses of results can be found. But can these activities have a long-term, transformational impact in the way practitioners develop their designs? The Audible Universe (AU) project aimed at developing sonification processes in the astronomy field. In this frame, the second AU workshop brought together, for 5 days in 2022, about 50 experts (astronomers interested in sonification, software developers, sound designers, experts in sound perception and educators) to exchange knowledge on how to approach the sonification of astronomical data. One core aspect of the workshop were ideation and evaluation sessions to introduce and provide practical methods for the design of sonifications. This paper presents a systematic analysis of the materials produced during these sessions based on shared environments and protocols used by participants, and through two follow-up interviews with software developers report on the long-term impact that these sessions have had on the development of two specific tools for astronomical sonification. .
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A21.04 Methodologies for sound-driven design and education (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| S. Delle Monache |
| P. Susini |
| R. Sanz Segura |
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Acoustic Design Case Studies Of Educational Spaces For Neurodivergent Individuals
by F. Bettarello, M. Di Prisco, G. Scavuzzo, M. Caniato.
Abstract:
The design of inclusive spaces is of primary importance, especially in public spaces characterised by sensory overstimulation (e.g. visual, olfactory and acoustic). Understanding what drives the perception of the environmental discomfort of people who are temporarily or permanently uncomfortable becomes a priority for designers of such spaces. For neurodivergent people, for example, the acoustic comfort of a space is related to the lesser or greater ability to tolerate unexpected acoustic events or the persistence of stressful noisy situations. This article provides examples of acoustic design of spaces in learning contexts (schools, museum spaces, etc.) adapting to different types of perceived environmental qualities, so that the environment itself can become a natural regulator of the perceived stress level.
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A22.02/A02.02 Underwater soundscape and noise: modelling, measurements and effects (1)
| Monday 23 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SM6 - HELMHOLTZ |
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| J. Ramis-Soriano |
| G. Zambon |
| A. Širović |
| P. Poveda Martinez |
| V. Zaffaroni-Caorsi |
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| 14:20 |
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Comparative analysis of three underwater soundscapes
by J. Ramis-Soriano, P. Poveda Martinez, J. Carbajo San Martín, A. Forcada Almarcha, C. Valle Pérez, N. Ullah.
Abstract:
Although there are currently no standard metrics to characterise underwater soundscapes, their evaluation with ecoacoustic indices has been widely used in recent years. The aim of this work is to compare three underwater environments. One of them is artificial: the soundscape in a fish farm tank: the other two correspond to near-shore environments on Mediterranean beaches. The coastal area analysed shows anthropogenic noise sources due to the navigation of fishing boats near the study area. This work aims to contribute to the search for a representative set of parameters to describe and qualify the underwater soundscape and, in this way, to be able to predict the improvement or degradation of an action in a specific environment.
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| 14:40 |
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Numerical modeling of low frequency sound propagation in three dimensional shallow marine environment with solid seabed
by P. Klin, U. Tinivella.
Abstract:
The study of low-frequency (below 100 Hz) sound propagation characteristics in the shallow sea has recently gained importance in light of concerns about the potential impact of anthropogenic noise on marine ecosystems. Since the canonical models of sound propagation consisting of horizontally layered waveguides with a fluid seabed are found to be unsuitable to be applied to several realistic cases of the shallow marine environment, as these models neglect possible effects of the irregular topography of the seabed and the conversion between compressional and shear waves in the solid seabed, we have to resort to numerical modelling of the coupled acoustic-elastic wave field in a heterogeneous three-dimensional domain. In the present work, we use SPECFEM3D, an open-source software widely used in seismology and based on the spectral element method, to perform a series of numerical experiments aimed at investigating the possible effects of different shapes and depths of the solid seabed on the acoustic wave field generated in water by a monopole source. We have found that a solid and non-horizontal seabed can alter the typical leakage effect of sound energy to the seabed and significantly reduce transmission loss.
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| 15:00 |
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Acoustic indicators of ecosystems’ and energy dynamics in marine environments
by A. Pomaro, P. F. Moretti.
Abstract:
The marine environment is a complex system constituted by physical, chemical, and biological variables. Human activities impact on ocean ecosystem services and environmental status, involving diverse interconnected agents in a coupled human-natural system. Acoustic measurements are valuable for assessing energy states and transfers within marine ecosystems. This study explores underwater soundscapes to monitor the status and dynamics of marine environments. Experiments in the Adriatic Sea revealed a day-night cycle in the underwater soundscape, linked to marine biodiversity’s circadian rhythms. An indicator of ecosystem status based on this property is proposed, reflecting an ancestral emergent property of the pristine environment. Underwater ambient noise highlights also the signatures of physical processes on acoustic measurements and their potential as indicators of energy transfer within the ecosystem, such as air-sea interactions and gas exchange mechanisms. The activities focus on the underwater acoustic signals as an efficient information for long-range energy transport and communication in marine environments. By analyzing underwater soundscapes across different seasons and instruments, the study aims to identify emerging properties that can serve as indicators of ecosystem status.
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| 15:20 |
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An Optimized MATLAB Software Package for the Analysis and Characterization of Underwater Sound Produced by Wind Farms
by J. A. Díaz, S. Neves, E. Delory.
Abstract:
Ocean sound is an Essential Ocean variable. As such, it requires detailed study and monitoring. Within this framework, this study comprises the process of development of an optimized Matlab software package for the analysis and characterization of underwater sound recordings from wind farms. This software package is based on a Matlab script produced by one of the authors. This script was analyzed, and the following modifications were done: 1- The one-third-octave band filters were replaced by stable filters that meet the IEC 61260-1 standard. 2- The low band and band pass filters were replaced by a single bandpass filter 3- Five additional metrics were included, in such a way that the script generates the following metrics: SPL (Sound Pressure Level), Leq (Equivalent Level), L1, L5, L10, L50, L90, L 95, and Lpeak (Peak level). 4- The computational load of each line of code was measured and the software modified to increase the speed of execution. 5- The results are saved in the hdf5 file format. As a result, a Matlab software package was created that generates the desired metrics, performs faster than the original script, and saves the results in a standard file format.
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| 15:40 |
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Advanced far-field vibro-acoustic modeling of underwater pile driving for offshore noise mitigation
by J. Perchaud, M. Fruchart, C. Lagarrigue.
Abstract:
Offshore pile driving generates substantial underwater noise, requiring advanced methods to assess and mitigate its impact on marine ecosystems. This study presents one of the first fully detailed numerical model for vibroacoustic noise propagation over 750 meters radial distance (as expected from ISO/CD 7605). Unlike traditional approaches, this model integrates all critical aspects: hammer excitation, pile vibrations, precise soil modeling, and airborne sound propagation. To address the complexity of propagation mechanisms, a dual-part modeling approach was developed. A near-field model captures detailed interactions close to the pile, while a far-field model extends predictions over longer distances. The methodology leverages an extensive bibliographic review to adopt the most robust techniques for each component. This work sets a new benchmark for vibro-acoustic modeling in underwater environments, offering a powerful tool for designing sustainable noise mitigation strategies while advancing offshore construction practices.
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| 16:00 |
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The Hidden Patterns of Marine Soundscapes:A Better Approach for Identifying and Counting Sources of Sound in Marine Areas of Special Conservation
by F. L. Rosa González, J. P. Lüke, S. Garcia Beitia, J. Almunia Portoles.
Abstract:
Marine soundscapes are complex and dynamic, with sounds generated by various sources. Machine learning has revolutionized the identification of these sources, but limited sample sizes remain a challenge. We addressed this issue by measuring sound continuously over long periods within marine areas designated under the Natura 2000 Network. Our approach combines event detection with artificial intelligence and statistical analysis to define novel smart-indices. This foundation enables further ecoacoustic analyses, including species or phenomenon identification in specific areas. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of real-time neural network classification for sound source recognition. Integrating this program into a single-board computer facilitates continuous monitoring, providing valuable insights into studied area behavior. Our approach paves the way for future research on source detection and location using sensor arrays. We have advanced our technology to support these complex approaches.
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| 16:40 |
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New Methods For Studying Underwater Noise Effects On Microscopic Sessile Marine Invertebrates: Challenges And Perspectives
by L. Manni, G. Sabbadin, S. Domenichi, L. Ballarin, V. Zaffaroni-Caorsi, G. Zambon.
Abstract:
The negative effects of underwater noise have been studied in a few marine invertebrate species. Scanty information is available on ascidians, filter-feeding tunicates, although they are dominant among epibenthic fauna. In past playback experiments in tanks, the closure rate of the oral siphon of solitary ascidians (about 10 cm long) was evaluated using videos. In a new study, we aimed at verifying the underwater noise effects on Botryllus schlosseri, an ascidian forming colonies of tiny, transparent animals about 1.5 mm long. Since videos were not useful due to the animal’s small size, we adjusted and fine-tuned behavioral and physiological tests never used before for analyzing noise effects. We exposed colonies collected in the Venetian Lagoon to continuous noise (30 min; peak bands 63-125 Hz) mimicking the low frequency maritime traffic noise. We adjusted tests evaluating the responsiveness of two different mechanoreceptors of the oral siphon and the heartbeat frequency under the stereomicroscope, and developed an assay for studying the animal filtration rate. Preliminary results show that noise effects can be carefully measured and statistically analyzed. These methods represent new, valuable tools that could be translated in future to other filter-feeding, small and transparent animals or adjusted to large animals.
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| 17:00 |
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On the problem of underwater sound mapping in shallow waters: a case study
by A. Aguirre, E. Robles Arnao, E. Ruiz.
Abstract:
Directive 2008/56/EC of the European Parliament identifies underwater acoustic energy, in Descriptor 11, as a source of pollution, making it necessary to monitor and control the acoustic levels in the maritime environment. Two methodologies are established to determine the level of underwater acoustic pollution: monitoring through the deployment of hydrophones and the elaboration of sound maps. The first method requires long-term equipment deployment, which implies high costs, while the elaboration of sound maps based on statistics data and simulations is a more affordable and feasible alternative to establish noise levels in a given maritime area. This paper discusses the methodology and difficulties encountered in completing a sound map in a specific area of shallow waters in the Mediterranean Sea.
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| 17:20 |
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Acoustic characterization of Panarea's hydrothermal system
by S. Viola, D. Bonanno, L. S. Di Mauro, D. Diego-Tortosa, C. Gomez Garcia, A. Idrissi, G. Riccobene, S. Sanfilippo.
Abstract:
This study presents the underwater soundscape of the most intense hydrothermal system in the Mediterranean, located in Panarea’s waters, Aeolian archipelago (Italy). Funded by the IPANEMA project, the research utilized an array of four synchronized hydrophones to analyze acoustic data. Underwater noise was monitored across a broad frequency range to identify and characterize primary noise contributors, including CO2 bubble emissions from fumaroles, ship noise, and weather phenomena. The acoustic array, positioned at a depth of 24 meters near active volcanic fumaroles emitting carbon dioxide (CO2), aimed to investigate the intensity and dynamics of noise sources and their potential correlation with volcanic activity. The analysis integrated temporal patterns of sound pressure levels (SPL) across diurnal cycles and months to discern variations in noise contributions and their interactions. Techniques to identify the direction of arrival of low-frequency signals produced by volcanic fumaroles were developed and validated. This work underscores the importance of passive acoustic monitoring for understanding underwater noise and its direction in sensitive marine environments influenced by both human activities and natural phenomena.
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| 17:40 |
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Vibro-Acoustic Study Of A Small Glass Walled Fish Tank: An Experimental And Theoretical Approach
by N. Ullah, J. Carbajo San Martín, P. Poveda Martinez, J. Ramis-Soriano.
Abstract:
Acoustic experiments in small water tanks, which study the behavior, auditory limitations, or negative effects of sound on marine animals, are very common. However, such tanks differ significantly from the animals’ natural environments. While the natural environment is nearly an acoustic free field, tanks exhibit a reverberant field characterized by acoustic eigenmodes and the bending modes of the tank walls, which can significantly affect the field inside the tank depending on the wall properties. This study aims to investigate the acoustic field within a small glass-walled fish tank by examining the vibroacoustic behavior of its walls. Acoustic pressure measurements inside the tank are made using a hydrophone mounted on a robot, and acceleration measurements on the walls are made with an accelerometer. The experimental results demonstrate that wall bending modes can notably influence the tank’s internal acoustic field. The results from the experimental work are compared with theoretical predictions to provide a broader view of the acoustic field inside the tank.
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| 18:20 |
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Underwater noise survey in the Turku Archipelago
by V. Hongisto, R. Alakoivu, O. Outinen, J. Sahlsten, O. Loisa.
Abstract:
The Archipelago Sea is located to SW Finland. The ecosystem is especially sensitive to anthropogenic pressures because of shallowness (mean depth 23 m). Our purpose was to conduct a measurement campaign to get a better understanding of underwater sound (UWS) in the area. We conducted recordings of UWS in 58 locations, 14 months in each. The locations were selected both close to shipping lanes and silent, sensitive areas. Recordings were conducted using logging hydrophones. Sound pressure level (SPL) was analyzed in one-minute periods (Leq,60s). The frequency range was 1020 000 Hz. The main outcome was the mean monthly equivalent SPL, Leq,M, including the whole frequency range. The analysis produced altogether 272 study months. The range of the Leq,M values was 86128 dB [re 1 Pa]. The smallest Leq,60s in all locations was below 90 dB, which represents the natural components of UWS. Exceedance represents the anthropogenic component. Exceedance took place in 271 locations out of 272. Our study shows that anthropogenic UWS is broadly distributed in the Turku Archipelago. Reduction of UWS by technical means or behavioral regulations seem to be justified to reduce the pressures to the marine ecosystems.
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A22.02/A02.02 Underwater soundscape and noise: modelling, measurements and effects (2)
| Thursday 26 June 2025 - 11:20 |
| Room: SM2 - MORSE |
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| J. Ramis-Soriano |
| G. Zambon |
| A. Širović |
| P. Poveda Martinez |
| V. Zaffaroni-Caorsi |
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| 11:20 |
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Methodology For Underwater Noise Level Measurement From Dredging Activities
by S. Nuñez Gutierrez, D.P. Ruiz Padillo.
Abstract:
Dredging activities are used for building new harbours or enlarge them, create artificial islands or to keep low river navigable. Dredging activities generate high levels of underwater noise. Measuring and assessing this noise is challenging, mainly due to three reasons. The first one is the complex propagation environment where dredging activities are carried out: shallow depth in sea or rivers, or flow streams significantly modify wave propagation. A second reason is the variability of machinery used for dredging activities depending on the type of substrate being dredged. The third cause is the implementation of the activity itself: remove or release of material, type of material (sediment or water) to be dredged, the use of a moving or a moored vessel, etc. In this article, the sources of the underwater noise coming from these activities are identified and some methodological considerations for assessing the noise level impact of these types of activities are provided. In addition, it is discussed which underwater noise index is the most appropriate to assess the underwater noise impact, specifically it is considered the suitability of the descriptors D11.1 impulsive noise and D11.2 continuous low frequency anthropogenic noise. Finally, several experimental measures illustrate the analysis.
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A22.02/A02.02 Underwater soundscape and noise: modelling, measurements and effects (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| J. Ramis-Soriano |
| G. Zambon |
| A. Širović |
| P. Poveda Martinez |
| V. Zaffaroni-Caorsi |
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An Open Dataset for Exploring Underwater Soundscapes and Vessel Noise in Barcelona, Constanța and Lagoon of Venice Basins
by I. Nou-Plana, A. Teaca, F. Gazzada, M. Freixes, G. Zambon, R. M. Alsina-Pagès.
Abstract:
Understanding underwater soundscapes is essential for assessing the impacts of maritime noise pollution on marine environments. This paper outlines the key features of an in-progress comprehensive underwater acoustic database, designed to facilitate research on underwater soundscape modeling and its effects. The database currently includes recordings from multiple European campaigns in Spain, Italy and Romania; offering cleaned and organized datasets, accessible via an API and an integrated web interface. The platform enables users to explore detailed information about each campaign, vessel occurrences, sound pressure levels, spectral data, and audio spectrograms. It categorizes vessel types and their associated acoustic signatures, facilitating the analysis of soundscape dynamics and their potential environmental impacts. Developed with PostgreSQL and FastAPI, the database provides a scalable and efficient solution for managing and retrieving large datasets. Initially intended for soundscape research purposes, it can also support studies on the ecological effects of noise pollution, contributing to a deeper understanding of its impacts on marine organisms; as part of the DeuteroNoise project under JPI Oceans. By planning to make this resource openly accessible, the project aims to promote collaboration, advance soundscape research, and inform sustainable practices in maritime operations.
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Streamlining Underwater Acoustic Propagation Modeling with a Python-Based Interface
by I. Urtiaga Chasco, A. Hernández Guerra.
Abstract:
Understanding underwater acoustic propagation is essential for assessing the potential impacts of anthropogenic noise on marine ecosystems. The Ocean Acoustics Library (OALIB; https://oalib-acoustics.org/) provides valuable tools for characterizing underwater noise. Two widely accepted models are Bellhop and the Range-Dependent Acoustic Model (RAM). These models, which are Fortran-based, use ray-tracing techniques and parabolic equations, respectively, to estimate transmission losses between the source and the receiver. However, these models have different input file formats and require considerable time and effort to configure according to their specifications. To address these challenges, we are developing an integrated Python-based software solution that enables users to easily set input parameters (e.g., source and receiver positions, propagated noise characteristics, frequency, and source level) and run the Bellhop and RAM models. This integration facilitates simultaneous computation of noise propagation from multiple sources and frequencies, allowing the estimation of Sound Pressure Level (SPL) spectrograms at target locations in a user-friendly manner. Additionally, we are testing graphical user interfaces (GUIs) such as Tkinter, which could further simplify the application of these algorithms. The ultimate goal of this development is to make noise propagation modeling more accessible to the scientific community, bridging the gap between noise generation and its environmental repercussions.
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Sounds generated by a fixed offshore oil and gas platform during production periods
by N. Pérez Gimeno, J. L. Cueto-Ancela, E. Nava Baro.
Abstract:
Noise emissions from oil and gas platforms, particularly fixed ones, remain underexplored compared to their mobile and semi-submersible counterparts. Existing research provides a limited view of the sound characterization of fixed platforms. This paper presents the results of the noise measurement campaign and how the collected data feeds an automated sound pattern detection model. The ultimate goal is to provide new insights into the underwater soundscape. In collaboration with RIPSA (Repsol Investigaciones Petrolíferas S.A.), an acoustic measurement campaign was carried out in Mediterranean waters. Three hydrophone recorders (PAM) were deployed within a 500-meter radius of a fixed oil and gas platform. One week of collected data was analyzed, resulting in a comprehensive classification of acoustic events to generate training and testing datasets. Using a machine learning approach, a classification model based on the K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) algorithm was developed. This was used to identify and categorize the acoustic events associated with platform activities. This study shows how this combined approach is an effective tool for characterizing the underwater sources that form part of the soundscape of a fixed offshore oil and gas platform during its production phase .
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Acoustic study of diving sperm whales during a week of continuous monitoring in the western Ionian Sea
by V. Sciacca, A. S. Briguglio, F. Caruso, L. S. Di Mauro, F. Filiciotto, C. Pellegrino, G. Riccobene, F. Simeone, S. Viola.
Abstract:
Endangered Mediterranean sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) have been monitored in the Ionian Sea via acoustic observatories since the early 2000s. SMO-OνDE acoustic antenna, deployed in the Gulf of Catania at 2100 m depth (2013-2021), consisted of a tetrahedron of synchronized hydrophones sampling at 192 kHz. Real-time acoustic data analysis saved a 5-minute subset every hour. We report sperm whale detection analysis from February to April 2017 and one additional week of continuous raw data. Sperm whale clicks were detected and tracked in a range of 15 km around the observatory. The species was detected almost daily during all months. Different sound types, including regular clicks, 3+1codas, and creaks were found throughout the continuous week. Diving whales’ movements were reconstructed by acoustic tracking. 47 dives were studied, and multiple whale movements were reconstructed. Our results confirm the presence of the species about ten years after the previous study in the area and demonstrate the first simultaneous underwater tracking of communicating sperm whales, even in the presence of large vessels and high noise levels. This study reveals essential information on sperm whale behavior and responses to noise, as required for conservation purposes.
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The Marine Soundscape of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard: Two-Year Study on Spectral Variability and Environmental Drivers
by V. Sciacca, M. Azzaro, G. De Vincenzi, F. Giglio, P. Giordano, L. Langone, S. Miserocchi, F. Paladini De Mendoza, F. Filiciotto.
Abstract:
The accelerating effects of climate change and growing economic interests have significantly increased underwater noise in the Arctic, risking irreversible changes. To predict potential acoustic impacts, it is essential to comprehend the environmental, biological, and anthropogenic elements of the soundscape. This study investigates underwater noise levels and soundscape variations in Kongsfjorden (Svalbard archipelago) between September 2021 and July 2023, when an autonomous acoustic recorder was deployed on the Mooring Dirigibile Italia at 76m depth, recording data on a 50% duty cycle. Measurements of noise levels, power spectral density, and sound pressure level were taken in one-third octave bands from 10 Hz to 10 kHz at varying time scales. Two primary frequency clusters were identified, outlining the noise levels’ distribution and variability. The study revealed low levels of anthropogenic noise (.
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Exploratory Study On The Acoustic Characterization Of Transit And Trawling Noise From Fishing Vessels In The Strait Of Sicily
by S. Ferri, G. Sorrentino, R. Grammauta, G. Milisenda, F. Caruso.
Abstract:
Anthropogenic noise is a serious concern for marine ecosystems, as described in Descriptor 11 of the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). Among humanmade sounds, bottom trawling is a fishing activity that has the potential to impact the underwater environment. The main aim of this study was to analyze the acoustic emission of bottom trawling using a single recorder deployed in offshore waters of western Sicilian coast (Strait of Sicily). Acoustic data were collected from 18 February to 27 April 2022 at 192 kHz sample rate, with 50% duty cycle (5 min every 10 min), for a total of 9,473 5-min recordings (about 1 TB). Additionally, Automatic Identification System (AIS) data were integrated to identify fishing vessel types and activities. A toolbox in MATLAB and custom algorithms were used to determine frequency-domain metrics within 1/3 octave bands, as suggested by MSFD. Preliminary results indicate that fishing activities contribute significantly to ambient noise, with bottom trawling showing a distinctive acoustic signature. This study demonstrates the efficacy of integrating passive acoustic monitoring with vessel tracking data for assessing the impact of anthropogenic activities on marine ecosystems.
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The Project KNOWHALE: Improving Knowledge On Fin Whale Acoustic Occurrence And Behaviour In The Central Mediterranean Sea
by G. De Vincenzi, F. Caruso, S. Ferri, F. Filiciotto, L. Beranzoli, V. Cardin, S. Miserocchi, T. Sgroi, V. Sciacca.
Abstract:
The scarce information available on fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) in the Central Mediterranean Sea limits the understanding of key bio-ecological activities of the endangered Mediterranean population. This work is part of a collaborative effort within the project “KNOWhale” and aims to expand knowledge about the species’ acoustic behavior and seasonal distribution. Acoustic data were collected from three different recording areas. Site-1, located in the Ionian Sea: OBS/H, 2065 m depth, 100 Hz sampling frequency (fs), operating continuously between May 2017 - January 2018; Site-2, South Adriatic Sea (EMSO-ERIC regional facility): Silence-LP recorder, 700 m depth, 64 kHz fs, 50% duty cycle, November 2022 – June 2023; Site-3, Sicily Channel: SoundTrap ST600 recorder, 157 m depth, 192 kHz fs, 50% duty cycle, February - April 2022. Fin whales 20Hz calls were detected at all sites using custom automatic detector, with calls occurring in 17, 122 and 16.54 hours respectively in Site-1 (0,29% detection rate), Site-2 (4,35% detection rate), and Site-3 (2.14% detection rate). Our results show for the first time the acoustic presence of fin whales in the Adriatic Sea over several months and attest to their monthly occurrence in data-deficient regions. This work provides essential baseline knowledge for conservation purposes in the Central Mediterranean Sea.
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SOS Bass project: acute and chronic effect of vessel noise disturbance on farmed fish
by D. Bertotto, F. Filiciotto, T. Gaggero, L. Marinelli, C. Guérineau, M. Bortoletti, A. Meloni, F. Colotto, V. Sciacca, P. Mongillo.
Abstract:
It is widely recognized that the marine environment is impacted by noise pollution generated by human activities. Maritime traffic is the primary source of diffuse broadband noise in the marine environment, including aquaculture systems, and can have negative effects on marine organisms. Here, we present the activities carried out and in progress within the SOS Bass project (PNRR M4C2 Investment 1.1 Research Projects of National Relevance - PRIN, funded by the European Union – NextGenerationEU), which aims to address this knowledge gap using a key species of the Mediterranean and aquaculture: the European seabass. The project began with the monitoring of the soundscape in an area of the northern Adriatic Sea and is continuing with the exposure of the animals to different recorded boat noise signatures to investigate the effects of acute and chronic exposure in terms of morphological and sensory damage, stress, and behavior. Based on the preliminary results of acute tankbased exposure experiments, the study will proceed by focusing on chronic sound exposure within offshore cages to evaluate the specimens’ growth, immunity, stress response, reproduction, and behavior. Finally, potential measures to mitigate the impact of maritime traffic noise on the marine environment will be assessed, and a mitigation plan will be proposed.
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Communicating in noisy waters: how shipping noise and environmental conditions affect blue and fin whale calling activity
by Z. Groenewoud, M. Baumgartner, A. Širović.
Abstract:
Large whales are often found in areas of high traffic and their interaction with this anthropogenic activity is a concern. In this study, we investigated the impact of shipping activity and environmental conditions on the blue (Balaenoptera musculus) and fin whale (B. physalus) calling activity in the Santa Barbara Channel. Passive acoustic data were collected from November to March over two consecutive years (2019/20 and 2020/21), coinciding with the Covid-19 pandemic. Occurrence of five different whale call types and ship passages were identified and counted. Environmental data, including sea surface height (SSH), sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll a (Chla) were extracted from remote sensing data streams and used, along with shipping, to model whale calling activity.All blue whale and fin whale 20 Hz-calls were less frequent in 2019/20, while fin whale 40 Hz-calls had higher presence in 2019/20. No significant difference in shipping activity was observed between the years. Blue whale calls were significantly related to Chla and lagged SST in 2020/21, whereas fin whale calls were related to shipping, Chla, and lagged SST independent of the years. These findings highlight the combined impact of environmental factors and shipping on whale calling behavior.
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A22.03 Communication, positioning and acoustic sensor systems
| Monday 23 June 2025 - 12:00 |
| Room: SM6 - HELMHOLTZ |
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| M. Campo-Valera |
| D. Diego-Tortosa |
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| 12:00 |
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Time synchronization of long-term underwater acoustic observations: the challenge of autonomous hydrophones without global clock baseline
by D. Nazarpour, P. F. Moretti, S. Buogo, A. Pomaro.
Abstract:
The study of the underwater three-dimensional acoustic field enables ocean floor mapping, source localization, monitoring environmental impact of human activities, and identifying indicators for changes in the processes acting in the marine environment. The common practice of deploying an array of hydrophones faces many challenges, such as the uncertainty of the underwater sound profile and the capability to cross reference the measurements of different autonomous hydrophones. The proposed study involves the deployment of three hydrophones in an equilateral triangle configuration alongside an underwater loudspeaker that serves as a reference point for post-hoc synchronization. By applying a band-pass filter centred on the frequency of the emitted sound, the time-frequency spectrum output is convoluted to locate the time interval of the emitted sound. The differentiation between the detected time intervals of a pair of hydrophones provides the time offset in measurements. The pros and cons of the instrumental set-up and of the algorithm are shown, as well well as different options for their use to retrieve the underwater 3D acoustic field.
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| 12:20 |
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Design Of An Autonomous Low-Cost Acoustic Acquisition System Based On Intensimetric Sensors For Underwater Acoustics Scenarios
by J. D. Pastor Sar, J. Carbajo San Martín, P. Poveda Martinez, J. Ramis-Soriano, E. G. Segovia-Eulogio.
Abstract:
AbstractThe analysis of acoustic signals in a given environment, such as, underwater acoustics, serves as a crucial tool for describing both the physical characteristics of sound and the environmental conditions from a biological standpoint, including biodiversity, species dynamics, and pollution impact.Sound pressure measurements are traditionally performed using microphones or hydrophones connected to acquisition, processing, and storage systems, which are often expensive, bulky, and have limited autonomy. Advances in electronic prototyping technologies have made it possible to develop cost-effective devices capable of acquiring data from a simple sensor or an array of sensors. This study presents the design and development of an autonomous, low-cost acquisition system consists of two pressure sensors yielding an intensity probe to measure sound intensity and particle motion in a single direction. The system allows the configuration of key parameters such as sampling frequency, start and end date/time, and file size, with data stored in a buffer. Tests are performed to assess the system’s performance and reliability. The proposed device offers a practical and accessible solution for soundscape monitoring, contributing to environmental analysis and biodiversity studies. Keywords: Soundscape monitoring, autonomous system, low-cost electronics, acoustic sensors, intensimetric probe, particle velocity measurement, environmental acoustics.
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| 12:40 |
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Design And Fabrication Of An Acoustic Leaky-Wave Antenna For Underwater Applications
by A. Fernández-Garrido, M. Campo-Valera, R. Picó, E. Abdo-Sánchez, R. Asorey-Cacheda.
Abstract:
This work presents the design, fabrication and experimental characterization of an Acoustic Leaky Wave Antenna (ALWA) using low-cost materials. The antenna employs a single transducer coupled to a dispersive structure, allowing it to emit or receive acoustic energy from different directions depending on the operating frequency. It is designed to radiate in backward, forward and sideward directions, allowing versatile control of the acoustic beam. Finite element method (FEM) simulations were key to the geometry design and material selection, with experimental tests validating these results. Experiments confirmed the accuracy of the simulations and demonstrated the antenna’s ability to scan the acoustic beam, providing a compact, high-performance solution suitable for technologies such as SONAR.
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| 13:00 |
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Studies On The Conceptual Design Of An Acoustic Sensors Array For Neutrinos Event Triggering
by C. A. Quiroz Rangel, M. Ardid, D. Diego-Tortosa, G. Riccobene, S. Viola.
Abstract:
Neutrinos, although abundant in the Universe, are the most difficult Standard Model fermions to detect. Optical phenomena, such as Cherenkov light, are currently the main techniques for detecting neutrinos. However, it may be possible to detect ultra-high-energy (UHE) neutrinos using acoustic methods that detect their interactions with the medium, by means of characteristic pressure bipolar pulse in a medium such as water, whose properties may be detectable and analyzable. In this paper, we propose the development of an acoustic antenna consisting of an array of four synchronised hydrophones. This antenna will primarily be used to explore the possibility of detecting acoustic events such as bipolar pulses. Beyond the observation of UHE cosmic neutrinos the antenna will allow it to study other relevant acoustic phenomena such as those produced by geophysics, bioacoustics or anthropogenic noise, widening the field of application.
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A22.04 Traffic ship noises (1)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 11:00 |
| Room: SM6 - HELMHOLTZ |
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| P. Diviacco |
| F. L. Rosa González |
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| 11:00 |
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Interacting Multiple Model Target Tracking Algorithm for Underwater Maneuvering Targets Based on Transformer
by Y. Liu, T. Ji, X. Ma, X. Wang, C. Feng, P. Li, Y. Hu.
Abstract:
The Interacting Multiple Model (IMM) algorithm has gained significant attention as an effective approach for maneuvering target tracking. However, when applied to underwater scenarios characterized by sparse observations, this method suffers from intrinsic model transition delays that significantly degrade tracking precision during maneuver phases. To address this limitation, we present a novel hybrid architecture integrating transformer-based neural networks with conventional tracking methodologies. Our core contribution lies in developing a temporal context-aware probability adaptation module through pattern extraction from historical state estimations, which effectively mitigates latency in model set adaptation. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate statistical enhancement with 10% improvement in tracking precision and 20% reduction in model transition latency. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm outperforms the traditional IMM in both tracking error and response speed.
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| 11:20 |
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The Spatio-Temporal And Frequency Modeling Of Deep-Sea Surface Reverberation Caused By Different Waveforms
by X. Wang, X. Pei, X. Ma, C. Feng, Y. Liu.
Abstract:
The near-seabed sonar in deep sea can provide positioning signals for underwater unmanned vehicles in the region, and can also provide traffic management services for underwater vehicle clusters in the area. However, the sea surface reverberation caused by the navigation communication signal emitted by the near-seabed sonar may drown the response signal of the underwater vehicle and interfere with the seabed sonar’s estimation of the position of the underwater vehicle. We analyze the spatio-temporal and frequency distribution characteristics of sea surface reverberation caused by different types of navigation signals, which provides support for the design of collaborative communication signals and cluster interaction management protocols for unmanned underwater systems.
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A22.04 Traffic ship noises (2)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 16:40 |
| Room: SM1 - BÉKÉSY |
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| P. Diviacco |
| F. L. Rosa González |
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| 16:40 |
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The Italian Ocean Sound monitoring sub-system for the 'Italian Integrated Environmental Research Infrastructures System (ITINERIS)' project
by S. Sanfilippo, D. Bonanno, L. S. Di Mauro, D. Diego-Tortosa, A. Idrissi, G. Riccobene, S. Viola.
Abstract:
The aim of the Italian Integrated Environmental Research Infrastructures System (ITINERIS) project, is to establish the Italian Hub of Research Infrastructures within the environmental scientific domain. ITINERIS will create a flexible system to collect and store, for the first time in a national integrated system, ocean data and metadata and make them available for the entire scientific community (FAIR principles). INFN-LNS coordinates the design and operation of a deep-sea Junction Box (JB) installed at the Portopalo di Capo Passero site, Italy, at a depth of about 3450 m. The JB hosts a broadband hydrophone whose data are continuously streamed to shore and analysed. Two JBs are in operation since September 2024 and their hydrophones’ data are continuously recorded. LNS is also leading the implementation of the Ocean Sound sub-system, developed under ITINERIS. Acoustic data from LNS JBs are now released in the project to an ERDDAP server. Many other data providers will soon participate to the system. The system will be soon expanded by the installation of a Distributed Acoustic Sensor (DAS) device for acoustic soundscape monitoring purposes. In this contribution, an overview of the project is discussed and an analysis on ambient noise monitoring will be also presented. .
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| 17:00 |
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Impact of Maritime Traffic Noise on Juvenile Dicentrarchus labrax
by P. Giner Tarazona, I. Pérez Arjona, J. Ramis-Soriano, V. Espinosa Roselló, M. Mauro, P. Poveda Martinez, V. Arizza, M. Vazzana, A. Vizzini, R. De Luca.
Abstract:
Human activities in marine environments contribute to increasing noise pollution, affecting various aquatic species at behavioral, physiological, and biochemical levels. In aquaculture, a rapidly expanding sector, understanding the effects of noise on farmed species is essential, especially for individuals in their early growth stages, as they are more vulnerable to environmental stimuli. This study assessed the short-term effects of maritime traffic noise on the behavior, growth, and biochemical and molecular responses of juvenile Dicentrarchus labrax, analyzing different exposure times. The acoustic emissions consisted of recordings of noise produced by four fishing boats operating at a distance of 10–15 meters, played randomly with silent intervals ranging from 10 to 30 seconds. Preliminary results indicate significant effects on motility, group cohesion, and cellular and molecular responses. Additionally, a decrease in the growth of exposed individuals was observed. These findings provide valuable insights for managing acoustic emissions in aquaculture facilities, contributing to the improvement of animal welfare.
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| 17:20 |
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The characteristic spectrum of vessels in different European basins
by G. Zambon, F. Gazzada, I. Nou-Plana, R. M. Alsina-Pagès.
Abstract:
In this work, some of the results obtained during the European project JPI Oceans DeuteroNoise are presented. Measurement campaigns, including the recording of raw noise data, have been carried out in the Venice Lagoon, in the North Adriatic, on Barcelona shore and in the Black Sea. The results of the processing of these measurements will be presented, which surprisingly revealed differences between the basins greater than we had supposed. The analysis of the recorded data involves in particular the design of a taxonomy of vessels noise. The recorded data were labelled with these sources, describing their main audio characteristics (spectral distribution, temporal evolution, etc.) for their characterization and future blind identification. Throughout the measurement period, ships and routes data were acquired using AIS (Automatic Identification System) in the measurement sites. This analysis and labeling, together with the vessel data, allowed to obtain a vessel frequency spectrum typical of each basin and a sort of “aggregate spectrum” which considers all basins. The artificial reproduction of this global mean spectrum allows to carry out homogeneous noise exposure experiments among the laboratories involved in the project and, in the future, to create acoustic maps of the investigated basins through commercial software.
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| 17:40 |
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Modeling of a ship sound recorded by an ocean bottom seismometer
by S. Pinson.
Abstract:
Cross-correlations of two hydrophone signals permit to deduce time-difference of arrivals (TDOA) and thus to locate sound sources. Trying to perform this signal processing techniques with hydrophones separated by great distances to locate ships present two problems. First the ship noise has a periodic nature from which correlations should also be -in principle- periodic (thus forbidding TDOA analysis). Second, the Doppler effect difference between the hydrophones may also prevent TDOAs to appear in correlations. In this communication, we present a ship noise model that generates similar signals to those recorded by an ocean bottom seismometer’s hydrophone. This model considers that the ship sound is not perfectly periodic and includes water column reverberation through the image source method while the source is moving. The simulated signal quasi-periodic nature implies a finite support auto-correlation allowing TDOA analysis. It also reproduces time-frequency patterns very similar to those observed from an OBS hydrophone and thus is a good tool to explore signal processing techniques for sound source localization using greatly separated sensors.
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| 18:00 |
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Ship Propeller Non-Cavitating Noise In Non-Uniform Flow
by M. Brun, S. Pinson, J. Carpentier, J.-A. Astolfi.
Abstract:
The mitigation of underwater noise from ships is a matter of concern as it significantly impacts the behaviour and communication of marine fauna, as well as the acoustic discretion of military ships. The ship-radiated underwater noise is a complex acoustic source in which several components radiate sound at the same time. Among them, the propeller itself involves different coupled phenomena. This communication focuses on the non-cavitating component of the propeller noise which can be described with acoustic analogies. It consists in modelling the acoustic pressure field as a sum of three source terms. First, monopoles model the sound produced by the propeller blade water displacement and is referred as the thickness noise. Then, dipoles model the sound due to forces applied on the blades by the flow and is referred as the loading noise. Finally, quadrupoles model water turbulences. This study aims at comparing the thickness noise with the loading noise in the context of a non-uniform flow. To do so, the flow is decomposed into a uniform flow in the propeller disk and a non-uniform flow due the axial velocity fluctuations.
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| 18:20 |
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The OceanSoundModel: a GUI for shipping noise predictions
by O. C. Rodríguez, S. Jesus, H. Chognot, L. O. Júnior.
Abstract:
The TRIDENT project is a European initiative, that aims at the development of technological capabilities for deep sea monitoring ofexploration activities. A particular goal of the project is the development of a computational tool for the prediction of acoustic noise levels generated by such activities, that would include also shipping and wind noise. A fundamental support of acoustic predictions is the development of a graphical user interface (GUI), called the OceanSoundModel, that will seamlessly integrate the different types of input data and will also deal with the different time and space scales of the data. While the development of a specific model describing the acoustic noise created by exploration activities is still underway the OceanSoundModel in its current stage is already able to produce noise maps for wind and shipping noise. The discussion presented here describes and showcases the OceanSoundModel, and presents acoustic maps associated with AIS data acquired during the 2024 TRIDENT sea trial, that took place near the tropic seamount; these maps were able to provide clear guidelines for the identification of silent and noisy ships, as well as revealed important shadow effects of noise levels induced by bathymetric features.
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A22.05 Geophysics and Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) capabilities
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: SM6 - HELMHOLTZ |
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| D. Diego-Tortosa |
| M. Campo-Valera |
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| 9:00 |
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Trans-dimensional Bayesian matched-field inversion for seabed geoacoustic profiles
by S. Dosso, J. Bonnel.
Abstract:
This paper estimates depth-dependent profiles of seabed geoacoustic properties (sound speed, density, attenuation) by matching broadband complex acoustic fields, due to an impulsive sound source, recorded at a vertical array of hydrophones. Trans-dimensional Bayesian inversion is applied to sample probabilistically over the number of seabed layers and corresponding layer depths and geoacoustic parameters, as well as over the order and parameters of an autoregressive error model. The approach is based on reversible-jump Markov-chain Monte Carlo sampling, which provides objective, data-driven model selection and quantitative parameter/uncertainty estimation. The data here were collected at the New England Mud Patch, off the Northeast coast of the USA, where the sediment column is known to consist of an upper mud layer 10-11 m thick over sand. Inversions are carried out for three frequency bands of 20-550 Hz, 20-1000 Hz, and 20-1500 Hz. Results in all cases indicate low sound speeds and densities with small uncertainties in the mud layer, increasing in a mud-sand transition layer and in the underlying sand. Results are similar for the three frequency bands with the exception of attenuation, which is estimated increasingly well for the highest-frequency data. Inter-parameter correlations as a function of depth are also examined.
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| 9:20 |
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Optimization Of Sparse Sampling And Interpolation For Seismic Data Compression Using A Genetic Algorithm
by N. Giovanardi, L. Lobato, J. Leal Filho, S. Paul.
Abstract:
The acquisition of seismic data in the oil and gas industry generates large volumes of information, which presents substantial challenges for both storage and transmission. Efficient data compression is imperative to address these challenges while preserving data integrity. This study revisits the block-sorting and decimation method for nearlossless seismic data compression, which combines data sorting and non-uniform sparse sampling for data reduction, followed by linear interpolation and reordering for data reconstruction. Traditionally, interpolation points are selected using a stretching transform based on the extrema of Chebyshev polynomials. In contrast, this study proposes a data-driven optimization procedure that leverages a genetic algorithm to refine the selection of interpolation points. This approach exhibits high adaptability to the varying characteristics of different seismic signals. The performance of the proposed approach is evaluated using active seismic data from a permanent reservoir monitoring survey. Results demonstrate a significant reduction in data reconstruction error, albeit with increased computational cost due to the iterative optimization process. Overall, the findings highlight the potential of this approach for near-lossless seismic data compression in applications demanding high data integrity in the oil and gas industry.
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| 9:40 |
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Advances in Optoacoustic Technologies for Monitoring the Ionian Sea
by D. Diego-Tortosa, S. Aurnia, G. Cappelli, M.-A. Gutscher, C. Gomez Garcia, A. Idrissi, L. Quetel, G. Riccobene, A. Tricomi, S. Viola.
Abstract:
Fiber-optic monitoring technologies have gained significant relevance in recent years, particularly in geophysical and acoustic sensing applications. The FOCUS project has extended an existing 28 km submarine optoelectric cable near Catania, reaching depths of down to 2100 meters. This extension, which spans 6 km, incorporates two optical fibers: one with a triple loop connected to a BOTDR (Brillouin Optical Time Domain Reflectometer) for geophysical surveys, and the other with a double loop recently connected to a DAS (Distributed Acoustic Sensing) system for acoustic measurements provided by the VONGOLA project. The DAS installation enables continuous monitoring of underwater acoustic events and seismic activity in a unique environment influenced by the proximity to Mount Etna and the port of Catania. Together with the IPANEMA-CT acoustic observatory in the same location, this setup creates a powerful, multi-instrumentation monitoring system. This proceeding presents these three projects, shows a data acquisition of each, and explores the potential for joint detection of events. Furthermore, it analyzes the recording of an earthquake by the DAS and the calibrated hydrophones and discusses the possibility of using the hydrophones as a reference to calibrate DAS data. For these reasons, the Catania cable offers an ideal environment for developing and testing monitoring algorithms and new technologies in the Ionian Sea.
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| 10:00 |
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Assessment On The Potential Of Distributed Acoustic Sensing In The Gulf Of Catania
by A. Idrissi, D. Diego-Tortosa, L. S. Di Mauro, F. Grenga, C. Gomez Garcia, G. Laudani, G. Riccobene, S. Sanfilippo, A. Tricomi, S. Viola.
Abstract:
Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) technology has emerged as a powerful tool for marine environment monitoring by transforming existing fiber optic cables into dense sensor arrays. In this study, we present the application of DAS to the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare– Laboratori Nazionali del Sud’s (INFN–LNS) deep–sea optical fiber infrastructure in the seismically active Gulf of Catania, Sicily, Italy. This region is characterized by rich biodiversity, volcanic activity and intense maritime traffic. Using more than 40 km cable interrogated at 2000 Hz with 10.2 m gauge length, we quantified spectral and spatial variations in background noise and transient signals. Analysis revealed distinct noise profiles between shallow and deep–water cable sections, with shipping traffic generating characteristic spectral peaks below 200 Hz and surface gravity waves significantly increasing low-frequency signals (<20 Hz) in shallow regions. The system captured low–frequency signal increases up to 30 dB during a magnitude 5.1 ML earthquake. in addition, vessel–induced noise showed a broadband increase with multiple peaks distributed below 250 Hz including prominent signals within the 63 Hz and 125 Hz third– octave bands monitored under MSFD Descriptor 11. The cable’s response varies significantly with both frequency and cable–seafloor coupling conditions.
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| 10:20 |
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Pre-stack Seismic Data Compression Using U-net-Based Predictors
by J. Leal Filho, S. Paul.
Abstract:
This paper explores the application of U-net-based predictors for compressing acoustic signals characterized by sound pressure and three-axis accelerations. These signals, generated in various geophysical and engineering applications, require efficient compression methods to address the challenges of high data volumes while preserving critical information. U-net, a deep learning model with an encoder-decoder structure and skip connections, demonstrates its potential for effectively compressing such data by capturing complex spatial and temporal patterns inherent in acoustic signals. The study evaluates the U-net’s performance on data containing sound pressure and three-axis accelerations, focusing on maintaining data integrity essential for accurate analysis and interpretation. It integrates trace removal with U-net-based interpolation, fixed-point representation, and Discrete Wavelet Transform into a comprehensive compression framework. Performance metrics, including compression ratio, reconstruction error, and structural similarity index , are used alongside qualitative expert evaluations to assess the approach.The results aim to establish the U-net model as a robust solution for compressing multidimensional acoustic signals, reducing storage and transmission costs while ensuring high fidelity for advanced analysis and decisionmaking.
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A22.05 Geophysics and Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) capabilities (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| D. Diego-Tortosa |
| M. Campo-Valera |
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Underwater sound detection with taut, vertically suspended fibre-optic cable and distributed acoustic sensing
by J. D. Pelaez Quiñones, P. J. Thomas, S. Bjørnstad, P. Lunde.
Abstract:
The use of Distributed Acoustic/Vibration Sensing (DAS/DVS) for underwater sound detection with taut, vertical cables suspended in the water column is proposed. DAS is robust to extreme temperature/pressure conditions and inherently delivers concurrent, dynamic strain measurements at meter-resolutions with overlapping sensing elements over hundreds of meters. DAS also relies on dryroom interrogators and is generally known to have lower sensitivity than most hydrophones. Our approach consists of active sound generation in a fjord environment with a shallow, submerged source and detection with an adjacent, taut cable and a co-located, calibrated hydrophone. We present preliminary observations of the vertical propagation and attenuation of sound and estimates of Sound Pressure Level (SPL) detection thresholds in the 0.5-3.0 kHz range. We also observe a widespread occurrence of trapped waves along the cable below approx. 1 kHz. In comparison to rectilinear set-ups, we observe that cable coiling strategies can effectively add-up gains of nearly +20 dB to hydroacoustic signals, thus effectively decreasing the SPL detection threshold of DAS, extending its ambient noise detection range and reducing the minimum required source levels for active measurements.
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Lossy Compression for Distributed Acoustic Sensing
by L. Eckert, V. Dumitru, M. Hagmüller.
Abstract:
This paper evaluates the performance of lossy compression algorithms for data from Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) systems, which use fibre optic cables to detect vibrations at discrete locations along their length. While DAS provides high spatial and temporal resolution with real-time, continuous acquisition, it generates vast amounts of data, creating challenges for both transmission and storage. To address these issues, various compression algorithms, commonly used in music and speech processing, were tested on publicly available DAS datasets. The evaluation considered key metrics such as reconstruction fidelity, computation time, and compression rate. Since DAS systems operate at much lower sampling rates than audio applications, acquired data is collected in a buffer and processed at higher sampling rates by the audio codecs. After comparing multiple algorithms, the OPUS codec was selected due to its flexibility across bit rates, low latency, consistent performance, and high adaptability. A real-time compression system was developed based on OPUS, capable of handling five-digit channel counts. The system is configurable to meet task-specific requirements, allowing adjustments between compression rate and reconstruction accuracy as needed. The proposed solution significantly reduces storage needs and enables efficient low-bandwidth data transmission, making it well suited for real-time DAS applications.
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A23.01 Vibroacoustics
| Thursday 26 June 2025 - 10:40 |
| Room: SM5 - SCHROEDER |
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| 10:40 |
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Predicting the vibroacoustic response of an elastic hydrofoil in a turbulent flow
by P. Williams, M. Karimi, J. Kha, K. Tsigklifis, R. Howell.
Abstract:
This work investigates the vibration of an elastic hydrofoil submerged in water and excited by a turbulent flow. The excitation of the hydrofoil due to incident turbulent flow (turbulence ingestion), a turbulent boundary layer, and scattering of the turbulent boundary at the trailing edge is considered. The hydrofoil and surrounding fluid are modelled numerically using the finite element method (FEM). Each excitation mechanism introduces a surface pressure fluctuation across the hydrofoil. The forces caused by these pressure fluctuations are applied to the FEM nodes at the hydrofoil’s surface using the uncorrelated wall plane wave method to synthesise realisations of the stochastic wall pressure field. The incident turbulent flow and trailing edge scattering are modelled using Amiet’s theory while the turbulent boundary layer is modelled using semi-empirical methods. The contribution of each component is discussed and compared to experimental data from the literature. .
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| 11:00 |
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A Method for Measuring Instantaneous Structural Intensity in Flat Structures
by K. Abe, H. Yamada, T. Yamazaki.
Abstract:
We propose a method for measuring instantaneous structural intensity (SI) in flat structures using finite difference approximations. Based on flat plate theory, stress components associated with bending moments, torsional moments, and shear forces are described in terms of vibration displacement. The derivation formulation is established by applying finite difference approximations to partial differential terms up to fourth order in both time and space. To achieve high temporal and spatial resolution, vibration displacement is measured non-invasively using a Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV). This approach ensures precision and avoids contact-induced measurement errors. The proposed method demonstrated strong correlation with finite element method (FEM) simulations, confirming its validity and practicality for analyzing instantaneous SI. This study highlights the potential of the proposed method for high-precision vibration energy analysis in structural applications.
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| 11:20 |
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Finite Element Model Update of an Aircraft Interior Lining Panel
by S. Algermissen.
Abstract:
In aviation, new propulsion concepts and aircraft configurations are explored to reduce the carbon footprint. Turboprop engines experience a comeback in hydrogen powered aircraft concepts. Compared to conventional aircraft with jet engines, there are changes in noise sources and vibroacoustic transfer paths. The calculation of these transfer paths should therefore be carried out at the preliminary design phase of a new aircraft to assess the noise exposure of the passengers. DLR developed a process to automatically generate finite element (FE) models of an aircraft fuselage based on preliminary design data. These models enable the calculation of noise transmission from the source to the passenger’s ears. For the enhancement and validation of model parameters, parts with a major influence on the noise transmission are analyzed. This article presents such a process for a commercial aircraft lining panel. The component is subjected to a modal testing with free-free boundary conditions. Experimental data of several tests are composed and modal data are extracted. Based on a 3D scan of the lining panel a FE model is set up. A model update process with ANSYS® OPTISLANG improves numerous geometric and material parameters.
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| 11:40 |
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Theoretical and experimental analysis of vibro-acoustic coupling at high levels: application to the design of passive absorbing devices
by R. Moussa, A. Givois, N. Dauchez.
Abstract:
Noise mitigation is a challenging societal issue. To overcome the limitations of sound-absorbing materials and classical Tuned Mass Oscillators for broadband low-frequency control, this work proposes the development of nonlinear absorbers, known as Nonlinear Energy Sinks (NES), with stiffness governed by a nonlinear law. When these systems are coupled to a primary system and excited at a sufficient level to activate their nonlinear behavior, an irreversible energy transfer occurs: energy is transferred from the primary system to the NES, where it is dissipated. The studied NES is a thin viscoelastic rubber membrane, designed to attenuate the first acoustic mode of a circular duct. Under high acoustic levels, the membrane vibrates with significant displacements, resulting in geometric nonlinearities. The behavior of such absorbers is typically described in the literature with a cubic stiffness. However, experimental results appear to contradict these models. For this reason, material hyperelasticity is introduced in addition to geometric nonlinearities. Theoretical models are adjusted with experimental data and a parametric analysis of the membrane is finally conducted to optimize the activation threshold.
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| 12:00 |
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Measurements of flexural wave properties on viscoelastic panels using a laser Doppler vibrometer
by N. Xiang, J. Taylor, M. Miller Iii.
Abstract:
Sandwiched wall-board systems that incorporate viscoelastic panels as constrained damping layers efficiently enhance sound transmission losses. For a better understanding of the damping mechanism of the constrained damping layers, propagation of the bending wave in these building devices is of central importance. The damping properties of constrained damping layers made of viscoelastic materials need to be characterized by bending wave excitations. The dispersive nature of the bending waves makes the experimental characterization extremely challenging in reliable dynamic material testing. An experimental methodology based on the theory of the bending wave has been explored to characterize the properties of the flexural wave, including the bending stiffness and the loss factor of highly viscous panels. The transfer function between two locations radially away from a flexural wave exciter on the viscoelastic panel are experimentally measured. This measurement method experimentally determines the broadband bending phase speed, the bending stiffness, and the bending loss factor. This paper further investigates the experimental method for characterizing the bending-wave properties using a laser Doppler vibrometer. The investigation also addresses experimental challenges as well as an approach to mitigate disturbing effects and improve measurement accuracy.
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A24.01 Virtual acoustics - General
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SM4 - ZWICKER |
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| B. F. G. Katz |
| A. Reyes-Lecuona |
| J. J. López |
| S. Ramallo |
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| 14:20 |
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Psychoacoustic evaluation of a pilot system for simulating diverse room acoustics for musicians
by L. Bartha, M. Isenegger, A. Taghipour, D. Rose, E. Alessandri, S. Köchli.
Abstract:
This pilot project is part of a broader initiative to develop an immersive training environment for musicians, integrating virtual and augmented reality to facilitate adaptation to different room acoustic scenarios. A single-plane six-speaker auralization system was designed to simulate various room acoustics in a relatively dry practice room by convolving real-time music performance input with pre-recorded room impulse responses. Virtual environments varied in reverberation, with the system employing EQ calibration, delay synchronization, and ambisonic decoding for enhanced realism. The system is also capable of incorporating background sounds and/or disturbances. The system was evaluated in a psychoacoustic experiment involving six participants, who achieved 79.2% accuracy in recognizing four simulated environments. Realism ratings averaged 1.1 on a bipolar five-point scale (-2 to 2). Adding background sounds affected realism differently across scenarios. Interviews highlighted the system’s potential to aid musicians in adapting their technique to different acoustics while noting challenges such as movement restrictions and microphone placement. The results validate the direction of the project, with future work focusing on refining the audio system and expanding the performance lab’s capabilities.
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| 14:40 |
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IR64-CAR: A Dataset Of Impulse Responses Captured With A Spherical Microphone Array For Automotive Acoustic Research
by J. López-Ballester, G. Greco, S. Roger, J. J. López, F. J. Ferri, M. Cobos.
Abstract:
This work presents the creation of a novel dataset of impulse responses captured with a 64-capsule microphone array (Eigenmike 64) positioned at the center of a car cabin. The dataset was generated to address the growing demand for realistic acoustic data in automotive audio research, spatial audio systems, and machine learning applications. Impulse responses were recorded with sound sources positioned at 8 angular locations around the car (every 45°), simulating real-world external noise conditions. All measurements were conducted with the car windows closed, providing a controlled acoustic environment representative of standard driving conditions. This configuration enables the study of how sound propagates, reflects, and penetrates the vehicle’s interior under typical isolation settings. The primary applications of this dataset include the simulation of in-vehicle recordings, enabling realistic testing and validation of audio systems; source localization, to determine the direction of external sounds entering the vehicle; spatial filtering, supporting beamforming and noise suppression techniques; and advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS), to improve external sound detection and classification for safety-critical scenarios. Calibration and validation procedures were applied to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the dataset. This resource provides significant potential for advancing both academic research and industrial innovation in automotive acoustics.
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| 15:00 |
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Cylindrical harmonic decomposition of the sound intensity vectors
by J. Wang, T. Abhayapala.
Abstract:
Sound intensity is related to human’s perception of sound at mid to high frequencies. Traditionally, sound intensity vector is measured at a sweet spot using an intensity probe. To cover a spatial region, the intensity probe must be placed at multiple sampling points. To reduce hardware cost and measurement complexity, this paper proposes the cylindrical harmonic coefficients of the sound intensity vectors (CH-I coefficients) in a circular listening area. The CH-I coefficients are derived from cylindrical microphone array measurements of the pressure in the circular listening area. Hence, there is no need to employ multiple intensity probes or move the intensity probe to different sampling points. For application, this paper proposes the intensity matching algorithm, which reproduces the sound intensity vectors in the circular listening area by matching the desired CH-I coefficients. Simulations show the proposed intensity matching algorithm accurately reproduces the sound intensity vectors and requires fewer loudspeakers than pressure-based method to achieve similar accuracy in reproduced sound intensity vectors.
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| 15:20 |
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Hearing Protection Device with AI-Based Sound Detection and Localization
by L. Banchero, J. J. López.
Abstract:
Hearing protection is crucial in heavy industries to prevent auditory injuries from prolonged noise exposure. However, regulations limit noise isolation to ensure workers can hear critical sounds like alarms and warnings, creating a tradeoff between protection and situational awareness. We propose an intelligent hearing protection system that combines passive noise isolation with AI-based sound processing. The device integrates external microphones and deep learning models to detect and localize important sounds, allowing workers to stay aware of their surroundings while receiving robust auditory protection. The system uses MEMS microphones on the earmuffs and headband to capture ambient sounds, processed by a central control board. The AI models, designed for emergency sound detection and localization, utilize Transformers and Convolutional architectures to accurately identify and locate critical sounds. Preliminary testing of the hardware prototype shows effective detection and localization of essential sounds in complex environments. As a first approach, this proposal focuses on sound capture, detection, and localization components. Many additional parts are needed for a fully functional system. This innovative approach offers a promising solution for improving workplace safety without compromising auditory health or regulatory compliance.
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| 15:40 |
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Addressing Acoustic Simulation Pitfalls in Virtual Reality for Occupational Safety Research
by M. Cuevas-Rodriguez, D. González-Toledo, A. Lawson, N. Keren, A. Reyes-Lecuona.
Abstract:
Virtual reality (VR) technologies are increasingly utilized in occupational safety research to simulate hazardous environments. Acoustic simulations within VR offer opportunities to study noise exposure impacts on behavior but also introduce challengesthat can affectresearch validity. Ensuring virtual sound levels accurately reflect real-world conditions is essential for drawing meaningful conclusions about safety practices. A collaboration between the University of Malaga, Spain, and Iowa State University, USA, has developed a VR-based approach to studying noise-related occupational risks. This approach integrates a high-fidelity Binaural Rendering Toolbox (BRT) to create immersive soundscapes simulating varying noise levels. The complexities of calibration, consistency across devices, and participantsafety underscore the importance of careful design when implementing acoustic simulations. This paper reflects on lessonslearned during the framework’s development, focusing on sound calibration, device consistency, and safety measures for participants exposed to high noise levels. Sharing best practices herein aims at guide researchers in overcoming acoustic simulation challenges in VR and ensure these technologies provide accurate and effective insights for improving workplace safety.
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A24.01 Virtual acoustics - General (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| B. F. G. Katz |
| A. Reyes-Lecuona |
| J. J. López |
| S. Ramallo |
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Spatial localisation and level accuracy in the detection of a moving source using a delay-and-sum beamformer
by A. Osses, B. Ackermans, H. Nuijens, R. Sweep, M. Hornikx.
Abstract:
Delay-and-sum is one of the most fundamental signal processing techniques to estimate the direction of a sound source based on measurements from an array of microphones. However, the estimation of distance and/or sound pressure level of the source cannot be accurately retrieved if we do not take into account the properties of the acoustic environment, the sound field, where the measurements take place. In this contribution, we show the performance of a delay-and-sum beamformer in the spatial localisation of a source emitting a sound of constant overall level. The source is gradually moved in an area of 230 m2 with source-receiver distances up to ∼35 m. Results are shown before and after applying a level correction based on the inverse distance law and a transfer function estimate obtained empirically. This transfer function represents a pragmatic simplification for the acoustic environment, which otherwise can be complex to measure due to the more or less influence of absorption, reflection, diffraction, refraction, and diffusion phenomena. Our evaluation is focused on the estimated source location obtained from the maxima of the imaging results and on the estimated sound pressure levels.
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VR-PTOLEMAIC: A Virtual Environment for the Perceptual Testing of Spatial Audio Algorithms
by P. Ostan, F. Del Gaudio, F. Miotello, M. Pezzoli, F. Antonacci.
Abstract:
The perceptual evaluation of spatial audio algorithms is an important step in the development of immersive audio applications, as it ensures that synthesized sound fields meet quality standards in terms of listening experience, spatial perception and auditory realism. To support these evaluations, virtual reality can offer a powerful platform by providing immersive and interactive testing environments. In this paper, we present VR-PTOLEMAIC, a virtual reality evaluation system designed for assessing spatial audio algorithms. The system implements the MUSHRA (MUltiStimulus test with Hidden Reference and Anchor) evaluation methodology into a virtual environment. In particular, users can position themselves in each of the 25 simulated listening positions of a virtually recreated seminar room and evaluate simulated acoustic responses with respect to the actually recorded second-order ambisonic room impulse responses, all convolved with various source signals. We evaluated the usability of the proposed framework through an extensive testing campaign in which assessors were asked to compare the reconstruction capabilities of various sound field reconstruction algorithms. Results show that the VR platform effectively supports the assessment of spatial audio algorithms, with generally positive feedback on user experience and immersivity.
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Trends in the use of Virtual Reality for acoustic investigation of the built environment
by T. Vovk, R. Prislan.
Abstract:
Virtual Reality (VR) in combination with auralization methods has emerged as a powerful tool for assessment and optimization of acoustics within the built environment by enabling instant design modifications, accelerated testing, and flexibility in comparing design variations. The technology allows the integration of visual stimuli, when participants explore soundscapes and evaluate different acoustic properties, such as reverberation, noise levels, and speech intelligibility. This paper investigates the various applications of VR in this domain, drawing upon literature from the past 10 years. The technology is demonstrating its maturity, with numerous studies already validating the methodological approach using VR. Its most common applications in acoustics research are in 1) design and evaluation of acoustic environments, including simulating different acoustic treatments and evaluating the impact of design changes, and 2) investigating human perception and response to sound, such as assessing the impact of various acoustic environments on the user’s experience. This paper highlights the growing potential of VR as a tool for investigating acoustic comfort and functionality of the built environment.
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Presenting the 'Diamonds Room'
by J. Grassi, M. Pellegatti, N. Prodi, C. Visentin, G. Tampone, A. Bertelli, L. Tebaldi.
Abstract:
The “Diamonds’ Room (DR)” (Camera dei Diamanti) is a new virtual reality test bench at the University of Ferrara. The present work describes how at first a commercial chamber designed for audiometric testing was fitted with further sound absorbing material and equipped with an audio system consisting of 41 loudspeakers (32 passive, 8 active and a subwoofer). Later a virtual reality headset was included and finally audio and video were merged. The final configuration allows the creation of realistic virtual AV scenarios: the audio playback is achieved by means of HOA (higher order Ambisonics), while the video reproduction is managed by Unity software. An objective methodology, based on multichannel microphones, has been developed specifically to evaluate the performance of sound spatialization. The results in DR are encouragingly positive because the reproduction error for the minimum audible angle (MMA), which was evaluated for both real and virtual single sources, is mostly in the range 1°-4°. These values are not far from to the human ability to distinguish two sounds coming from different directions under optimal conditions. Thanks to its performance the DR can be employed in a wide range of applications, spanning from medicine and psychology to industry.
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A24.05/A14.08 Virtual acoustics and binaural AR in hearing research: challenges of a new paradigm (1)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SM2 - MORSE |
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| N. Mayer-Kahlen |
| A. Reyes-Lecuona |
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| 14:20 |
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Impact of Room Acoustic Mismatch on Conversational Dynamics in Virtual One-On-One Conferencing: Preliminary Study
by P. Abehsera-Morell, D. Poirier-Quinot, B. F. G. Katz.
Abstract:
The acoustics of a room can have an impact on speech production, influencing factors such as speech rate and vocal effort. In augmented reality teleconferencing, virtually rendered remote interlocutors can be auralised to create the impression of sharing a room with the user. Acoustical mismatches between the real rooms of the user and the remote interlocutors can hinder interaction — for instance, a remote talker in an acoustically-treated office might sound unnatural to a user located in a highly reverberant space, such as an untreated office with hard surfaces or a position close to a bare wall. This study investigates how such a mismatch can affect conversational interactions. Participant pairs engaged in audiovisual teleconferencing while experiencing either matched or mismatched auralised room acoustics. Each participant perceived the conversation happening in a single common acoustic, though that acoustic may be different from each participant’s perspective. We present preliminary results on the impact of these conditions on interaction dynamics. The interactions between interlocutors were analysed for different matched or mismatched conditions, with the findings providing insights into the impact of said conditions on the quality of the interactions.
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| 14:40 |
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Relating Room Acoustic Rating Consistency to Binaural Masking Level Difference Scores
by F. Stärz, S. Van De Par, L. O.H. Kroczek, S. Roßkopf, A. Mühlberger, M. Blau.
Abstract:
Reliable assessments of room acoustics require expertise. Evaluators need to know what the room acoustic attributes mean and how they are perceived while being able to evaluate small differences consistently. Although these attributes can be explained using audio examples, hearing small differences and interpreting them consistently remains challenging. Hearing expertise is not well defined, and a reliable measure does not exist. Selecting participants based on hearing expertise, derived from questions like ’years of hearing experience’ or ’playing an instrument’, may accidentally exclude individuals who do not meet these criteria but could provide high-quality ratings due to their ability to perceive and consistently classify small differences. As a possible selection method, we explored the use of individual binaural masking level difference (BMLD) scores. In a forced-choice paradigm, small binaural changes in a signal had to be heard to achieve high scores. In addition, participants repeatedly rated room acoustic attributes in an interactive virtual environment using head-tracked binaural audio, where small differences between different auralisations could be perceived. BMLD scores were then correlated with a consistency score calculated from repeated measurements of the room acoustic attributes. Results show that the BMLD score only partially explains the consistency scores.
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| 15:20 |
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New Release of the Binaural Rendering Toolbox: Introducing Version 2.0
by D. González-Toledo, M. Cuevas-Rodriguez, L. Molina-Tanco, L. Picinali, A. Reyes-Lecuona.
Abstract:
The Binaural Rendering Toolbox (BRT) is an open-source software suite for psychoacoustic research and headphonebased immersive audio applications. It includes the BRT C++ library, which provides a modular framework for building dynamic and reproducible virtual acoustic scenarios, and BeRTA, a standalone renderer controllable via Open Sound Control (OSC). Researchers can use the BRT for psychoacoustic and auditory experiments without requiring custom implementations. This paper presents Version 2.0, now released under the GPL license. Key updates in Version 2.0 include support for sound sources directivity, a hybrid rendering mechanism combining BRIRs convolution (also with Ambisonics encoding options), and simulation of free-field propagation, including attenuation and delay. Furthermore, the BRT introduces the ability to apply filters to the binaural signal, enabling headphone compensation and the simulation of hearing protection devices. By providing a comprehensive overview of the features and capabilities of BRT Version 2.0, this paper highlights its potential to drive innovation and reproducibility in auditory research and immersive audio applications.
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A24.05/A14.08 Virtual acoustics and binaural AR in hearing research: challenges of a new paradigm (2)
| Thursday 26 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: SM5 - SCHROEDER |
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| N. Mayer-Kahlen |
| A. Reyes-Lecuona |
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| 9:00 |
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Accommodation to virtual sound rendering in a reverberant room with 3DoF and 6DoF interaction
by J. Meyer, L. Picinali.
Abstract:
This study investigates the perception of real (loudspeaker) and virtual (binaural rendering through headphones) sound sources in a reverberant room with 3DoF and 6DoF interaction. More specifically, the study looks at the effect of accommodation to the virtual audio rendering while carrying out a listening experiment aimed at evaluating the presence of real and virtual sources. The experiment contains three blocks of triplets organised as follows: the 10 first triplets always contained one real sound source, the next 25 triplets had only virtual sources, and the 10 last triplets had again one real sound source. The results show that most of the participants correctly identified the presence of the real sound source during the first block, and started to identify virtual sound sources as real ones in the second block, possibly indicating an accommodation to the virtual rendering. In the third block, participants correctly identified the presence of the real sound source again.
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| 9:20 |
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Perceptual sensitivity to the “open window” in late reverberation
by B. Seeber, P. Weymar, S. Ewert, S. Van De Par.
Abstract:
Late reverberation is often considered and modelled as diffuse, isotropic reverberation. However, our experience shows that we can hear spatial anisotropy in reverberation, e.g. when walking past an open door or sitting in front of absorbent surfaces. We studied the perceptual sensitivity to spatial gaps simulating an open window, i.e. with total absorption, in otherwise spatially diffuse reverberation. A static situation with the direct sound from the front (0°) and diffuse reverberation from 36 horizontally arranged loudspeakers in an anechoic chamber was initially studied. The spectral and temporal decay of reverberation reflected an average room. A gap of variable azimuthal angle had to be detected at either 0° or 90°. Results for noise bursts show highest sensitivity to gaps in diffuse reverberation at the side (35°) and lowest (70-110° threshold) if the gap is at the front and aligned with the direct sound. Next, subjects moved in the reproduction space when identifying the gap location from four positions. Preliminary results show very low thresholds for an experienced listener and similar thresholds to the static condition for most listeners, indicating that experience helps when orienting dynamically to hear out spatial anisotropy and that the direct sound strongly masks the gap.
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| 9:40 |
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Vision-To-Audio Vs Audiovision-To-Audio Matching Shows The Difference Between Virtual Acoustics For VR And AR
by N. Meyer-Kahlen, L. Qiu, T. Lokki, J. M. Arend.
Abstract:
Virtual reality (VR) experiences immerse users in a virtual world distinct from their own environment. In contrast, augmented reality (AR) applications, such as AR telepresence, add virtual objects to the users’ real environment through semi-transparent displays or visually occluding devices with camera-based passthrough. At first sight, the necessary virtual acoustic technologies for both applications appear similar—position and orientation-dependent binaural room acoustic rendering. However, the perceptual demands on the rendering systems differ considerably. In VR, users can only compare an acoustic rendering to the visual scene they are transported to. In AR, however, real-world sound sources may coexist with virtual ones, allowing for auditory comparison between real and virtual sound. This study compares subjects’ ability to match binaural speech rendering using different rooms to a given reference room presented visually, through another sound source rendered in it, or through both. Therein, the hypothesis is that subjects will be better at matching when an auditory reference is provided. This experiment illustrates a critical distinction between acoustic rendering for VR and AR.
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| 10:00 |
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The Extended SONICOM HRTF Dataset And Spatial Audio Metrics Toolbox
by K. Poole, J. Meyer, V. Martin, R. Daugintis, N. Marggraf-Turley, J. Webb, L. Pirard, N. La Magna, L. Picinali.
Abstract:
Headphone-based spatial audio uses head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) to simulate real-world acoustic environments. HRTFs are unique to everyone, due to personal morphology, shaping how sound waves interact with the body before reaching the eardrums. Here we present the extended SONICOM HRTF dataset which expands on the previous version released in 2023. The total number of measured subjects has now been increased to 300, with demographic information for a subset of the participants, providing context for the dataset’s population and relevance. The dataset incorporates synthesised HRTFs for 200 of the 300 subjects, generated using Mesh2HRTF, alongside pre-processed 3D scans of the head and ears, optimised for HRTF synthesis. This rich dataset facilitates rapid and iterative optimisation of HRTF synthesis algorithms, allowing the automatic generation of large data. The optimised scans enable seamless morphological modifications, providing insights into how anatomical changes impact HRTFs, and the larger sample size enhances the effectiveness of machine learning approaches. To support analysis, we also introduce the Spatial Audio Metrics (SAM) Toolbox, a Python package designed for efficient analysis and visualisation of HRTF data, offering customisable tools for advanced research. Together, the extended dataset and toolbox offer a comprehensive resource for advancing personalised spatial audio research and development.
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A24.05/A14.08 Virtual acoustics and binaural AR in hearing research: challenges of a new paradigm (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| N. Mayer-Kahlen |
| A. Reyes-Lecuona |
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Enhancing Photogrammetry Reconstruction for HRTF Synthesis via a Graph Neural Network
by L. Pirard, K. Poole, L. Picinali.
Abstract:
Traditional Head-Related Transfer Functions (HRTFs) acquisition methods rely on specialised equipment and acoustic expertise, posing accessibility challenges. Alternatively, high-resolution 3D modelling offers a pathway to numerically synthesise HRTFs using Boundary Elements Methods and others. However, the high cost and limited availability of advanced 3D scanners restrict their applicability. Photogrammetry has been proposed as a solution for generating 3D head meshes, though its resolution limitations restrict its application for HRTF synthesis. To address these limitations, this study investigates the feasibility of using Graph Neural Networks (GNN) using neural subdivision techniques for upsampling low-resolution Photogrammetry-Reconstructed (PR) meshes into highresolution meshes, which can then be employed to synthesise individual HRTFs. Photogrammetry data from the SONICOM dataset are processed using Apple Photogrammetry API to reconstruct low-resolution head meshes. The dataset of paired low- and high-resolution meshes is then used to train a GNN to upscale low-resolution inputs to high-resolution outputs, using a Hausdorff Distancebased loss function. The GNN’s performance on unseen photogrammetry data is validated geometrically and through synthesised HRTFs generated via Mesh2HRTF. Synthesised HRTFs are evaluated against those computed from high-resolution 3D scans, to acoustically measured HRTFs, and to the KEMAR HRTF using perceptuallyrelevant numerical analyses as well as behavioural experiments, including localisation and Spatial Release from Masking (SRM) tasks.
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A24.07/A11.06 Networked music performances and virtual environments
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 16:40 |
| Room: SM3 - BERANEK |
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| 16:40 |
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Soundcool: Enabling Easy-to-Configure International Collaborative Performances with Minimal Technical Knowledge and AI
by J. Sastre, F. Valero-García, R. Dannenberg, J. Andrés, S. Scarani, N. Lloret.
Abstract:
Soundcool is a modular multimedia system designed for collaborative performances with minimal technical requirements. Originally developed for educational purposes, it has evolved into a powerful tool for professional music and audiovisual productions. Its intuitive interface allows users to configure and control modules remotely, enabling international performances with ease. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Soundcool’s remote capabilities were leveraged for distributed concerts, such as the piece “Poliacordes Audiovisuales,” demonstrating its potential for creative collaboration. In this paper, we explore its applications for live networked performances and international educational projects, highlighting its role in democratizing multimedia creation. Additionally, we present the latest version, Soundcool 5.1, which introduces videomapping with minimal hardware requirements.
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| 17:00 |
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Exploring the Acoustic Characteristics that Determine Performance Quality in Opera Singing
by H. Kondo, S. Kondoh, S. Kawahara, S. Fujii.
Abstract:
Which acoustic characteristics of opera singing impact the judgment of perceived performance? To address this question, the current study recorded ten female singers performing Caro mio ben, which were then evaluated by four professional voice instructors, who provided an overall impression score on a 100-point scale and six vocal attributes rated on a 7-point Likert scale. We extracted three acoustic features from each recorded singing: singing power ratio (SPR), which represents the ratio of spectral peaks between 2-4 kHz and 0-2 kHz; harmonics-to-noise ratio (HNR), which measures the ratio of harmonic sound energy to noise in a voice signal, reflecting vocal quality; and sound pressure level (SPL), which is an acoustic measure that represents the loudness or intensity of a sound signal. A linear mixedeffects regression model, with the vocal attribute score as the dependent variable, three acoustic characteristics as fixed effects, and evaluators as a random effect, revealed that SPR was a significant predictor for several of the vocal attributes. These findings suggest that SPR, which reflects resonance within the 2–4 kHz range influences the judgment of performance quality in opera singing.
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| 17:20 |
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Latency evaluation and modeling of a mechatronic display for telematic music
by M. Gurevich, R. B. Gillespie, J. Yi, K. Sodum, K. Abellera, J. Granzow, S. Sumner, L. Rogland.
Abstract:
Chamber musicians’ bodily movements are important for coordination, synchronization, and expression, but lowlatency systems for displaying performers’ movement in telematic music performance remain elusive. Even if the challenges of low-latency video encoding and transmission could be overcome, prior research has shown that three-dimensional physical movement in space is more persuasive and compelling than a projected image of the same movement on a screen. We describe a system for capturing, transforming, and displaying telematic chamber musicians’ movements through a nonanthropomorphic mechatronic avatar with seven degrees of freedom. We experimentally quantified the movement-domain phase delays arising from the structural response of the mechatronic avatar, providing a bound on the latency contributed by our system, which determines how the performer’s movement is transmitted and displayed to support embodied telematic performance. We assessed the avatar motion response to a step command issued to each of the avatar’s servo motors using recorded avatar movements, and fit second-order models to characterize mode shapes and quantify phase delay. A comparison with audio-domain latencies provides an estimate of asynchronization and informs the future viability of infrared motion capture and mechatronic displays for networked music performances.
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A24.07/A11.06 Networked music performances and virtual environments (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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Artificial IRs in Dynamic Virtual Acoustics for Music Experimentation
by L. Valentin, C. Betancur Gutierrez.
Abstract:
This paper presents a novel method for generating highly customizable artificial impulse responses (IRs) made for the CAVIAR (Cave of Augmented Virtual and Interactive Audio Realities) system. These synthetic IRs power a real-time live convolution engine, enabling on-the-fly manipulation of virtual acoustic environments. The approach paves the way for innovative musical experimentation and performance and adapts seamlessly to the requirements of both the virtual acoustics system and the performer.Customizing virtual acoustics environments allows musicians to perform in entirely artificial yet sonically rich and responsive spaces. This freedom allows them to experiment with unconventional acoustical parameters in real time, examining how shifts in reverberation characteristics and spatial cues influence their performance and creative process. Audiences are simultaneously and similarly immersed in the listening environment, perceiving the music as unfolding within a dynamically evolving acoustic space.From two complementary perspectives—technical/acoustical and creative/artistic—this paper explores our system’s capabilities through two case studies conducted at CCRMA, Stanford University. These studies illustrate how adaptive, synthetic IRs can transform both the performer’s and the audience’s experience, offering new frontiers for interactive and expressive musical performance.
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A24.09/A24.13 Motion and rendering
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 16:00 |
| Room: SM2 - MORSE |
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| A. Neidhardt |
| F. Brinkmann |
| J. Segura-García |
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| 16:00 |
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Dynamic loudspeaker equalization for participant movements in a loudspeaker array
by M. Kuntz, B. Seeber.
Abstract:
Free-field loudspeaker-based sound reproduction allows participants to turn their heads and move around during an experiment, without the need for individualized headrelated transfer functions. In this work, we consider a 2D, square, 36-loudspeaker array. Instead of using the center of the array as the reference point for loudspeaker equalization (EQ), we applied a dynamic EQ that follows a participant’s movements. We measured word recognition rates (WRR) in a S0 Ndiffuse condition with sentences from the Oldenburg sentence test. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at which 50% of words are correctly identified was determined first. This SNR is kept constant throughout the rest of the experiment. Participant WRRs were evaluated at five static positions in the array and two movement conditions, where they walked along a straight path during stimulus playback. The data show that the mean WRRs vary between .52 and .62, which roughly corresponds to a SNR change below 0.7 dB. Since this is in the order of test variance and much lower than the 3-4 dB change observed without dynamic EQ, we conclude that dynamic EQ reduces level-induced errors and can be used for speech intelligibility experiments.
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| 16:20 |
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Real-time Virtual Environment and Room Acoustics Simulator
by K. De Haas, M. Schutte, S. Ewert.
Abstract:
In our daily life, sound plays an important role for awareness of our environment, communication, and recreation. The ability to predict, simulate and acoustically render real-world acoustics in a computationally efficient way is of key importance for various applications ranging from architectural acoustics to hearing research. Historically, acoustic simulation and artificial reverberation have been developed in seemingly remote areas, either using offline processing with focus on accuracy, or using real-time processing with focus on computational efficiency. Our geometrical acoustics based approach, the Low-latency Interactive Virtual Environment and Room Acoustics Simulator (liveRAZR) aims to bridge both application areas. To account for edge diffraction and sound propagation through finite openings, we combine a geometrical diffraction pathfinder with our universal diffraction filter approximation. Diffuse late reverberation is simulated using a spatially rendered feedback delay network. Sound scattering and a realistic increase of echo density are simulated by distributing scattered energy from each reflection to the diffuse late reverberation module. The proposed model consists of a time-domain implementation for 6-degrees-of-freedom motion of source and receiver based on variable delay lines and an accompanying offline version. We discuss several use cases, ranging from echolocation to augmented acoustic reality for visually impaired.
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| 16:40 |
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Auralization in a moving base driving simulator as part of a digital twin
by A. Genell, T. Lundberg.
Abstract:
The Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) has been performing driving simulator based research since developing the first computer based advanced driving simulator during late 1970’s and early 1980’s. Parallel to that VTI has been developing different versions of Road Surface Tester (RST) vehicles with laser based surface measurement systems in combination with very precis positioning systems. Today the driving simulaton is on it’s fourth iteration, and with a new road surface testing Mobile Research Platform (MRP) comprising high resolution laser scanning, LIDAR and other camera based ystems just procured the notion to combine the measurements from the real world road area with the virtual driving simulator world has resulted in an ongoing effort to create a digital twin in the simulator environment of the real world measured by the new MRP. A part of that includes measuring the roughness of the pavement with simultaneous recording of sound, both exterior and interior, and thus determine transfer functions between road surface and interior sound environment. By implementing the transfer functions in the simulator sound model, any virtual road surface can then be implemented and experienced by the drivers. Data collection is ongoing and preliminary virtual implementations are presented here.
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| 17:00 |
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Train Passing Synthesis in Environments Based on Geospatial Data
by M. Liepert, A. Schlesinger, J. Egeler, C. Huth, C. Ende, D. J. Meyer, T. Koch, L. Höhle, J. Bartnitzek, B. Schlüter, R. Böhme.
Abstract:
The planning process for railway infrastructure projects is often lengthy and requires acceleration. One way to achieve this is by enhancing acceptance through mediation efforts that allow affected individuals to experience the impacts of new or revised plans in virtual environments. Beyond this communicative purpose, synthesized train passings can be utilized for psychoacoustic assessments, providing a better match of human perception of the acoustic impact compared to standard SPL predictions. As part of the EAV-Infra research project, a geometric sound propagation algorithm was implemented to calculate the phenomena of reflection, diffraction, and scattering at surface structures. This algorithm relies on digital terrain models (DTM), 3D building models, and digital surface models (DSM), as part of a comprehensive BIM model. The calculation process is divided into three stages: geometric pre-processing, calculation of sound propagation paths, and translating these paths into impulse responses for moving partial sound source positions of a train pass-by. A key feature of the algorithm is its ability to handle large spatial models with careful simplification.
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| 17:20 |
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Measurement-Based Sound Source Modeling of Moving Vehicles for Auralizations Utilizing Acoustic Beamforming
by T. Kron, D. J. Meyer, T. Koch, C. Ende, J. Egeler, A. Schlesinger, J. Bartnitzek, L. Höhle, B. Schlüter, R. Böhme.
Abstract:
Auralizations of virtual scenes have become increasingly realistic in recent years, as respective sound propagation models and hardware platforms have made significant advances. 3D models of environments and digital twins have become more readily available due to the increasing adoption of digital planning methods such as building information modeling (BIM). Here, auralizations offer great potential to experience the noise immissions of different scenarios. Despite their proven usefulness for public participation or psychoacoustic evaluation, there remains a deficiency in methodology to realistically simulate complex moving sound sources. Thus, we present a new measurement-based approach to obtain highly realistic sound source models of moving vehicles. First, the vehicle is recorded with a microphone array to extract short audio signals from its dominant noise emissions via beamforming. To ensure robust source separation even at high velocities, we present an ethernet based microphone array that allows for high channel counts and flexible geometrical arrangements. The dominant emissions are then modeled as point sources. Their emission signals are calibrated, spectrally corrected and extended in time using algorithms which ensure both physical and perceptive plausibility.
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| 17:40 |
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A Preliminary Evaluation Of Rendering Techniques For Room Impulse Responses
by R. Roy Chowdhury, I. Engel, L. Picinali.
Abstract:
This paper provides a review of various Room Impulse Response (RIR) synthesis methods for auralisation applications, followed by a comparative analysis of selected ones using a common framework. This is driven by the rapid expansion of the extended reality (XR) industry and its diverse applications. In XR implementations, realistic immersion is typically achieved when acoustic and visual cues are congruent. The challenge in achieving this is related to computational complexity, acoustical parameter estimation, and, more generally, perceptual relevance of processing choices. Focusing on reverberation, the review comprises geometric-based, data-driven, and algorithmic methods. These differ, among other things, in input requirements: some rely on physical measurements, some on a high-level description of the room’s geometry, while others necessitate a 3D mesh. The latter is of particular significance within the XR community, as the impact of incorporating visual information into the synthesis process on the overall spatial quality of a virtualised scene remains uncertain. Objective comparisons of these methods are made using real-world recordings following the work of previous round-robin studies. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive resource for researchers working on immersive audio and acoustic simulation, highlighting the advances made over the past decade.
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| 18:00 |
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Exploring simple methods for room absorption estimation in early reflections for binaural audio rendering
by P. Gutierrez-Parera, F. Arrebola, M. Cuevas-Rodriguez, D. González-Toledo, L. Molina-Tanco, A. Reyes-Lecuona.
Abstract:
Accurately estimating room absorption coefficients is a key step in many binaural audio rendering approaches, as it directly impacts the realism and perceptual quality of virtual acoustic environments. This work explores fast and simple methodologies for deriving absorption profiles from room impulse responses (RIRs), focusing on their application in modelling early reflections within a room. We examine theoretical models and an iterative computational technique as potential tools for estimating absorption profiles, based on the assumption of a single material for the entire room. These methods use acoustic properties from real RIR measurements to quickly provide absorption coefficients for simulating the early reflections, setting a basis for further exploration across different acoustic applications.
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| 18:20 |
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Perception of Simulated Moving Sound Sources in Reverberant Virtual Audio-visual Environments
by S. Fichna, S. Van De Par, V. L. Flanagin, S. D. Ewert.
Abstract:
Auditory distance perception plays a vital role in spatial awareness and navigation, particularly for estimating trajectories to avoid collisions with moving objects. With growing interest in virtual acoustics, simulating complex acoustic environments that mirror real-life scenarios has become increasingly important. While research has extensively examined static sound sources, less is understood about how distance is estimated when sound sources move. This study addressed this gap in a headphone-based experiment using a real-time room acoustics simulation enabling 6-degrees of freedom movement of source and receiver. A head-mounted-display (HMD) and a computer game engine were used to display the virtual visual environments and to conduct the experiment. We evaluated just noticeable distance thresholds and the perception of invisible frontal moving sound sources by estimating and visually indicating the start and end point of a linear motion. Stationary sound sources were additionally used to provide a comprehensive analysis of both static and dynamic conditions. Listeners detected the motion and perceived motion distance was greater in a room with longer reverberation time than in a less reverberant room. Our findings enhance our understanding of how humans process complex spatial information and have potential applications in virtual reality, and assistive technologies.
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A24.09/A24.13 Motion and rendering (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| A. Neidhardt |
| F. Brinkmann |
| J. Segura-García |
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Complex room acoustics rendering with multi-zone auralization: Application to Teatro Principal de Valencia
by J. López-Ballester, J. Segura-García, M. Cobos, R. Cibrián, S. Cerdá, A. Giménez.
Abstract:
Auralization in complex rooms is not always a straightforward task. The most common and simple approach involves taking an averaged impulse response (IR) for the entire room and applying binaural filters. For a more realistic approach, the room acoustic analysis of such halls requires the measurement or the simulation of IRs in different areas, to analyze the main room acoustic metrics. At this stage, IRs can be grouped to define specific zones of interest. This paper presents a virtual acoustic demonstration of a theatre in Valencia, built in 1832 and last refurbished in 2012. For this theatre, we have developed an application specifically designed to represent audio modified with different IRs within this enclosed space. Using Text-to-Speech techniques based on Artificial Intelligence, human speech was synthetized, allowing to convert written text into spoken audio in any language. Each IR has been convolved with this AI-generated anechoic audio. In this project, we use Teatro Principal de València as a test space, where reverberation zones shape the acoustic environment and the custom-synthesized spoken text is integrated. The goal is to create a dynamic auralization of the poem that inaugurated the theatre, moving through seating area to enhance the immersive experience.
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A24.11/A16.07 Processing/individualization/interpolation of HRIRs or BRIRs
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 11:20 |
| Room: SM2 - MORSE |
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| 11:20 |
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HRTF Database Matching for Localization Accuracy Applications
by E. Tavelidou, K. Bakogiannis, A. Andreopoulou.
Abstract:
This study investigates HRTF database matching as a means for creating an individualized spatial user experience, optimized for specific application needs. Focusing on localization accuracy, a procedure is designed assisting the effective navigation, evaluation, and selection of the optimal dataset for each user from a large HRTF repository. The navigation within this HRTF collection is achieved by means of clustering and the identification of representative datasets, to be evaluated in a binaural localization test, developed in Unity using the 3DTI toolkit. The winning HRTF in each localization test guides further clustering and refinement, iteratively narrowing the options to a few optimal datasets. The dataset pool was constructed using Barumerli’s model and assessed using metrics derived from the localizationerror function in the Auditory Modelling Toolbox. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) reduced redundancy and noise, enabling more coherent clustering with the k-means technique. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is assessed through a preliminary study featuring an HRTF pool of 84 datasets from five databases, and seven participants. This paper details the methodology, presents findings, and explores the evaluation, limitations, and potential applications of this technique.
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| 11:40 |
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Investigating the Effect of Skin and Hair Absorption on Numerically Simulated HRTFs
by F. Brinkmann, T.-N. Wennemann, S. Weinzierl.
Abstract:
Head-Related Transfer Functions (HRTFs) are a fundamental building block of headphone-based 3D audio, and the use of individual HRTFs will improve audio quality in many cases. As an alternative to time-consuming acoustic measurements, individual HRTFs can be numerically simulated based on 3D head meshes using the Boundary Element Method. Although previous studies have shown that impedance effects have an influence on the HRTF, the sound absorption of skin and hair is usually neglected in numerical simulations. To improve these, we developed a simplified hair absorption model based on available measurements of hair impedance and used it with an existing skin impedance model to simulate HRTFs for 54 different head meshes. The effect of non-rigid boundary conditions introduces small but audible spectral differences. Considering skin impedance alone already reduces unnatural resonance peaks that are often observed in HRTFs simulated with rigid boundary conditions but not in acoustically measured HRTFs. The additional integration of hair absorption further reduces these resonances and adds high-frequency attenuation above about 1 kHz, which can reach attenuations of 10 dB and more depending on the source position and the amount of hair absorption.
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| 12:00 |
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Evaluating Deep Learning Approaches for Photogrammetric Ear Scan Denoising in Head-Related Transfer Function Computation
by F. Di Giusto, F. Lluis, S. Van Ophem, E. Deckers.
Abstract:
Accurate Head-Related Transfer Functions (HRTFs) are key elements for virtual audio rendering and can be numerically computed from detailed 3D scans of a subject’s head and ears. While high-precision scanning techniques yield reliable geometries, their accessibility is limited. Photogrammetry, leveraging widely available camera sensors, offers a more accessible alternative, though it introduces scanning errors affecting HRTF fidelity. This study investigates the use of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) to denoise photogrammetric ear scans. Various DNN architectures are tested against a classical denoising approach. To improve performance, the DNNs are modified and fine-tuned on pinna samples with synthetic errors replicating those in photogrammetric dummy head scans. Comparing HRTFs from original and denoised scans with reference data shows that the best-performing DNN reduces HRTF deviations, though improvements remain limited. Correlation analyses between geometric features and HRTF metrics, computed on scanned point clouds and corresponding HRTFs, identify key measures for assessing deviations from reference scans. These findings provide insights for refining denoising techniques and enhancing photogrammetric scans for HRTF computation.
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A24.13 Motion and rendering
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 16:00 |
| Room: SM2 - MORSE |
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| A. Neidhardt |
| F. Brinkmann |
| J. Segura-García |
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| Please refer to session A24.09/A24.13 Motion and rendering
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A24.13 Motion and rendering (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| A. Neidhardt |
| F. Brinkmann |
| J. Segura-García |
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| Please refer to session A24.09/A24.13 Motion and rendering (poster)
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BROWSE BY SESSION DATE
Monday 23 June 2025
A03.04 Ground borne noise
| Monday 23 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SC1-2 - CHLADNI |
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| C. Guigou Carter, France |
| S. Antunes, Portugal |
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| 14:20 |
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| 14:40 |
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| 15:00 |
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| 15:20 |
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| 15:40 |
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A12.02 NDT & SHM Applications
| Monday 23 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SC1-4 - SABINE |
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| L. Chehami, France |
| M. Ben Tahar |
| M. Ech-Cherif El-Kettani, France |
| G. Cosarinsky, Spain |
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| 14:20 |
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| 14:40 |
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| 15:00 |
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| 15:20 |
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| 15:40 |
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A12.07 Acousto-optics
| Monday 23 June 2025 - 16:20 |
| Room: SC1-4 - SABINE |
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| S. Dupont, France |
| J. Vanhamel, France |
| M. Duocastella, Spain |
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| 16:20 |
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| 16:40 |
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| 17:00 |
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| 17:20 |
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| 17:40 |
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| 18:00 |
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| 18:20 |
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A14.10 Psychological and physiological experiments for noise annoyance, acoustic comfort, and soundscape evaluation (1)
| Monday 23 June 2025 - 17:00 |
| Room: SM3 - BERANEK |
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| M. Masullo, Italy |
| A. Taghipour, Switzerland |
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|
| 17:00 |
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| 17:20 |
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| 17:40 |
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| 18:00 |
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An Approach for Evaluating Time-varying Annoyance Caused by Railway Noise
by J. Egeler, C. Huth, A. Schlesinger, M. Liepert, C. Ende, D. J. Meyer, T. Koch, J. Bartnitzek, L. Höhle, B. Schlüter, R. Böhme.
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| 18:20 |
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A20.04 Tyre/road noise
| Monday 23 June 2025 - 17:00 |
| Room: SM1 - BÉKÉSY |
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| N. Campillo-Davo, Spain |
| E. Fraga De Frieta |
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Tuesday 24 June 2025
A01.02/A01.03 Active sound and vibration control (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| M. Pawelczyk, Poland |
| M. Misol |
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Enhancing In-Vehicle Speech Intelligibility: A Study On The Benefits Of Active Road Noise Cancellation System
by T. Botti, M. Olivieri, J. Gino, A. Oliva.
Abstract:
The acoustic quality inside vehicles has become a key factor in the overall evaluation of cars, particularly in luxury models. As a result, improving in-cabin communication and overall acoustic comfort has gained significant attention from the automotive industry. Recently technologies, such as Active Road Noise Cancellation (ARNC), have been extensively explored to reduce unwanted noise, effectively lowering acoustic pressure within the vehicle cabin. Beyond noise reduction, these algorithms have the potential to significantly enhance in-vehicle speech intelligibility. In this study, we investigate the impact of ARNC algorithms on person-to-person speech communication, simulating conversations between passengers. Experimental measurements have been conducted in a fourseat vehicle model equipped with a state-of-the-art ARNC system. Passenger communication has been simulated by convolving reference speech signals with measured acoustic impulse responses within the vehicle cabin. Additionally, we compare different metrics to assess speech intelligibility between front and rear seats, evaluating the effectiveness of the ARNC algorithm. The results demonstrate the potential of ARNC in enhancing in-vehicle speech intelligibility, offering valuable insights for future advancements in automotive audio technology.
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Momentum Algorithm And Its Application To Active Control Of HVAC Compressor Noise In Autonomous Bus
by S. K. Lee, J. Choi, D. Kim, S. Kim.
Abstract:
The compressor is used for a heating, ventilation, and airconditioning (HVAC) system which provide air conditioning for each passenger in autonomous bus. The sound radiated from the compressor of the HVAC system is a high-frequency annoyance noise caused by vibroacoustic noise due to the shell vibration of the compressor. The dominant frequency components of the vibroacoustic noise are harmonics of the rotation frequency of the reciprocating compressor. The HVAC system generates vibroacoustic noise dominantly in the frequen-cy range between 100 and 600 Hz. Such noise is not only distinctly perceptible but also contributes to passenger discomfort and negatively impacts the perceived quality of the vehicle. The aim of this paper is to attenuate the vibroacoustic noise of the HVAC system by developing an active noise control (ANC) system. Generally, the widely recognized filtered-X least mean squared (FXLMS) algorithm has been successfully implemented to active noise control of reciprocating compressor. However, its performance was found lacking outside the peak frequency of compressor operation noise. To address this, the momentum algorithm was employed to enhance ANC performance. The momentum algorithm has a lower residual error and faster convergence rate compared to the FXLMS algorithm. As a consequence, the implementation of the momentum based ANC algorithm resulted in enhanced noise reduction not only at the peak frequencies, which correspond to the compressor operation frequency, but also in frequency ranges outside these peak frequencies.
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Empirical Study on active noise control in uavs
by J. Steiner, F. Hilgemann, P. Jax.
Abstract:
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are known for their characteristic noise emissions, which are inevitable during operation, but often perceived as annoying. Current research on UAV noise mitigation focuses on passive technology, but active noise control (ANC), commonly used in headphones and related applications, might prove to be more effective. However, ANC algorithms require comprehensive knowledge of acoustic transfer paths, across all operational modes of the UAV. Commercially available UAVs lack components such as microphones and loudspeakers as required by ANC applications. The purpose of this work is to investigate the estimation accuracy achievable with a simplified linear time-invariant (LTI) model of the generally non-linear aerodynamic system of UAV sound emission. For this, a prototype UAV-ANC system, which extends a UAV with added microphones and loudspeakers, is considered. Extensive measurements are conducted in a controlled indoors environment to assess the applicability of state-of-art system identification methods for estimating the associated acoustic transfer paths. These transfer path estimates can be used to determine the efficacy of ANC algorithms in the considered application through simulation. They are made available online for research purposes.
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A01.05/A06.07 Active metamaterials
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SM5 - SCHROEDER |
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| T. Bravo, Spain |
| H. Lissek, Switzerland |
| C. De Marqui Jr, Brazil |
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| 14:20 |
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| 14:40 |
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| 15:00 |
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| 15:20 |
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| 15:40 |
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| 16:00 |
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A01.06 Signal processing for active control (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| M. R. Bai, Taiwan |
| W.-S. Gan |
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Spatially Selective Active Noise Control for Open-fitting Hearables with Acausal Optimization
by T. Xiao, S. Doclo.
Abstract:
Recent advances in active noise control have enabled the development of hearables with spatial selectivity, which actively suppress undesired noise while preserving desired sound from specific directions. In this work, we propose an improved approach to spatially selective active noise control that incorporates acausal relative impulse responses into the optimization process, resulting in significantly improved performance over the causal design. We evaluate the system through simulations using a pair of open-fitting hearables with spatially localized speech and noise sources in an anechoic environment. Performance is evaluated in terms of speech distortion, noise reduction, and signal-tonoise ratio improvement across different delays and degrees of acausality. Results show that the proposed acausal optimization consistently outperforms the causal approach across all metrics and scenarios, as acausal filters more effectively characterize the response of the desired source.
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Using the masking curve of a masker signal to approximate the spectral shape of target speech signal
by P. Laffitte, S. Subhra Bhattacharjee, J. Rindom Jensen, M. Græsbøll Christensen.
Abstract:
This work attempts to provide a novel look at speech privacy preservation, by proposing a solution based on sound masking as an alternative or a complement to traditional sound control and noise cancellation methods. We propose a framework for generating a masker signal whose masking curve approximates the spectral shape of the target speech to be masked. The approximation is done by Gradient Descent-based optimization, to minimize the distance between the magnitude spectrum of the target speech and the masker. The results show that the proposed algorithm exhibits the desired effect, reducing the measured annoyance when other metrics are kept constant. Although proper implementation in a real-world system is out of the scope of this paper, it serves to validate the theoretical background proposed here.
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A02.01 Bio-acoustics - General (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| B. Davies |
| D. Waddington |
| H. Whitehead |
| E. Vidaña-Vila, Spain |
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Classification of Biological Sounds Using Spatial Directivity
by J. Prezelj, L. Čurović, J. Murovec, A. Hvastja.
Abstract:
Bioacoustic methods for biodiversity monitoring face limitations, particularly when relying on single-channel recordings, that lack spatial context. To address this, we tested a novel approach that incorporates spatial directivity into biological sound classification using a network of microphone arrays. Each array, comprising of four microphones, estimates the Direction Of sound Arrival (DOA), attributing spatial features to sound events. By combining these spatial features with conventional acoustic features, in combination with unconventional use of Kmeans clustering, we developed a methodology for classifying biological sound events. Our approach employs iterative adjustment of the number of clusters to refine classification, filter out noise (e.g., traffic), and reveal treelike class structures that separate between species and even individuals within same species. Experimental data from a multi-day field recording using synchronized 8-channel microphone systems demonstrates the method’s ability to separate sound events and identify individual organisms. The results highlight the potential of spatially informed acoustic analysis to overcome some limitations of bioacousticaly based diversity assessment.
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A03.01 Building acoustics - General (2)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SC1-1 - EULER |
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| A. Romero |
| C. Scrosati, Italy |
| T. Carrascal, Spain |
| C. Monteiro |
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|
| 14:20 |
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| 14:40 |
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| 15:00 |
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| 15:20 |
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| 15:40 |
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| 16:20 |
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| 16:40 |
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| 17:00 |
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| 17:20 |
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| 17:40 |
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| 18:00 |
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| 18:20 |
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A03.02 Acoustic regulations, classification schemes and standards in building acoustics (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| B. Rasmussen, Denmark |
| T. Carrascal, Spain |
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Facade Sound Insulation Of Buildings vs Noise Map In Pamplona, Spain
by M. Arana.
Abstract:
The Spanish Technical Building Code requires minimum insulation of facades according to the acoustic zone in which the building is located. Thus, the airborne sound insulation, D2m,nT,Atr between a protected enclosure (living room/bedroom) and the exterior varies from 30 to 47 dBA. The daytime noise index value, Ld, can be obtained by consulting the strategic noise maps. The urban agglomeration of the Pamplona Region (Spain) has carried out the strategic noise maps in its four phases (2007-2012- 2017 and 2022) as well as their associated action plans against noise. NASUVINSA is the public housing and urban planning company of the Government of Navarre in charge of the management of social housing in the region of Navarre. Over the last decade, numerous protected housing developments have been delivered in the agglomeration of the Pamplona region. Although not exhaustively, it has been possible to access to results of the acoustic insulation of facades since 2011. The overall results of the insulation obtained are presented in this work, as well as the correlation between such insulation and the daytime levels, Ld, obtained from the noise map in force at the date of the building project.
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A03.08 Reducing neighbour noise by acoustic retrofit in housing (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| B. Rasmussen, Denmark |
| T. Carrascal, Spain |
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Noise Reduction Mat Performance of Apartment Houses according to Slab Conditions
by J.-Y. Chung, G.-G. Song, A. Cho, S. Jeong.
Abstract:
The floor impact sound problem, which is a living noise that can easily occur in apartment houses, is serious. In particular, Korea has a unique panel heating system called Ondol, which installs heating pipes on concrete slabs. Because of this heating system, Korea has a culture of taking off shoes in the living room, and this is the cause of floor impact sound problems. Reduction mats, which are widely used to solve floor impact sound in Korea, are made of various thicknesses and materials. Requirements for confirming the noise performance of the floor impact sound reduction mat are presented in the relevant standard(ISO 10140-5). The base floor is presented as a homogeneous reinforced concrete slab with a thickness of 100 to 160 mm. But, there is a big difference in floor mat noise performance between slabs including ondol structure and single slabs. Most floor in Korea are structures in which an ondol layer is installed on 210mm slab. In this study, the mat reduction performance according to the presence or absence of an ondol layer and the slab thickness was compared. Through this, it is intended to provide noise performance that can be referred to when consumers select floor mats.
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Communication between Caregivers and Children Regarding Inter-floor Noise in Multi-family Housing: A Korean Study
by M. Kwon, W. Yang.
Abstract:
Inter-floor noise in multi-family housing has become a significant social issue leading to neighborly conflicts and legal disputes, with children’s footsteps and running being major sources. This study examined whether caregiver-child communication could help mitigate inter-floor noise problems caused by children in Korean multi-family housing. An online survey was conducted among 323 caregivers (119 male, 204 female) with minor children, using a 7-point Likert scale across three components: the Highly Sensitive Person Scale (27 items), neighbor communication survey (15 items), and inter-floor noise-related questions (5 items). Results indicated that female caregivers, more sensitive caregivers, and those with better neighbor communication skills were more proactive in conveying noise reduction messages to their children. The findings suggest that sensitive caregivers are more likely to recognize and address inter-floor noise issues with their children, while those with better neighbor communication skills demonstrate improved social consideration. The study concludes that caregivers in multi-family housing should actively engage in communication with their children about inter-floor noise to reduce disturbances through effective parent-child interactions.
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A03.12 Ventilation noise in dwellings: challenges, measurements, and solutions (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| J. Harvie-Clark |
| C. Reichl, Austria |
| G. Fusaro, Italy |
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Evaluation of Acoustic Performance in Smart Ventilated Windows with Integrated Heat Storage
by A. Gerbotto, L. Shtrepi, F. Favoino, A. Astolfi.
Abstract:
Windows are essential façade components that balance multiple functions, including daylighting, natural ventilation, and thermal regulation. However, conventional windows often suffer from significant energy losses and inadequate air exchange, even with regular ventilation. To address these challenges, the iclimabuilt project has developed a smart ventilated window that integrates advanced technologies such as PCM (phase-change material) heat storage, triple glazing with air-filled chambers for thermal insulation, and 3D-printed components for noise reduction and air purification. These innovations minimise energy losses, enhance thermal management, and promote occupant health and well-being. This study focuses on evaluating the acoustic performance of the three operational modes of the fans integrated into the window of a Living Lab environment. Noise measurements have been conducted following EN ISO 16032:24, with and without an acoustic filter installed in the PCM box and air filtration unit. Data were collected from three microphone positions: a corner and two reverberant field points. The analysis reveals that noise levels generated by the fans are in the 35 – 45 dB range, above standard limits. Moreover, the findings highlight the need to further optimise noise control strategies in smart windows design while maintaining their energy efficiency and indoor air quality benefits.
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A04.01 Education, Public outreach and history in acoustics - General (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| M. Pàmies-Vilà, Austria |
| N. Campillo-Davo, Spain |
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Acoustic multi-component monitoring of ecosystems: training for mangroves’ conservation in Africa
by C. Nhancale, Z. Valgi Macheve, A. Rapino, A. J. Nhampossa, M. Polizzi, P. F. Moretti.
Abstract:
Mangrove ecosystems are critical habitats that provide a diversity of ecological services. Societal and economic sustainability of populations living with mangroves rely on health of those ecosystems, through fishing activities and extraction of firewood, material to build houses, furniture and fishing gear. A knowledge-based support to policy decisions and identification of appropriate interventions for conservation and restoration of ecosystems is needed, including education and training of young generations. We describe the experience of a training course for the installation and management of an observing station for the monitoring of the soundscape. For the first time, a system for monitoring the acoustic field in air, soil, and water has been installed in Inhaca (Mozambique) to provide clues on the mangroves’ ecosystems. The potential of operational acoustic measurements, as well as protocols for training and managing observing stations for conservation and protection of the environment, are provided. By integrating acoustic measurements into conservation efforts, the station not only advances ecological monitoring but also acts as a key resource for local communities and schools, fostering environmental education and empowering stakeholders in the protection and sustainable management of mangroves. The experience highlights both the potential and challenges of leveraging soundscape data for environmental stewardship.
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A05.03 Environmental noise perception (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| T. Van Renterghem, Switzerland |
| A. Barros |
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Exploring the acoustic environments of Barcelona's Superblocks: perceptions from soundwalks
by A. R. Esperidião, A. Potenza, E. Vidaña-Vila, M. Freixes, A. Radicchi, A. Iarozinski Neto, R. M. Alsina-Pagès.
Abstract:
The Superblock proposal in Barcelona is a strategy for urban intervention that aims to promote lower traffic density, increased green spaces and quiet areas, thereby improving the health and well-being of citizens. Consequently, it can serve as a valuable case study for testing tools for soundscape assessment, as it provides a unique acoustic environment. To evaluate it, soundwalks were conducted in the Poblenou, Sant Gervasi, and Sant Antoni Superblocks. This study examined the similarities among these three locations in terms of how people perceive the quietness and sounds in each area. Subjective data were obtained through questionnaires with a 5-point Likert scale and multiple-choice questions. The results showed that Sant Gervasi and Sant Antoni Superblocks were not considered quiet areas by the participants, although birds and vegetation contributed positively to the sense of quietness in the first location. In Poblenou, the quietest point is related to the promotion of social interaction. The findings of this study can be used to plan new superblocks and analyze their effectiveness in promoting a better acoustic environment in the city.
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A05.08 Advances in noise mapping (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| E. Murphy, Ireland |
| D. Manvell |
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Effect of traffic flow on urban noise modelling
by V. Gómez Escobar, S. Palomeque Váquez, G. Rey Gozalo.
Abstract:
Noise mapping presents multiple challenges to ensure that the simulated values are as close as possible to the actual noise values.For the optimization and testing of noise maps, it is necessary to measure control points (which must be characterized by a sound level and by a vehicle flow, in the case of road traffic noise maps). A question arises: how to take into account the effect of traffic on streets near the control point?This paper presents the preliminary study carried out in the city of Cáceres (Spain), on the effect on the simulated sound level of the variation of the flow of vehicles in the streets adjacent to the one in which a control point has been established. Different assumptions regarding the traffic on these streets have been considered.The results show that, in streets without heavy traffic, the effect of traffic variation in adjacent streets can be significant.
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A06.02 Microphones (theory, measurement, applications, MEMS technology, etc.) (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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Pressure-Comparison Calibration Of MEMS Microphones In The Reverberation Chamber
by F. Saba, M. Campo-Valera, M. Corallo, G. Durando.
Abstract:
The demand of metrological traceability to the International System of units (SI) for Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) microphones poses new challenges for the development of reliable, fast, and cost-effective calibration methods. This work proposes novel solutions to meet these requirements, improving the capabilities of secondary calibration methods by pressure-comparison. Specifically, it addresses the effects of acoustic field irregularities and different frequency response of microphones under comparison in the determination of MEMS microphone sensitivity in the reverberation chamber. We present numerical techniques for predicting the sound pressure distribution within the narrow gap between reference and test microphones, along with the experimental evaluation of the deviation of calibration results when microphones of different frequency response characteristics are compared. The validity of the measurements in the reverberation chamber, is demonstrated comparing the calibration results obtained by different implementations of the pressure-comparison method, like in closed pressure-couplers and in the anechoic chamber.
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Noise Source Direction Estimation using Flow-Sensing MEMS Microphones
by T. Röck, M. Hagmüller, F. Zotter.
Abstract:
Unattended noise monitoring systems can be used to track the sound level over an extensive amount of time and record whenever the level exceeds a threshold. Directionof-Arrival (DoA) measured with a microphone array can add relevant information about the noise captured. This paper investigates a prototype application employing novel directional flow-sensing Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) microphones integrated into a highly compact array for DoA-detecting noise monitoring. Such sensors are supposed to exhibit a consistent directivity over the audible frequency range and to hereby enable frequency-independent DoA estimation for broadband noise sources. An array prototype is designed on an energy efficient micro controller unit (MCU) that runs three different DoA-estimation methods under test. The resulting prototype uses one omnidirectional and three directional, flow-sensing MEMS microphones. Measurements confirm that a high spatial aliasing limit could be reached without sacrificing low-frequency directivity. Our field study validates applicability to DoA-detecting noise monitoring at cheap computational costs.
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Amplitude modulation discrimination in cochlear implant listeners: Effects of carrier frequency and ‘interfering’ modulated signals
by N. Haywood, B. Moore, B. Williges, P. Boyle, M. Salorio-Corbetto, J. Schlittenlacher, C. Harbottle, D. Vickers.
Abstract:
For cochlear implant (CI) listeners, speech comprehension relies on sensitivity to amplitude modulation (AM) cues across different electrode channels. For a given channel, envelope sensitivity may be impaired for many reasons, not least due to the spread of electrical current and/or neural degeneration. We used a psychoacoustic task to explore AM discrimination in adult CI listeners (n=12). Listeners discriminated a 40 Hz sinusoidally amplitude-modulated (SAM) pure tone from a 13 Hz SAM tone in a three-interval task, where the modulation depth was varied adaptively. Testing was conducted in the presence or absence of speech envelope modulated interferer tones targeting neighbouring electrode channels (± adjacent+1). Stimuli were delivered through headphones, all front-end noise reduction features were de-activated on the speech processor, and the level of each interval was roved (3 dB). By varying carrier frequencies, we measured AM thresholds across a range of targeted electrodes. AM discrimination was poorer in the presence of interferers, and poorer at higher carrier frequencies. CI performance is also compared to a normal hearing cohort (n=12): Although performance was more variable across CI listeners, both groups achieved comparable mean thresholds. Individual thresholds will be correlated with panoramic eCAPs and measures of speech in noise performance.
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A06.07 Active metamaterials
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SM5 - SCHROEDER |
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| T. Bravo, Spain |
| H. Lissek, Switzerland |
| C. De Marqui Jr, Brazil |
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| Please refer to session A01.05/A06.07 Active metamaterials
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A07.01 Flow acoustics - General
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 17:00 |
| Room: SM1 - BÉKÉSY |
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| S. Becker, Germany |
| D. Ragni, Netherlands |
| R. Camussi |
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| 17:00 |
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| 17:20 |
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| 17:40 |
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| 18:00 |
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| 18:20 |
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A07.02 Aeroacoustics of aircraft and urban air vehicles (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| R. Camussi |
| D. Ragni, Netherlands |
| D. Casalino |
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A Study Of Urban Air Mobility Rotor Noise At Moderate Reynolds Numbers With Collective Pitch Control
by C. Tinney, J. Valdez, Y. Zhao-Dubuc.
Abstract:
Measurements of hover performance and acoustics of a Mach-tip scaled notional rotor for urban air mobility is presented. The blade shape is a 35% geometrically scaled replica of an earlier generation Joby rotor blade first studied by Tinney and Valdez [1] and is evaluated for changes to blade tip Mach number (between 0.28 and 0.40), rotor collective pitch angle, as well as rotor solidity (number of blades). The findings demonstrate that, in general, sound levels decay with increasing collective pitch angle, while they increase with increasing blade count. A delay in the collective pitch angle, where decreasing noise transitions to increasing noise with increasing collective, is also observed. When using thrust coefficient as the performance metric for comparing different rotor operating conditions, the transition point from decreasing noise to increasing noise is delayed to higher collective pitch angles as blade count increases. This tends to occur for the same range of rotor figures of merit between 0.65 and 0.70; peak hover efficiency is found for a figure of merit of 0.75. The findings provide a first principals understanding of the tradespace between hover performance and acoustics using a UAM relevant blade shape at Reynolds numbers of practical importance.
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A09.07 Events detection and localization, and acoustic scenes, using ML techniques (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| P. Aumond, France |
| V. Lostanlen |
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A Comparative Analysis of Interior vs. Exterior Vehicle Microphone Placement for Acoustic Event Detection in Driving Environments
by C. Castorena, L. Banchero, J. A. De Rus, F. Vacalebri, S. Roger, J. M. Mossi, J. J. López, F. J. Ferri, M. Cobos.
Abstract:
Safe driving depends on both internal and external factors of the vehicle, including those manifested as acoustic signals. Sounds, whether external, such as sirens or horns, or internal, such as conversations between passengers or the sound system, provide critical information to identify events that could compromise safety. The placement of microphones used for monitoring and feeding into an artificial intelligence-based detection system plays a crucial role. Microphones placed externally are essential for capturing sounds like sirens or horns, but they face challenges such as wind noise and vibrations caused by the movement of the vehicle. On the other hand, detecting these external events from the interior presents difficulties due to attenuation or distortion caused by the acoustic insulation of the body of the vehicle. This work explores the relevance of microphone placement by comparing the performance of models when processing data captured separately from the interior and exterior of vehicles. The challenges associated with capture are also discussed.
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A10.03 Metamaterials for noise and vibration reduction: novel applications and experimental methods (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| E. Deckers |
| L. Van Belle, Belgium |
| E. Shabalina |
| J. Cuenca, Belgium |
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Rainbow Trapping Resonator Array for High-Level Sound Absorption
by A. Cavanagh, O. Umnova, D. Akiwate.
Abstract:
This study analyses a proof-of-concept ducted rainbowtrapping resonator array designed for high-level sound absorption. By tuning the dimensions of the array’s resonators, it absorbs sound waves over a broad frequency range and with increasing efficiency with incident pressure amplitude. The arrays’ acoustic behaviour was modelled numerically, where the greatest attenuation was observed at the highest level considered, 155 dB. The results show the potential applicability of absorber designs that exhibit rainbow-trapping behaviour to high-intensity environments.
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A10.07/A15.07 Characterization of acoustic materials (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| M. Nolan, Denmark |
| F. Chevillotte |
| L. Jaouen |
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Streaming over Micro-Perforated walls submitted to acoustic plane wave
by D. Mazzoni, M. Amielh, L. Genevay, T. Bravo, C. Maury.
Abstract:
Micro-perforated panels (MPPs), lightweight structures, are investigated as alternatives to huge or active devices, to attenuate noise induced by external flow into the passenger compartment of automobile or aircraft cabins. Optimal sound absorption performance is achieved by appropriate selection of MPP geometry. The viscous losses through the apertures dissipate the acoustic energy around the Helmholtz resonance and provide high absorption efficiency over a wide bandwidth. Acoustically induced vorticity, due to streaming at the hole inlet/outlet, could also contributes. The experiment quantifies the flow induced by acoustic pressure fluctuations (”streaming”) in the vicinity of the perforations of an MPP placed on a cavity arranged on the wall of a closed tube. Three diameters of perforations (1mm, 0.6mm, 0.3mm) are tested. The flow induced by an acoustic plane wave parallel to the surface of the MPP is characterized by TR-PIV (”Time Resolved Particle Image Velocimetry”), a laser optical diagnostics, synchronized with acoustic measurements by microphone. The dynamics of the jets emitted at the holes according to their relative position to the wavelength associated with different identified eigenmodes of the closed tube is highlighted. The objective is to estimate the viscous dissipation associated with these micro-jets and to link it to acoustic absorption.
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Method for assessing the impact of aging of selected building materials on their acoustic properties
by E. Nowicka.
Abstract:
The aim of the work is to assess the impact of aging of selected different building materials. Natural climatic exposures of building materials result in the deterioration of their acoustic properties. Laboratory tests performed on small samples, including acoustic tests correlated with climatic exposures in laboratory conditions, will allow for the assessment of the durability of the functional properties of building materials at the stage of introducing the product to the market. Assessment of the durability of acoustic properties of building materials is to consist in changes in acoustic parameters as a result of exposing samples to various weather conditions. This paper presents the results of preliminary tests carried out on small samples in an impedance tube. Based on the tests performed, an analysis of the results will be carried out in terms of the impact of exposure on the acoustic properties of the elements, mainly in terms of parameters specific to road screens.
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Influence Of Moisture Content On The Acoustic Properties Of Textile Materials
by L. Euler, A. Mehrem, E. Shabalina.
Abstract:
Moisture content in a material affects its ability to dissipate sound energy, particularly at mid to high frequencies. This effect has already been investigated for materials such as soil, perlite, or mineral wool, and trends appear to depend on the material. Therefore, acoustic models might not be accurate for hygroscopic materials in humid environments. Even though some explanations were suggested, underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Hence, in this study, fibrous absorbers (cotton and polyester) were analyzed in terms of their acoustic absorption behavior depending on the moisture content. Experimental methods were employed to measure the sound absorption coefficient with varied moisture contents reaching up to 20 wt- %. The results show an influence of the moisture content on the sound absorption, with an increased absorption coefficient for higher moisture contents. This means that changes in the relative humidity of the surroundings can affect the performance of fibrous sound absorbers. Further, when it comes to acoustic material characterization, conditioning of the test samples might be required to achieve reproducible and comparable results.
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Study of some influences on the acoustic behaviour of disintegrated samples of used cigarettes
by C. Moreno González, V. Gómez Escobar, G. Rey Gozalo.
Abstract:
Used cigarette butts are one of the most common types of waste in today’s environment. However, there are not many proposals for its recycling, if we take into account the amount of waste generated annually.Our research group has been working in recent years on the recycling of these wastes to give them an acoustic use. Thus, cigarette butts’ samples are prepared by disaggregating the filter of used cigarettes, which, as shown in previous studies, presents promising properties as acoustic absorber. However, due to the heterogeneity of the filters and the disaggregation process, these samples tend to lack consistency and lose their shape when handled. Thus, the use of binders is advised in case of severe disaggregation.This study examines the use of binders on cigarette butts’ prepared samples for acoustic applications. Thus, some natural binders has been applied to enhance the structural strength of the samples and their effect onto the acoustic samples performance is analysed. The results indicate that samples treated with low binder concentrations retained their acoustic absorption properties while achieving a stronger and more durable structure.
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A practical approach to the determination of reproducibility precision (σtarget) in the field of sound absorption measurements: Evaluation of Proficiency Testing data according to ISO 354:2003
by P. Rosario, J. L. Martínez.
Abstract:
ISO 354:2003 specifies a method of measuring the sound absorption coefficient of acoustical materials used as wall or ceiling treatments. The measured values in one-third octave bands of the sound absorption coefficient are converted to values in the corresponding octaves (practical and weighted sound absorption coefficients - ISO 11654). Adequacy of proficiency tests is guaranteed by means of the assessment of global precision criteria in compliance with the scope stipulated by the normative references in order to determine the reproducibility limits in a regulated measurement method. Unfortunately, the latest revision and endorsement of the ISO 354 standard in 2024 does not include precision data. With the experience acquired after seven rounds of an international interlaboratory comparison scheme for sound absorption measurements managed by RPS-Qualitas between 2012 and 2024, according to the methods specified in ISO 354:2003, and in this scenario, we propose a practical approach to determine the reproducibility precision (σtarget) in the field of sound absorption measurements by evaluating historically relevant proficiency testing data according to ISO 354:2003 The aim is to provide reliable and up-to-date criteria for the evaluation of repeatability and reproducibility limits in this field, particularly where there is no or very poor normative reference.
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Acoustic characteristics of a hydroponic material
by G. Iannace, A. Bevilacqua, A. Trematerra, G. Amadasi.
Abstract:
Green materials developed in recent decades have found numerous applications. These materials are designed to be recycled after their primary use, reducing waste and environmental impact. Hydroponic systems, widely used for growing plants without direct soil use, often employ alternative sublayers such as expanded clay, glass wool, perlite, paper, hemp and similar materials immersed in water. This study focuses on wheat grains planted on porous sublayers, including straw, triturated paper, wood sawdust, triturated sugarcanes. The growth of the wheat plants allowed the roots to penetrate these porous materials, forming a single, compact material with a rigid skeleton. In the second stage, the resulting material was dried to thicknesses of 5 and 10 cm and tested using an impedance tube. Acoustic absorption at normal incidence was measured across a frequency range of 100 Hz and 2 kHz. The measured results demonstrate that the hydroponic tile exhibits excellent acoustic absorption properties, making it suitable for use in acoustic applications.
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A12.02 NDT & SHM Applications (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| L. Chehami, France |
| M. Ben Tahar |
| M. Ech-Cherif El-Kettani, France |
| G. Cosarinsky, Spain |
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Acoustic Resonance Spectroscopy Using FBG Sensors Embedded in Mortars
by J. Gosalbez, V. J. Ruiz, J. Madrigal, A. M. Macian, J. E. Carcel, J. Payá.
Abstract:
The high sensitivity of nonlinear terms in the elastic response of materials to the early appearance of damage has led to the emergence of the so-called NEWS methods (Nonlinear Elastic Wave Spectroscopy). These NDE (NonDestructive Evaluation) methods exploit the increase in the material’s nonlinear behaviour as damage increases. In particular, the NIRAS technique (Non-linear Impact Resonance Acoustic Spectroscopy) detects changes in the resonance of a material (frequency, damping factor, etc.) as a function of impact intensity. In this work, the NIRAS technique was employed to characterize damage in mortar concrete samples embedded with FBG (Fiber Bragg Grating) sensors. The advantage of this technique lies in the fact that these sensors can be integrated during the fabrication process, spatially distributed, share the same optical fiber, and be interrogated remotely.
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Characterization of the adhesion quality in an aeronautical assembly by acoustic microscopy
by Y. Ezziani, D. Leduc, P. Marechal, M. Ech-Cherif El-Kettani, M. Ducousseau, N. Cuvillier.
Abstract:
This work deals with the characterization of the adhesion quality and of the adhesive film properties in Titanium/Epoxy adhesive film/3D Composite aeronautical assemblies. Due to the thickness of the adhesive film in the different samples, between 60 m and 200 m, the study is performed with a scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) in pulse-echo mode, at high frequencies (30 and 50 MHz). The difficulties expected and that are challenged are both due to the acoustic impedance contrast between the materials and to the high frequency that should make the reflected echo at the Epoxy film-Composite undetectable or in the better way very attenuated. These conditions impose that the experiment must be carried out carefully and with high accuracy. Nevertheless, the observation of the small amplitude reflected echo at the adhesive film-composite interface in the different samples was possible thanks to the good signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the experimental set up instrumentation. The properties of the adhesive film are determined and the quantification of the adhesion quality is achieved via an interphase model solved by the Debye Series formalism. Moreover, SAM images are performed and confirm the obtained adhesion quantification and give an approximated and fast estimation of the adhesive film thickness.
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Ultrasonic maging of layer on substrate structures using high-frequency acoustic field correlation
by N. Ben Jafela, L. Chehami, M. Duquennoy, E. Moulin, N. Smagin, D. Fall, Z. Oumekloul.
Abstract:
Layer on substrate structures are often subject to various types of defects, particularly those resulting from manufacturing processe during thin-film growth. Currently, one method of inspecting such structures involves the use of IDT transducers for excitation and laser vibrometry for reception. In this work, we propose a complementary approach inspired by passive noise correlation imaging methods initially developed in geophysics. This technique is applied here to image layered structures on substrates by exploiting the correlation of diffuse acoustic waves and the associated principle of passive Green’s function reconstruction, enabling the detection and imaging of defects. The analysis was performed using numerical simulations and preliminar experiments on silicon wafers (3 mm thick) containing an artificial defect created with silver lacquer (about 10µm thick). IDTs (10-25 MHz) were used to generate surface waves, and the resulting displacement field was captured using laser vibrometry. Simulations and measurements were carried out on both defect-free and defect-containing cases. Correlation matrices were calculated on Full Matrix Capture mode. Finally, a beamforming algorithm was applied to localize defects, taking into account silicon’s anisotropy.
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A12.07 Acousto-optics (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| S. Dupont, France |
| J. Vanhamel, France |
| M. Duocastella, Spain |
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Design and Validation of an Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter for Spectro-Polarimetry Analysis
by S. Dupont, J. Vanhamel, J.-C. Kastelik.
Abstract:
Acousto-Optic Filters are versatile devices with a range of applications in modern optics. Their technology has reached a mature industrialability. They are particularly valuable in fields requiring precise wavelength selection and fast switching capabilities, making them essential tools in various applications. The generalisation of their use has led to new applications still requiring specific developments.We present the design and validation of an AOTF for spectro-polarimetry analysis which provides a constant spectral resolution over a wide spectral band. The variation of the spectral resolution is made possible by the manufacture of a transducer divided into multiple electrodes allowing to play on the interaction length easily by activating and deactivating the electrodes. In addition, the power distribution supplying the electrodes can be modulated, which offers the possibility of finely controlling the spectral template.The device developed has an acoustic cut of 5°, operating from 450 to 800 nm. We opted for a transducer equipped with 5 electrodes. This strategy makes it possible, depending on the power supply conditions, to modulate the selectivity of the filter by a factor of 4 for a given wavelength and to maintain a constant selectivity of the order of 10 nm over the entire operating range.
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Optimization algorithm for AOTF parameter characterization
by J. Vanhamel, A. Pavlov, S. Dupont.
Abstract:
One of the main challenges for users applying an AOTF as a commercial off-the-shelf component for optical wavelength filtering, is the lack of detailed manufacturing information on critical parameters. Information such as diffraction angles, the precise RF driving frequencies required for momentum-matching conditions, as well as the data for each wavelength across a certain optical spectrum is not always easily available. To obtain this information, users must perform physical tests to configure the optimal frequencies, diffraction angles, and incidence angles for each wavelength of interest which is labor-intensive and costly.This research uses an optimization algorithm applied to an analytical model which can characterize key angles related to the AOTF’s crystallographic axis, such as the crystallographic axis angle θc, the tilt-angle α, as well as facet inclination angles β and γ. First, diffraction testing on an AOTF is done, by recording both output ray angles and the momentum-matching frequency. Then the optimization algorithm is chosen and applied to the analytical model to determine the optimal parameters for θc, α, γ, and β. With these parameters, the AOTF’s behavior can be extrapolated to multiple wavelengths, which not only saves time, but also enables more versatile planning of optical setups.
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Exploiting the Acousto-Optic Effect for Advanced Optical Microscopy
by M. Duocastella, C. Alexandropoulos, J. Torres-Durall, B. Mestre-Tora, L. Rodriguez-Sune, M. Colom.
Abstract:
Optical microscopy is a key tool for investigating the structure and dynamics of biological systems at sub-cellular resolution. However, most conventional microscopy setups are designed to capture two-dimensional (2D) data from moderately thin samples labeled with fluorophores. Due to limitations imposed by light scattering and the need for mechanical focus adjustments, these systems struggle with deep tissue penetration and label-free imaging, making them insufficient for non-invasively studying biological complexity in medium-sized organisms such as organoids. Here, I will present our efforts to address these challenges and achieve label-free sub-millisecond imaging at potential depths of up to millimeters. Our approach leverages the acousto-optic effect—specifically, ultrasound-induced refractive index gradients—to focus, modulate, and guide light. The unique interaction between light and ultrasound enables rapid 3D control of light, making it ideal for developing inertia-free microscopes with no moving parts while achieving label-free imaging at hundreds of frames per second. Additionally, shaped ultrasound waves in a medium can act as an instantaneous waveguide, redirecting light toward a focus deeper than conventional optics. In this talk, I will discuss the benefits and limitations of acousto-optic technologies and showcase their potential through applications in histopathology and fluid dynamics.
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A13.04 Advancements and challenges in military acoustics: physiological and audiological perspectives (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| F. Nir, Israel |
| M. Weger, France |
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Investigating the Impacts of Cockpit Noise Exposure on Human Decision-Making
by E. Fox, A. Cook, F. Mobley, G. Bowers, H. Gallagher, Z. Ennis.
Abstract:
A large amount of research focuses on protecting military personnel from over exposure to noise, but little research has focused on the cognitive impacts. As such, Air Force Research Laboratory researchers have conducted a study to explore how cockpit noise influences decision-making. Fifteen participants were placed within a chamber with communication ear plugs (daily attenuation collected) and exposed to noise previously recorded within the cockpit of a fifth-generation fighter jet generated at levels of LA= 60, 70 and 80 dB under protection. Participants completed a series of auditory working memory and visual search tasks in both single- and dual-task paradigms. Performance changes were observed across individual participants depending on differing noise level and task difficulty; additionally, individual fit variances led to differences in room (full body) sound pressure levels that require further investigating. Overall, the results of this study offer a better understanding of how high-level cockpit noise impacts multitasking and working memory performance involved in decision-making. From this work, recommendations can be made on how to manage cognitive load in these complex military operations.
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Comparison of REAT and insertion loss measurements using headphone audiometry
by V. Zimpfer, P. Hamery, C. Blondé-Weinmann.
Abstract:
Under the current standard, hearing protector performance is assessed using the REAT (Real-Ear Attenuation at Threshold) method. This method involves measuring hearing thresholds with and without hearing protection in free-field conditions. The insertion loss of the hearing protection corresponds to the difference between these thresholds. REAT requires a highly sound-isolated audiometry room with minimal background noise and a diffuse field to ensure that both ears receive identical sound exposure. This study aims to compare REAT results with those obtained through headphone audiometry. Unlike REAT, headphone audiometry measures thresholds separately for each ear, allowing the detection of minor asymmetry between ears. What is more, this technique requires only an isolated cabin rather than a free-field environment. This study measured the insertion loss of two different types of earplugs on 13 subjects: a foam earplug and a custom-molded earplug in hard acrylic. These values show some differences between the two methods, with small variations at high frequency for foam earplugs and slightly greater variation at low frequency for custom molded earplugs. In addition, the standard deviation is significantly higher, especially for custom-molded earplugs.
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The Relationship Between Damage Risk Criteria for Impulse Noise Explained by Simple Acoustical Descriptors
by M. Weger.
Abstract:
Hazardous impulse noise is still a major problem for personnel in industry and construction work, and particularly in the military. The allowed maximum permissible exposures per day for a certain combination of noise and hearing protection differ across countries, depending on the applicable criterion for predicting auditory hazard. Such Damage Risk Criteria (DRC) for impulse noise may take into account signal extrema, zero-crossings, amplitude/energy statistics, or physical ear models. Consequently their reactions to environmental and source characteristics diverge. We evaluated the differences between DRC and their correlations with acoustical descriptors. Most of the variance between hazard predictions by DRC could be explained by linear regression using only a few descriptors that cover certain key sound characteristics or peculiarities of the hearing system. This relationship allows us to better understand how certain sound characteristics translate to the risk of hearing damage and contributes to the ongoing discussion on future DRC standards. As the data comprised only a subset of soldiers’ noise exposure, follow-up studies should include larger caliber weapons and complex noise combined with hearing protection, in order to draw more general conclusions.
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A13.06 Audiology diagnostic techniques (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| J. A. Undurraga Lucero, Australia |
| M. Temboury Gutiérrez |
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Evaluation of Microphone Nonlinearities in Probes for Measurement of Otoacoustic Emissions
by P. Honzík, V. Vencovský.
Abstract:
Measurement of Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions (DPOAE) relies on evaluating the nonlinear response of the inner ear to two-tone excitation signals, specifically identifying the cubic intermodulation distortion products. However, the accuracy of these measurements can be adversely affected by nonlinear distortions within the electroacoustic measurement chain. This study examines the nonlinear behavior of microphones embedded in probes used for otoacoustic emission measurements. Nonlinearities were characterized using the source harmonic correction method reported in the literature, as there is no perfectly linear source of excitation signal. We focused on the quantification of second- and third-order harmonic distortion, which are key components of the nonlinear response of the microphone. The results are analyzed and compared to similar measurements performed on conventional and MEMS microphones, revealing specific characteristics of the probe microphone’s nonlinear response. Strategies for reducing nonlinear distortion in this context, as described in the literature, are also discussed. These findings contribute to the understanding of the limitations and potential improvements in the measurement accuracy of otoacoustic emissions by addressing microphone-induced nonlinearities.
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Methodology For The Neurocognitive Study Of Acoustic-Perceptual Abilities And Linguistic Function In Preterm Infants
by R. Hernández-Molina, C. Varo Varo, V. M. Rodríguez-Montaño, R. Pérez Vargas, F. Fernández-Zacarías, V. Puyana Romero, T. Denisenko, J. L. Cueto-Ancela, P. Zafra Rodríguez.
Abstract:
Due to the convergence of Applied Linguistics (in particular, Clinical Linguistics), Acoustic Engineering and the Neonatology Unit of the University Hospital Puerta del Mar in Cadiz, the aim of this study is to conduct a longitudinal neurocognitive study of acoustic-perceptual skills and linguistic function in preterm infants. This will allow to establish the interrelation between both aspects during the 0 to 4 years’ stage, to identify possible deficiencies and their manifestation in different stages and, consequently, to achieve better diagnostic and treatment protocols for this population. For this purpose, clinical data, especially neuroimaging data, are contrasted with those derived from the evaluation of the influence of noise exposure in incubators on sensorineural hearing loss and auditory maturation by means of electrophysiological and acoustic techniques. As for the results, it is expected that the analysis of the data obtained will shed light on the possible auditory and linguistic deficiencies observed, in addition to the design of appropriate specific audiological and speech therapy tools.
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A14.01 Psychoacoustics - General (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| P. Majdak |
| N. Prodi, Italy |
| P. Aichinger |
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Evaluation Of The Episodic Audiovisual Memory In A Gamified Experiment
by G. Wersényi.
Abstract:
A serious game application was developed to test the working memory of 40 subjects. The application is based on the well-known memory game ”Pairs,” using auditory, visual, and mixed modalities in different resolutions. Evaluation of completion times and error rates revealed no significant difference between auditory and visual memory. On the other hand, playing the game in the mixed modality resulted in better outcomes. Furthermore, speech samples and auditory icons were generally superior to measurement signals in the case of the highest resolution (24 pairs).
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A14.07 New trends and research for robust and unbiased psychoacoustical experimentation (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| D. De La Prida, Spain |
| M. Larrosa-Navarro, Spain |
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The Impact of Looming Sound Duration on Peripersonal Space Measurement
by M. M. Rahmani, M. Roel Lesur, A. Tajadura-Jimenez.
Abstract:
Peripersonal space (PPS) has been described as a subjective region immediately surrounding the body. Distinct neurological and behavioral patterns are found when stimuli originate in this region. In what is arguably the most common task to measure PPS, a looming cue in one sensory modality (e.g., auditory) is followed by a tactile cue. Participants are requested to react to the latter. Quicker reaction times are thought to be linked to the sound originating within PPS. Given that PPS is dynamic and changes according to subjective states, this task is crucial for experimental work in body and spatial perception. Here, we compare the suitability of 3 s and 2 s looming pinknoise stimuli for measuring PPS, aiming to reduce experiment duration without compromising accuracy and to streamline experimental protocols. The stimuli were designed to simulate a sound source approaching laterally from the right towards the listener’s head. 13 participants underwent two PPS tasks (3 s and 2 s looming sounds respectively) in a counterbalanced manner to assess the accuracy of each and whether differences between PPS and far space occur for both sounds. Our findings contribute to the methodological refinement of future PPS research and the wider applicability of the task.
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Optimal Pairwise Comparison Procedures for Subjectic Evaluations
by J. Webb, L. Picinali.
Abstract:
Audio signal processing algorithms are frequently assessed through subjective listening tests in which participants directly score degraded signals on a unidimensional numerical scale. However, this approach is susceptible to inconsistencies in scale calibration between assessors. Pairwise comparisons between degraded signals offer a more intuitive alternative, eliciting the relative scores of candidate signals with lower measurement error and reduced participant fatigue. Yet, due to the quadratic growth of the number of necessary comparisons, a complete set of pairwise comparisons becomes unfeasible for large datasets. This paper compares pairwise comparison procedures to identify the most efficient methods for approximating true quality scores with minimal comparisons. A novel sampling procedure is proposed and benchmarked against state-of-the-art methods on simulated datasets. Bayesian sampling produces the most robust score estimates among previously established methods, while the proposed procedure consistently converges fastest on the underlying ranking with comparable score accuracy.
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A14.09 Advanced air mobility noise (1)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 10:40 |
| Room: SC1-2 - CHLADNI |
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| A. Torija Martinez |
| M. J. B. Lotinga |
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| Please refer to session A05.10/A14.09 Advanced air mobility noise (1)
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A14.09 Advanced air mobility noise (2)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SC1-2 - CHLADNI |
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| A. Torija Martinez |
| M. J. B. Lotinga |
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| Please refer to session A05.10/A14.09 Advanced air mobility noise (2)
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A14.10 Psychological and physiological experiments for noise annoyance, acoustic comfort, and soundscape evaluation (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| M. Masullo, Italy |
| A. Taghipour, Switzerland |
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The Role Of Sound Valence In Shaping Taste Perception Across Different Sound Environments
by N. F. F. Istiani, M. Masullo, G. Ruggiero, L. Maffei.
Abstract:
The sensory characteristics of the environments where food and beverages are consumed daily can play an important role in shaping taste perception in individuals. Recent research has shown that modifying external sensory stimuli, such as auditory cues from the environment, can influence taste experiences of sweetness and bitterness through cross-modal interactions. Understanding how different sound environments moderate consumers’ taste perception can lead to designing the human experience by manipulating the sound environments. Here, through a laboratory study, we assessed the acoustics and psychoacoustics metrics of seven different sound environments (i.e., from tranquil parks to noisy food courts) where people consume everyday food and beverages: a hotel breakfast room, a food court, a café, a bar, a corner with a vending machine, a green urban park, and piazza. Importantly, while listening to soundtracks of the sound environments, participants rated their valence and the taste perception of unsweetened orange juice. Cluster-based analyses and linear regressions were employed to evaluate the correspondence between valence and taste perception of different sound environment clusters. Regression analyses demonstrated a significant positive relationship between sound valence and sweetness perception, with the cluster of lower sound levels exhibiting the strongest impact.
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Investigation into the Effect of Horizontal Source Direction on Psychoacoustic Annoyance
by S. Dickinson, H. Lee.
Abstract:
A limited number of studies have explored the impact of spatial acoustic features on perceived annoyance. Existing auditory annoyance models do not consider spatial features and are restricted to mono audio signals. A listening experiment has been carried out to investigate the effect of horizontal source direction on the subjective annoyance caused by a series of commonly occurring domestic sounds. 7 source recordings were presented binaurally, positioned at 45° intervals surrounding the listener. The perceived annoyance caused by each stimulus was graded by 54 participants. The results indicated that for most sources, the lowest annoyance level was reported when the source was situated at 180°, and highest when positioned at ±90°. This confirms the hypothesis that source direction affects perceived annoyance level. However, this appears to be dependent on source type, with several sources demonstrating no significant differences in perceived annoyance across the tested source positions. Differences in perceived annoyance were also observed depending on whether the sources were presented in a simulated reverberant or anechoic space. The findings of this study will serve as the basis for the development of a spatially-weighted psychoacoustic annoyance model.
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A15.01 Room acoustics - General
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SC2-2 - KIRCHER |
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| M. Rychtáriková, Slovakia |
| I. Witew |
| M. Nolan, Denmark |
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| 14:20 |
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| 14:40 |
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| 15:00 |
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| 15:20 |
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| 15:40 |
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| 16:00 |
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A15.01 Room acoustics - General (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| M. Rychtáriková, Slovakia |
| I. Witew |
| M. Nolan, Denmark |
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Technology-Enhanced Methods For Indoor Acoustic 3D Modelling
by E. Gómez Parrado, C. Aguado Tienda, Á. Grilo Bensusan.
Abstract:
This paper presents a comparison between traditional modelling methods and LIDAR-based tools for the development of indoor acoustic models. To this end, two different models have been developed: one using SketchUp and EASE as a traditional modelling approach, and another created with a mobile application that utilizes LIDAR to model in CadnaR. A comparison was carried out using real measurement data to analyse the trade-off between accuracy and time savings. The findings contribute to the continuous improvement of architectural acoustics, optimizing design strategies. The results may contribute to assessing the potential role of LIDAR-based modelling within the field of acoustic engineering.
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Acoustic design of Church of Our Lady of Fatima in Poland
by A. Sygulska.
Abstract:
Most modern Catholic churches are designed without acoustic solutions, and good acoustics are often a matter of chance. Therefore, it is essential to address the subject of architectural acoustics of religious buildings. The paper presents the acoustic design of Church of Our Lady of Fatima in Koziegłowy, which has a volume of 8,000 m³ and was inaugurated in 2022. The entire design process aiming at achieving optimal acoustic conditions was presented. Acoustic investigations in the interior were carried out during different stages of work. The paper shows how the church’s acoustics changed at each construction stage until the completion, where acoustic parameters were obtained following the recommendations. The assessed acoustic parameters include Reverberation Time (RT), Early Decay Time (EDT), Clarity (C80) and (C50), Definition (D50) and Speech Transmission Index (STI). Additionally, the acoustic properties of the church were compared with other churches of similar volume built in the last twenty years.
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Comparative Analysis of the Acoustic Modeling using Various Room Acoustic Simulation Software
by C. H. Haan, C.-H. Han.
Abstract:
Room acoustic simulation tools are widely used to predict the acoustic performances of indoor spaces, and they have become a predominant method of acoustic design since 1988. New algorithms have been adopted to operate the acoustic modeling programs after ray-tracing method was used at first. Accuracy and applicability to various spaces of these programs have been improved based on the commercial potential. The present study aims to investigate the acoustical results from various room acoustic simulation software which are currently used as acoustic modeling programs. In order to this, round robin tests were undertaken using four acoustic simulation software. Room acoustic parameters of a simple classroom were measured including SPL, RT30, D50, C80, EDT, LF and STI. Also, room acoustic modeling was undertaken in the classroom using four different room acoustic simulation software, and the modeling results were compared with the measured values. As a result, it was shown that most of the room acoustic results are similar. However, different results were drawn at the low frequency regions between the geometrical acoustic modeling and hybrid modeling which uses wave propagation analysis.
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Quantum-inspired Reverberation using Ray Tracing Method
by J. Tudoce, A. Reserbat-Plantey, R. Yamada, M. Lewenstein.
Abstract:
Reverberation—the persistence of sound in a cavity due to reflections—is a frequency-dependent phenomenon central to spatial audio and acoustic design. In this work, we draw an analogy with cavity quantum electrodynamics (CQED), where light waves confined in cavities interact with matter through distance-dependent dipolar couplings mediated by virtual photons. Inspired by this framework, we propose a novel method for simulating acoustic reverberation using a ray-based model [1] inspired by quantum dipolar interactions [2]. Traditional ray-tracing models often rely on fixed or empirical reflection coefficients, which do not capture the spatially varying interaction strengths characteristic of CQED. To address this, we introduce quantum-inspired interaction models translated into distance-dependent gain functions. These functions are embedded into a 2D geometric ray tracing engine to compute synthetic impulse responses in a rectangular cavity. A comparison of the impulse responses across four interaction models demonstrates that stronger distance dependence results in sharper attenuation of late reflections. This approach offers a new perspective for physically grounded, tunable reverberation modeling with potential applications in sound synthesis and cross-domain analog simulations.
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Acoustic analysis of a single-nave hall with an apse in the Cellars of Diocletian's Palace in Split
by M. Nosil Mešić, Z. Veršić, M. Horvat, K. Jambrošić.
Abstract:
The present work examines a single-nave hall located within the Cellars of Diocletian’s Palace in Split, Croatia, constructed during the period of ancient Rome, at the end of the 3rd century AD. Since the excavation of the Cellars, no acoustic treatment has been implemented to adapt the hall for contemporary usage. Currently, the hall is not utilized for musical performances, as they require acoustic conditions different from that were considered ideal during the Roman era. An acoustics analysis of this basilica-shaped hall was conducted in room acoustics simulation software to evaluate its potential for contemporary musical performances. The study revealed that the empty hall exhibits inadequate values of room acoustic parameters in terms of excessively high reverberation time and early decay time, as well as low values of speech and music clarity and definition, which is in line with the physical characteristics of the hall. Nevertheless, the hall is deemed suitable for acoustic adaptation which would increase its potential for hosting musical performances. Comparable spaces from various historical periods with similar physical characteristics such as interior shape, proportions and material reflectivity were analysed using data from literature to contextualize the acoustic value of this hall and its historical significance.
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Echoes In Iberian Bullrings
by M. Martín-Castizo, M. Galindo, S. Girón.
Abstract:
The presence of echoes in an acoustic event can ruin the capture of a spoken message and the perception of a piece of music. Likewise, in the performers’ area, clear hearing of one’s own voice or instrument and that of the rest of the performers is essential for the coordination and execution of the ensemble. Bullrings are buildings with a circular plan in which echo-encouraging focalizations can occur. Since bullrings lack a roof, the density of reflections is lower than that in a closed area and therefore strong isolated reflections perceived by the audience as an echo can be created. In this work, the echo parameter (Echo Criterion EC) is studied, together with an inspection of the impulse responses and the energy decay curves in the audience zones and in the arena area where the EC parameter exceeds the thresholds: in 4 bullrings highly emblematic of the Iberian Peninsula, one of which has a mobile roof. The results indicate, according to the EC parameter, that there is no echo for the music in the audience zone of the venues, and that the most critical area is where the source and receiver are both in the ring.
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A15.02 Speech production and perception in rooms (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| A. Astolfi, Italy |
| P. Bottalico |
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Speech intelligibility and acoustic conditions in university classrooms for the teaching of Quechua as a second language
by H. D. Lazarte Reátegui, W. A. Montano Rodríguez, H. S. Guerrero Arias, M. F. Siguas García, V. L. Palomino Franco, K. L. Huamani Quiquinlla.
Abstract:
In the framework of the International Decade of Indigenous Languages led by UNESCO, Quechua is considered one of the most widely spoken languages in Latin America, which makes it particularly relevant to ensure its instruction in Peruvian universities. The study addresses a critical issue in the teaching of Quechua as a second language in a university in Lima, by studying the acoustic conditions of some classrooms that affect the intelligibility of speech in that university, with a qualitative approach at a descriptive-explanatory level, by means of surveys of students and teachers. This article will discuss the results obtained, which indicate that classroom acoustics are the main impediment to students’ ability to understand Quechua. The work was conducted by undergraduate architecture students, which not only demonstrates the importance of considering sound-absorbent building materials in multilingual contexts, but also proposes solutions for designing classrooms that provide the necessary acoustic comfort. These contributions seek to promote the learning of native languages in a suitable environment for students whose mother tongue is not Quechua, which will strengthen their equal access in society, preserving the linguistic heritage in university environments.
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Binaural speech intelligibility in practice
by N. Prodi, M. Begotti.
Abstract:
Speech intelligibility is crucial in many room acoustics applications and its control requires robust and accessible means of qualification and prediction. Most of the current practice is based on speech intelligibility index (STI) which has gained widespread use due to its simple underlying concepts, a rich collection of experts’ advice and an acceptable precision in many applications. Such a powerful general purpose tool has of course limitations which are well depicted in the technical norm IEC60268-16. In particular, being essentially an monaural indicator, STI is not fit to mimic the binaural performance of the hearing apparatus. In this work alternative modelling schemes natively based on binaural listening will be briefly recalled and their points of merit compared to STI will be outlined. Later, a case study will be presented where discrepancies between such models and STI can be appreciated from a practical point of view. In particular, the prediction of binaural speech intelligibility in applications involving sound systems will be considered and the benefits of a binaural approach will be discussed.
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A15.06 Acoustic and multidomain comfort in learning spaces (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| C. Visentin, Italy |
| G. Puglisi |
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An Acoustic Survey Of Korean School Classrooms
by Y.-J. Choi, D.-H. Kim, H.-J. Lim, H.-J. Kim.
Abstract:
This study presents the findings of a recent acoustic survey aimed at evaluating the acoustic environment in classrooms across various schools in Korea. Data were collected from 16 classrooms across four schools, encompassing both occupied measurements during 27 active classes and unoccupied measurements of acoustic properties and sound insulation performance. The analysis highlights significant differences in speech and noise levels across varying classroom activities and school types. Elementary school classrooms were found to exhibit higher speech and noise levels—4 to 5 dBA greater than junior high, high, and special schools—likely due to the younger age group and the nature of group-based activities. A notable 19 dBA difference was observed between the quietest and noisiest classroom activities, with group discussions generating the highest noise levels. These findings underscore the influence of acoustic design on classroom environments and emphasize the need for implementing acoustic standards to enhance learning conditions in Korean schools.
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A15.11/A16.05 Sound field reconstruction in rooms and enclosures (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| E. Fernandez-Grande |
| M. Berzborn, Germany |
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Sound source localization in small-volume industrial reverberant cavities through the Steered Response Power PHAT-β
by K. Rousou, D. Panagiotopoulos, D. Chronopoulos, E. Deckers.
Abstract:
Sound source localization in reverberant environments is hindered by strong sound reflections, which might lead to overlapping signals and thus to false detection. Although the Steered Response Power (SRP) method with a Phase Transformation (PHAT) has demonstrated high performance in noisy and large-volume reverberant environments, its applicability in smaller volumes has not been investigated. In that context, this study evaluates the performance of SRP-PHAT in small-scale industrial reverberant cavities, starting from the academic KU Leuven Soundbox and then transitions to a Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) 3D printing cavity, assuming a single broadband source and a randomly distributed microphone array. In the initial investigation, due to the small spacing distances between microphones combined with the sampling rate used, a microphone selection strategy based on their signal correlation was employed to determine the subset of microphones to be used within the SRP-PHAT. In both cases, it was demonstrated that the SRP-PHAT method can successfully locate the source, validating its applicability in smaller reverberant volumes.
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A16.02 Spatial audio signal processing - capture, encoding and enhancement (poster 1)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| B. Rafaely |
| F. Zotter, Austria |
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Correction of azimuth ambiguities of the GCC algorithm in a uniform circular array
by A. Resino Viñas, G. Corral García, D. Tejera Berengué, F. Zhu-Zhou, M. Zurera-Rosa.
Abstract:
Array signal processing faces growing challenges in realworld applications where the number of available microphones or computational resources is limited. These applications include industrial device monitoring for anomaly detection and drone localization in surveillance tasks. This paper explores the challenges of implementing direction-of-arrival estimation for audio signals using Uniform Circular Arrays, assessing the feasibility of real-time implementation and addressing potential angular ambiguities in azimuth through different microphone coupling strategies. The generalized cross-correlation algorithm is applied to a uniform circular array of eight microphones, implemented on the MATRIX Creator, an IoT device connected to a Raspberry Pi 3B.
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Tracking of Intermittent and Moving Speakers : Dataset and Metrics
by T. Iatariene, A. Guérin, R. Serizel.
Abstract:
This paper presents the problem of tracking intermittent and moving sources, i.e, sources that may change position when they are inactive. This issue is seldom explored, and most current tracking methods rely on spatial observations for track identity management. They are either based on a previous localization step, or designed to perform joint localization and tracking by predicting ordered position estimates. This raises concerns about whether such methods can maintain reliable track identity assignment performance when dealing with discontinuous spatial tracks, which may be caused by a change of direction during silence. We introduce LibriJump, a novel dataset of acoustic scenes in the First Order Ambisonics format focusing on speaker tracking. The dataset contains speakers with changing positions during inactivity periods, thus simulating discontinuous tracks. To measure the identity assignment performance, we propose to use tracking association metrics adapted from the computer vision community. We provide experiments showing the complementarity of association metrics with previously used tracking metrics, given continuous and discontinuous spatial tracks.
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Relative Transfer Matrix-Based Binaural Signal Denoising of Head-Mounted Microphone Array Recordings
by M. Kumar, A. Bastine, L. Birnie, S. Arcos Holzinger, P. Samarasinghe, T. Abhayapala.
Abstract:
Head-mounted microphone arrays are increasingly prevalent in applications ranging from virtual reality to assistive hearing devices. Accurately enhancing binaural signals from these devices is crucial yet challenging in complex acoustic environments characterized by multiple sound sources and significant reverberation. The Relative Transfer Matrix (ReTM) approach, which generalizes relative transfer functions for multiple simultaneously active sources and receivers, has demonstrated success in speech denoising. This paper addresses the problem of binaural signal denoising by utilizing ReTM derived from headmounted microphone array recordings. Our key contribution is adapting the ReTM computation to accommodate the user’s head movements based on head-tracking data, which enhances the fidelity of the denoising process. We demonstrate this application with an augmented reality (AR) glass setup, equipped with four microphones on the frame and two over-ear microphones. The noiseonly ReTM, computed between the on-frame and overear microphones across various head orientations, is employed to estimate and subsequently subtract noise from the binaural signal. The simulation results indicate that a higher resolution of ReTM-Dictionary leads to better speech quality (STOI, PESQ, SegSNR) scores, with improved preservation of binaural cues (ITD and ILD).
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A16.02 Spatial audio signal processing - capture, encoding and enhancement (poster 2)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| B. Rafaely |
| F. Zotter, Austria |
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Neural Network Solvers for Binaural Encoding with Perception-Based Losses
by O. Berebi, Z. Ben-Hur, D. Alon, B. Rafaely.
Abstract:
Binaural reproduction is essential for immersive spatial audio in applications such as virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR). Achieving high-quality spatial audio requires accurately modeling perceptual cues, often leading to non-convex optimization tasks. Recent examples include magnitude least squares (MagLS) with interaural level-difference (ILD) denoted as iMagLS optimization for first-order Ambisonics or binaural signal matching (BSM). Traditional numerical solvers for these tasks can be computationally expensive and time-consuming. This paper introduces a neural network-based optimizer for signal-independent binaural rendering in non-convex optimization tasks. The proposed network is trained with a perceptually motivated loss function incorporating meansquared error (MSE), magnitude error, and ILD matching, providing a faster and potentially more perceptually accurate alternative. We compare the neural network approach against conventional gradient-based methods, like Quasi-Newton methods, in terms of computational efficiency and binaural signal accuracy. Preliminary results demonstrate competitive performance while significantly reducing computational overhead, showing promise for optimizing other perception-based losses without analytical or efficient iterative solutions.
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Binaural Signal Matching with Wearable Arrays for Near-Field Sources
by S. Goldring, Z. Ben-Hur, D. Alon, B. Rafaely.
Abstract:
Binaural reproduction methods aim to recreate an acoustic scene for a listener over headphones, offering immersive experiences in applications such as Virtual Reality (VR) and teleconferencing. Among the existing approaches, the Binaural Signal Matching (BSM) algorithm has demonstrated high quality reproduction due to its signal-independent formulation and independence from array geometry. However, this method assumes far-field sources and has not yet been investigated for near-field scenarios. This study evaluates the performance of BSM for near-field sources. Analysis of a semi-circular array around a rigid sphere, modeling head-mounted devices, show that far-field BSM performs adequately for sources up to approximately tens of centimeters from the array. However, for sources closer than this range, particularly at extreme near-field distances, the binaural error increases significantly. Incorporating a near-field BSM design, which accounts for the source distance, significantly reduces the error, particularly for these closest distances, highlighting the benefits of near-field modeling in improving reproduction accuracy.
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Ambisonics Encoder for Wearable Array with Improved Binaural Reproduction
by Y. Gayer, V. Tourbabin, Z. Ben-Hur, D. Alon, B. Rafaely.
Abstract:
Ambisonics Signal Matching (ASM) is a recently proposed signal-independent approach to encoding Ambisonics signals from wearable microphone arrays, enabling efficient andstandardized spatial sound reproduction. However, reproduction accuracy is currentlylimited due to the non-ideal layout of the microphones. This research introduces an enhancedASM encoder that reformulates the loss function by integrating a Binaural SignalMatching (BSM) term into the optimization framework. The aim of this reformulation is toimprove the accuracy of binaural reproduction when integrating the Ambisonics signals withHead-Related Transfer Functions (HRTFs), making the encoded Ambisonics signalsbetter suited for binaural reproduction. This paper first presents the mathematicalformulation developed to align the ASM and BSM objectives in a singleloss function, followed by a simulation study with a semi-circular microphone arraymounted on a rigid sphere representing a head-mounted wearable array. The analysisshows that improved binaural reproduction with the encoded Ambisonics signals can beachieved using this joint ASM-BSM optimization, thereby enabling higher-qualitybinaural playback for virtual and augmented reality applications based on Ambisonics.
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A16.04 Airborne sonar
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 17:00 |
| Room: SC1-4 - SABINE |
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| A. Izquierdo |
| L. Del Val, Spain |
| J. J. Villacorta, Spain |
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| 17:00 |
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| 17:20 |
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| 17:40 |
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| 18:00 |
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| 18:20 |
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A16.04 Airborne sonar (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| A. Izquierdo |
| L. Del Val, Spain |
| J. J. Villacorta, Spain |
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Pedestrian Detection Using an Active Acoustic Array Embedded in a Car
by J. J. Villacorta, A. Izquierdo, L. Del Val, A. Martin.
Abstract:
Automatic pedestrian detection in vehicles is crucial for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), but current sensors (cameras, radars, and lidars) lose performance in low visibility conditions, such as at night, in smoke, or fog. This study validates the use of a 150-MEMS (Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems) microphone active array integrated into a conventional car in real urban traffic conditions. The system operates in real-time with a detection rate of 8 detections per second. Along with beamforming, Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR) detection, and lane detection algorithms, a crucial algorithm has been incorporated to discriminate pedestrian detections from false alarms caused by road imperfections. With 6000 captures performed at 30 km/h, the typical speed in urban environments, the system detected pedestrians at distances between 5 and 20 meters, with a detection probability of 0.91 and a false alarm probability of 0.01. The results demonstrate that active acoustic arrays are effective for pedestrian detection and position estimation in urban environments. Fusion with current systems would improve vehicle safety by reducing possible pedestrian collisions, especially in low-visibility conditions, thus enhancing overall safety.
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A17.02 Restorative soundscapes - Sound quality, health and well-being (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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Mitigating Noise Annoyance Through Green Spaces: Health Impacts in European Urban Environments
by X. Jiang, J. Fons-Esteve, M. Sáinz De La Maza, N. Blanes Guàrdia, E. Peris, M. Röösli, D. Vienneau.
Abstract:
Tranquil areas are recognized for their positive impact on well-being, offering relief from urban noise and stress. Green spaces are a crucial component of these tranquil areas, contributing to their calming effects. This study evaluates the health benefits of tranquil areas in European agglomerations by quantifying reductions in noise annoyance from road traffic and railway noise through increased green space exposure. Noise exposure data were sourced from Environmental Noise Directive mapping. Green space exposure was assessed using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Noise annoyance was estimated using WHO exposure-response functions, with the modifying effect of green space derived from a Swiss survey. Two scenarios were considered: (1) achieving WHO recommendations for green space access (0.5 hectares within 300m) and (2) a 10% green space increase across all agglomerations. Meeting WHO targets could reduce noise annoyance by 1.1% (104,486 individuals) for road traffic and 0.7% (10,210 individuals) for railway noise, preventing 1,149 and 112 DALYs, respectively. A 10% green space increase could reduce annoyance by 9.6% (882,673 individuals) for road traffic and 6.8% (92,940 individuals) for railway noise, preventing 9,709 and 1,022 DALYs. These results highlight the potential of tranquil areas to mitigate noise-related health impacts.
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Courtyard trees and aircraft noise: Investigating the effect of Urban Greenery on aircraft noise perception using Virtual Reality (VR)
by R. Vassallo, G. Wuite, M. Lugten.
Abstract:
Aircraft noise exposure causes annoyance, sleep disturbance and contributes to the development of severe long-term health outcomes for populations living under frequently used air routes. Traditional land-use based noise abatement strategies have shown limited success in mitigating these effects, prompting interest in alternative design measures such as the use urban greenery to improve soundscapes and reduce noise annoyance. This study assesses the effect of the visual presence of trees on aircraft noise perception during flyover events in a controlled setting. An audio-visual Virtual Reality (VR) experiment was conducted, showcasing two scenarios of a residential inner courtyard during a flyover event with and without trees. Following each scenario, participants (N=33) rated their soundscape perception using standardized soundscape questionnaires (ISO-12913). Preliminary results suggest that the scenarios with the trees present were on average perceived as acoustically more pleasant compared to those without greenery. This suggests that greenery, particularly trees, positively influence the perception of aircraft noise in urban environments through non-acoustical factors, warranting further investigation. These results contribute to a more mechanistic understanding of the effect of urban greenery on aircraft noise perception and aim to provide a base for future in-situ studies.
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A17.04 Soundscape methods, monitoring and metrics (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| J. Vida Manzano, Spain |
| I. Aspuru Soloaga |
| R. M. Alsina-Pagès, Spain |
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Soundscape analysis according to ISO/TS 12913-2:2018: A case study for areas of high heritage value in Coimbra
by L. Oliveira, A. Pereira, P. Amado Mendes, L. Godinho.
Abstract:
Traditionally, most of the work done in assessing and controlling environmental noise has focused exclusively on measuring the physical parameters of the acoustic environment, as defined by standards. Recently, a new approach known as the ”soundscape” method has emerged, which incorporates users’ perception and contextual factors in this evaluation, as well. This innovative method marks a significant shift in environmental noise assessment by placing the user at the centre of the process. In this study, the soundscape of two historical areas of high heritage value in Coimbra, Portugal, will be analysed by performing a soundwalk through these locations, using the methods provided in the ISO/TS 12913-2:2018 standard, for data collection (Methods A and B, as well as sound pressure level measurements). The collected data will then be analysed according to the guidelines specified in the third part of the same standard (ISO/TS 12913-3:2019). This approach allows for a comparative analysis of both objective physical noise measurements and subjective perceptual responses, resulting in a more comprehensive and holistic understanding of the acoustic environment.
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Collaborative learning in the diagnosis of the soundscape of the Historic Center of Morelia, Mexico
by F. Rodriguez-Manzo, J. Á. García-Márquez.
Abstract:
The research and diagnosis of the soundscape are recently in the Mexican case, even more so in the context of its Historical Centers. In this panorama, there is a need not only for professionalization, but also for dissemination within the fields of architecture and urbanism. Thus, this article contains the experiences and results that the team of the project for the research of soundscapes in historic centers of Mexico sponsored by the National Council of Humanities, Sciences and Technology (CONAHCYT) at the Autonomous Metropolitan University (UAM) has carried out with students and professors of architecture at the Michoacana University of San Nicolás de Hidalgo (UMSNH). The intention is to bring students closer to the use and importance of the ISO 12913 Standard, in a context where Mexican regulations are not linked to this research framework which is a need for taking care of the sound heritage of the urban landscape. It is important to highlight the use of participatory methodologies, like sound walks and mappings, as well as citizen participation in the diagnosis and spreading process.
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Questionnaires and Acoustic Measurements in Longyearbyen Area During Winter and Summer Seasons
by J. Wiciak, D. Mlynarczyk, P. Malecki, J. Piechowicz.
Abstract:
The article discusses the results of a survey and acoustic measurements carried out in Spitsbergen near Longyearbyen, the largest town in the area. The surveys focused on the landscape and soundscape existing near Longyearbyen. Questions included: noise sources in the study area, their perception, important landscape elements, and acoustic impressions. The results made it possible to determine preferences for tourist activities in the Longyearbyen area during the polar pre-winter and summer. Acoustic analyses of the selected sites included: analysis of time courses of sound pressure level A, equivalent sound level A, spectra, and spectrograms.
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NoiseSens - a system for identifying noise offenders in road traffic
by F. Fuhrmann, R. Ladstädter, M. Blass, A. Maly, A. Gregorac, F. Graf.
Abstract:
We present a system for identifying noise offenders in road traffic. The system is designed to automatically detect excessively loud road users. The multimodal system consists of acoustic and visual sensors, and a mobile user interface. The acoustic sensors include a calibrated sound pressure level meter (SLM) and an acoustic camera (microphone array + wide-angle camera). The SLM monitors the acoustic scene and notifies in case of loud sound events. The acoustic camera assigns a direction to the sound event, and visualizes the measured sound field on the wide-angle camera image. The visual component uses an S-RGBT camera to synchronously evaluate images from an RGB and a thermal camera. It monitors the observed road section and generates synchronized RGB and thermal measurement images at up to 10 Hz. The vehicle causing the noise is visually identified and tracked within a defined time window to determine the optimal position for license plate recognition. The thermal images are analyzed to identify potentially overheated vehicle components. The mobile user interface is installed on a tablet computer. In the event of a relevant acoustic incident, the user receives a notification and can quickly review the current data to take further action.
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A20.02 Automotive noise and vibration (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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XAI based Frequency-Time feature Extraction and development of an optimal evaluation method for C-EPS
by J. Park, H. Jo, I.-J. Cho, J. Seo, S.-S. Yoo, S. Lee, S.-J. Bang, J.-L. Oh, C. Jeong, S.-Z. Cho.
Abstract:
The C-EPS (Column Type Electric Power Steering) system is a vehicle system that help smoother steering for the driver. When defects occurred in the components, interference noises may arise during steering, leading to driver discomfort. Conventional End-of-Line (EOL) testing, which detects defective C-EPS through order tracking at varying steering speeds, suffers from low detection rates due to boundary condition variations and low signal-tonoise ratios. Recently, many studies about anomaly detection have shown high detection rates, but these methods face challenges with unpredictable performance, vulnerability to small design changes, new types of interference noises and data imbalance. This study aims to address these challenges by collecting defective C-EPS data for different types of interference noise phenomena and constructing an XAI (explainable AI) model to extract FTFM (Frequency-Time Feature Map) frequencies. Due to the inherent characteristics of realworld testing, ensuring the robustness of the model is challenging. Therefore, instead of directly using the model for defective C-EPS detection, a quantitative evaluation was conducted using the extracted FTFM. These FTFM incorporate noise and vibration characteristics, such as rotational components and resonance within mechanical systems, contributing not only to defect detection but also to potentially reducing the time required to resolve related issues.
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Research on Integrated Virtual Component Sound System
by B. Kang, H. Jo, J. Seo, K. Park, K. Baek.
Abstract:
Unnatural noises generated by vehicles can cause anxiety and stress related to potential vehicle defects. This, in turn, can tarnish the brand image and lead to a loss of trust with customers. This is why automotive manufacturers continue to conduct research on noise reduction and are accelerating the development of related technologies. The transition from internal combustion engine vehicles to electric vehicles has intensified the focus on noise-related issues. The absence of an engine has made it possible to recognize noises that were previously masked by the engine. As a result, vehicle manufacturers are working to strengthen regulatory standards for component operating noise. Component manufacturers are addressing these demands through design improvements aimed at reducing noise. However, there are limitations to how much operational noise can be reduced through design changes alone. As a result, research has been conducted to change the perception of operating noise and effectively mask it, leading to the development of the Virtual Steering Sound System. This paper explores the advancement of the Virtual Steering Sound System, focusing on the generation of virtual sounds for individual components and their harmonious integration to create a musical experience for the driver during vehicle operation.
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A20.04 Tyre/road noise (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| N. Campillo-Davo, Spain |
| E. Fraga De Frieta |
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Long-term tyre/road noise comparison of different road surfaces measured by CPX method
by P. Markova, B. Hablovicova, V. Krivanek.
Abstract:
Road traffic noise is the dominant factor in noise pollution. The European Union assesses the road surface acoustic properties by the internationally proven close-proximity (CPX) method. In this paper, exposed aggregate cement concrete, fine-grained asphalt concrete for very thin layers, low-noise pavements, and grinding treatment of cement concrete surface were compared with the reference stone mastic asphalt surface. The tyre/road noise levels of surfaces were performed by the CPX method using the maximum quantity (mandatory and optional) of microphones at a speed of 80 km/h. The noise levels of surfaces increase faster for the first few years after laying and much more slowly thereafter. The benefits of low-noise pavements have been demonstrated from the acoustic point of view. The intention is to use the obtained long-term acoustic behavior data of the road surfaces to refine and update the average noise values given in the national technical quality requirement (TKP 7). It contains noise levels of surface treatments that aren’t longer in use and, on the contrary, doesn’t provide sufficient data about new technologies.
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Influence of velocity on the frequency spectra of SMA 11 road surface measured by CPX method
by B. Hablovicova, P. Markova, V. Krivanek.
Abstract:
Noise affects the health of the citizens. Its primary source is transport, especially road transport. Road noise is primarily caused by the vehicle’s combustion engine, the contact of the tyre with the road surface, and airflow around the vehicle (depending on the vehicle’s velocity). In cities, the most common noise is noise generated by the contact between the tyre and road surface, so-called tyre/road noise. The close-proximity (CPX) method is one of the most objective ways of measuring road surface noise. It uses microphones mounted near the reference tyre so the surrounding environment can’t affect the measured noise values. This paper presents the results from measurements of the reference asphalt surface using the CPX method at the different velocities using all six microphones. The thirdoctave band spectra for individual microphones were analyzed. The highest differences in trend lines are achieved at frequencies below 1000 Hz. The most significant differences of up to 5.8 dB(A) between the noise spectra values of individual microphones were found at the highest measured velocity for low frequencies.
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A22.02/A02.02 Underwater soundscape and noise: modelling, measurements and effects (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| J. Ramis-Soriano, Spain |
| G. Zambon, Italy |
| A. Širović, Norway |
| P. Poveda Martinez, Spain |
| V. Zaffaroni-Caorsi, Italy |
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An Open Dataset for Exploring Underwater Soundscapes and Vessel Noise in Barcelona, Constanța and Lagoon of Venice Basins
by I. Nou-Plana, A. Teaca, F. Gazzada, M. Freixes, G. Zambon, R. M. Alsina-Pagès.
Abstract:
Understanding underwater soundscapes is essential for assessing the impacts of maritime noise pollution on marine environments. This paper outlines the key features of an in-progress comprehensive underwater acoustic database, designed to facilitate research on underwater soundscape modeling and its effects. The database currently includes recordings from multiple European campaigns in Spain, Italy and Romania; offering cleaned and organized datasets, accessible via an API and an integrated web interface. The platform enables users to explore detailed information about each campaign, vessel occurrences, sound pressure levels, spectral data, and audio spectrograms. It categorizes vessel types and their associated acoustic signatures, facilitating the analysis of soundscape dynamics and their potential environmental impacts. Developed with PostgreSQL and FastAPI, the database provides a scalable and efficient solution for managing and retrieving large datasets. Initially intended for soundscape research purposes, it can also support studies on the ecological effects of noise pollution, contributing to a deeper understanding of its impacts on marine organisms; as part of the DeuteroNoise project under JPI Oceans. By planning to make this resource openly accessible, the project aims to promote collaboration, advance soundscape research, and inform sustainable practices in maritime operations.
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Streamlining Underwater Acoustic Propagation Modeling with a Python-Based Interface
by I. Urtiaga Chasco, A. Hernández Guerra.
Abstract:
Understanding underwater acoustic propagation is essential for assessing the potential impacts of anthropogenic noise on marine ecosystems. The Ocean Acoustics Library (OALIB; https://oalib-acoustics.org/) provides valuable tools for characterizing underwater noise. Two widely accepted models are Bellhop and the Range-Dependent Acoustic Model (RAM). These models, which are Fortran-based, use ray-tracing techniques and parabolic equations, respectively, to estimate transmission losses between the source and the receiver. However, these models have different input file formats and require considerable time and effort to configure according to their specifications. To address these challenges, we are developing an integrated Python-based software solution that enables users to easily set input parameters (e.g., source and receiver positions, propagated noise characteristics, frequency, and source level) and run the Bellhop and RAM models. This integration facilitates simultaneous computation of noise propagation from multiple sources and frequencies, allowing the estimation of Sound Pressure Level (SPL) spectrograms at target locations in a user-friendly manner. Additionally, we are testing graphical user interfaces (GUIs) such as Tkinter, which could further simplify the application of these algorithms. The ultimate goal of this development is to make noise propagation modeling more accessible to the scientific community, bridging the gap between noise generation and its environmental repercussions.
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Sounds generated by a fixed offshore oil and gas platform during production periods
by N. Pérez Gimeno, J. L. Cueto-Ancela, E. Nava Baro.
Abstract:
Noise emissions from oil and gas platforms, particularly fixed ones, remain underexplored compared to their mobile and semi-submersible counterparts. Existing research provides a limited view of the sound characterization of fixed platforms. This paper presents the results of the noise measurement campaign and how the collected data feeds an automated sound pattern detection model. The ultimate goal is to provide new insights into the underwater soundscape. In collaboration with RIPSA (Repsol Investigaciones Petrolíferas S.A.), an acoustic measurement campaign was carried out in Mediterranean waters. Three hydrophone recorders (PAM) were deployed within a 500-meter radius of a fixed oil and gas platform. One week of collected data was analyzed, resulting in a comprehensive classification of acoustic events to generate training and testing datasets. Using a machine learning approach, a classification model based on the K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) algorithm was developed. This was used to identify and categorize the acoustic events associated with platform activities. This study shows how this combined approach is an effective tool for characterizing the underwater sources that form part of the soundscape of a fixed offshore oil and gas platform during its production phase .
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Acoustic study of diving sperm whales during a week of continuous monitoring in the western Ionian Sea
by V. Sciacca, A. S. Briguglio, F. Caruso, L. S. Di Mauro, F. Filiciotto, C. Pellegrino, G. Riccobene, F. Simeone, S. Viola.
Abstract:
Endangered Mediterranean sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) have been monitored in the Ionian Sea via acoustic observatories since the early 2000s. SMO-OνDE acoustic antenna, deployed in the Gulf of Catania at 2100 m depth (2013-2021), consisted of a tetrahedron of synchronized hydrophones sampling at 192 kHz. Real-time acoustic data analysis saved a 5-minute subset every hour. We report sperm whale detection analysis from February to April 2017 and one additional week of continuous raw data. Sperm whale clicks were detected and tracked in a range of 15 km around the observatory. The species was detected almost daily during all months. Different sound types, including regular clicks, 3+1codas, and creaks were found throughout the continuous week. Diving whales’ movements were reconstructed by acoustic tracking. 47 dives were studied, and multiple whale movements were reconstructed. Our results confirm the presence of the species about ten years after the previous study in the area and demonstrate the first simultaneous underwater tracking of communicating sperm whales, even in the presence of large vessels and high noise levels. This study reveals essential information on sperm whale behavior and responses to noise, as required for conservation purposes.
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The Marine Soundscape of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard: Two-Year Study on Spectral Variability and Environmental Drivers
by V. Sciacca, M. Azzaro, G. De Vincenzi, F. Giglio, P. Giordano, L. Langone, S. Miserocchi, F. Paladini De Mendoza, F. Filiciotto.
Abstract:
The accelerating effects of climate change and growing economic interests have significantly increased underwater noise in the Arctic, risking irreversible changes. To predict potential acoustic impacts, it is essential to comprehend the environmental, biological, and anthropogenic elements of the soundscape. This study investigates underwater noise levels and soundscape variations in Kongsfjorden (Svalbard archipelago) between September 2021 and July 2023, when an autonomous acoustic recorder was deployed on the Mooring Dirigibile Italia at 76m depth, recording data on a 50% duty cycle. Measurements of noise levels, power spectral density, and sound pressure level were taken in one-third octave bands from 10 Hz to 10 kHz at varying time scales. Two primary frequency clusters were identified, outlining the noise levels’ distribution and variability. The study revealed low levels of anthropogenic noise (.
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Exploratory Study On The Acoustic Characterization Of Transit And Trawling Noise From Fishing Vessels In The Strait Of Sicily
by S. Ferri, G. Sorrentino, R. Grammauta, G. Milisenda, F. Caruso.
Abstract:
Anthropogenic noise is a serious concern for marine ecosystems, as described in Descriptor 11 of the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). Among humanmade sounds, bottom trawling is a fishing activity that has the potential to impact the underwater environment. The main aim of this study was to analyze the acoustic emission of bottom trawling using a single recorder deployed in offshore waters of western Sicilian coast (Strait of Sicily). Acoustic data were collected from 18 February to 27 April 2022 at 192 kHz sample rate, with 50% duty cycle (5 min every 10 min), for a total of 9,473 5-min recordings (about 1 TB). Additionally, Automatic Identification System (AIS) data were integrated to identify fishing vessel types and activities. A toolbox in MATLAB and custom algorithms were used to determine frequency-domain metrics within 1/3 octave bands, as suggested by MSFD. Preliminary results indicate that fishing activities contribute significantly to ambient noise, with bottom trawling showing a distinctive acoustic signature. This study demonstrates the efficacy of integrating passive acoustic monitoring with vessel tracking data for assessing the impact of anthropogenic activities on marine ecosystems.
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The Project KNOWHALE: Improving Knowledge On Fin Whale Acoustic Occurrence And Behaviour In The Central Mediterranean Sea
by G. De Vincenzi, F. Caruso, S. Ferri, F. Filiciotto, L. Beranzoli, V. Cardin, S. Miserocchi, T. Sgroi, V. Sciacca.
Abstract:
The scarce information available on fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) in the Central Mediterranean Sea limits the understanding of key bio-ecological activities of the endangered Mediterranean population. This work is part of a collaborative effort within the project “KNOWhale” and aims to expand knowledge about the species’ acoustic behavior and seasonal distribution. Acoustic data were collected from three different recording areas. Site-1, located in the Ionian Sea: OBS/H, 2065 m depth, 100 Hz sampling frequency (fs), operating continuously between May 2017 - January 2018; Site-2, South Adriatic Sea (EMSO-ERIC regional facility): Silence-LP recorder, 700 m depth, 64 kHz fs, 50% duty cycle, November 2022 – June 2023; Site-3, Sicily Channel: SoundTrap ST600 recorder, 157 m depth, 192 kHz fs, 50% duty cycle, February - April 2022. Fin whales 20Hz calls were detected at all sites using custom automatic detector, with calls occurring in 17, 122 and 16.54 hours respectively in Site-1 (0,29% detection rate), Site-2 (4,35% detection rate), and Site-3 (2.14% detection rate). Our results show for the first time the acoustic presence of fin whales in the Adriatic Sea over several months and attest to their monthly occurrence in data-deficient regions. This work provides essential baseline knowledge for conservation purposes in the Central Mediterranean Sea.
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SOS Bass project: acute and chronic effect of vessel noise disturbance on farmed fish
by D. Bertotto, F. Filiciotto, T. Gaggero, L. Marinelli, C. Guérineau, M. Bortoletti, A. Meloni, F. Colotto, V. Sciacca, P. Mongillo.
Abstract:
It is widely recognized that the marine environment is impacted by noise pollution generated by human activities. Maritime traffic is the primary source of diffuse broadband noise in the marine environment, including aquaculture systems, and can have negative effects on marine organisms. Here, we present the activities carried out and in progress within the SOS Bass project (PNRR M4C2 Investment 1.1 Research Projects of National Relevance - PRIN, funded by the European Union – NextGenerationEU), which aims to address this knowledge gap using a key species of the Mediterranean and aquaculture: the European seabass. The project began with the monitoring of the soundscape in an area of the northern Adriatic Sea and is continuing with the exposure of the animals to different recorded boat noise signatures to investigate the effects of acute and chronic exposure in terms of morphological and sensory damage, stress, and behavior. Based on the preliminary results of acute tankbased exposure experiments, the study will proceed by focusing on chronic sound exposure within offshore cages to evaluate the specimens’ growth, immunity, stress response, reproduction, and behavior. Finally, potential measures to mitigate the impact of maritime traffic noise on the marine environment will be assessed, and a mitigation plan will be proposed.
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Communicating in noisy waters: how shipping noise and environmental conditions affect blue and fin whale calling activity
by Z. Groenewoud, M. Baumgartner, A. Širović.
Abstract:
Large whales are often found in areas of high traffic and their interaction with this anthropogenic activity is a concern. In this study, we investigated the impact of shipping activity and environmental conditions on the blue (Balaenoptera musculus) and fin whale (B. physalus) calling activity in the Santa Barbara Channel. Passive acoustic data were collected from November to March over two consecutive years (2019/20 and 2020/21), coinciding with the Covid-19 pandemic. Occurrence of five different whale call types and ship passages were identified and counted. Environmental data, including sea surface height (SSH), sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll a (Chla) were extracted from remote sensing data streams and used, along with shipping, to model whale calling activity.All blue whale and fin whale 20 Hz-calls were less frequent in 2019/20, while fin whale 40 Hz-calls had higher presence in 2019/20. No significant difference in shipping activity was observed between the years. Blue whale calls were significantly related to Chla and lagged SST in 2020/21, whereas fin whale calls were related to shipping, Chla, and lagged SST independent of the years. These findings highlight the combined impact of environmental factors and shipping on whale calling behavior.
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A22.05 Geophysics and Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) capabilities (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| D. Diego-Tortosa |
| M. Campo-Valera, Spain |
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Underwater sound detection with taut, vertically suspended fibre-optic cable and distributed acoustic sensing
by J. D. Pelaez Quiñones, P. J. Thomas, S. Bjørnstad, P. Lunde.
Abstract:
The use of Distributed Acoustic/Vibration Sensing (DAS/DVS) for underwater sound detection with taut, vertical cables suspended in the water column is proposed. DAS is robust to extreme temperature/pressure conditions and inherently delivers concurrent, dynamic strain measurements at meter-resolutions with overlapping sensing elements over hundreds of meters. DAS also relies on dryroom interrogators and is generally known to have lower sensitivity than most hydrophones. Our approach consists of active sound generation in a fjord environment with a shallow, submerged source and detection with an adjacent, taut cable and a co-located, calibrated hydrophone. We present preliminary observations of the vertical propagation and attenuation of sound and estimates of Sound Pressure Level (SPL) detection thresholds in the 0.5-3.0 kHz range. We also observe a widespread occurrence of trapped waves along the cable below approx. 1 kHz. In comparison to rectilinear set-ups, we observe that cable coiling strategies can effectively add-up gains of nearly +20 dB to hydroacoustic signals, thus effectively decreasing the SPL detection threshold of DAS, extending its ambient noise detection range and reducing the minimum required source levels for active measurements.
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Lossy Compression for Distributed Acoustic Sensing
by L. Eckert, V. Dumitru, M. Hagmüller.
Abstract:
This paper evaluates the performance of lossy compression algorithms for data from Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) systems, which use fibre optic cables to detect vibrations at discrete locations along their length. While DAS provides high spatial and temporal resolution with real-time, continuous acquisition, it generates vast amounts of data, creating challenges for both transmission and storage. To address these issues, various compression algorithms, commonly used in music and speech processing, were tested on publicly available DAS datasets. The evaluation considered key metrics such as reconstruction fidelity, computation time, and compression rate. Since DAS systems operate at much lower sampling rates than audio applications, acquired data is collected in a buffer and processed at higher sampling rates by the audio codecs. After comparing multiple algorithms, the OPUS codec was selected due to its flexibility across bit rates, low latency, consistent performance, and high adaptability. A real-time compression system was developed based on OPUS, capable of handling five-digit channel counts. The system is configurable to meet task-specific requirements, allowing adjustments between compression rate and reconstruction accuracy as needed. The proposed solution significantly reduces storage needs and enables efficient low-bandwidth data transmission, making it well suited for real-time DAS applications.
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A24.01 Virtual acoustics - General
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SM4 - ZWICKER |
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| B. F. G. Katz, France |
| A. Reyes-Lecuona, Spain |
| J. J. López, Spain |
| S. Ramallo |
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| 14:20 |
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| 14:40 |
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| 15:00 |
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| 15:20 |
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| 15:40 |
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A24.09/A24.13 Motion and rendering (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| A. Neidhardt |
| F. Brinkmann, Germany |
| J. Segura-García, Spain |
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Complex room acoustics rendering with multi-zone auralization: Application to Teatro Principal de Valencia
by J. López-Ballester, J. Segura-García, M. Cobos, R. Cibrián, S. Cerdá, A. Giménez.
Abstract:
Auralization in complex rooms is not always a straightforward task. The most common and simple approach involves taking an averaged impulse response (IR) for the entire room and applying binaural filters. For a more realistic approach, the room acoustic analysis of such halls requires the measurement or the simulation of IRs in different areas, to analyze the main room acoustic metrics. At this stage, IRs can be grouped to define specific zones of interest. This paper presents a virtual acoustic demonstration of a theatre in Valencia, built in 1832 and last refurbished in 2012. For this theatre, we have developed an application specifically designed to represent audio modified with different IRs within this enclosed space. Using Text-to-Speech techniques based on Artificial Intelligence, human speech was synthetized, allowing to convert written text into spoken audio in any language. Each IR has been convolved with this AI-generated anechoic audio. In this project, we use Teatro Principal de València as a test space, where reverberation zones shape the acoustic environment and the custom-synthesized spoken text is integrated. The goal is to create a dynamic auralization of the poem that inaugurated the theatre, moving through seating area to enhance the immersive experience.
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A24.13 Motion and rendering (poster)
| Tuesday 24 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| A. Neidhardt |
| F. Brinkmann, Germany |
| J. Segura-García, Spain |
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| Please refer to session A24.09/A24.13 Motion and rendering (poster)
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Wednesday 25 June 2025
A01.07/A08.06 Innovative noise barriers to enhance acoustic comfort (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| M. Pawelczyk, Poland |
| J. Kang |
| A. González |
| S. Wrona, Poland |
| M. Ferrer |
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Acoustic Properties of a Louvered Noise Barrier with Tire Rubber Granulate Infill
by E. Strazdas, T. Januševičius.
Abstract:
To ensure comfortable working and living conditions, various systems such as heating, ventilation, heat pumps, and generators are employed, all of which require high air permeability for optimal performance. Consequently, conventional noise barriers are often unsuitable in these contexts. This study aims to design a louvered noise barrier with high air permeability by incorporating recycled tire rubber granulate as the sound-absorbing material. This approach supports the principles of the circular economy and sustainability by promoting the reuse of secondary materials. The barrier’s acoustic performance was evaluated in a semi-anechoic noise reduction chamber. The influence of the number of louvers and their inclination angles on sound attenuation was investigated. Experimental measurements were used to determine the sound reduction index (R’), sound insertion loss (IL), and equivalent sound level loss (LAeq). The structure achieved a maximum weighted sound reduction index (R’w) of 4.0 dB. The apparent sound reduction index reached up to 10.2 dB at high frequencies (4000 Hz). The highest recorded sound insertion loss was 12.63 dB at 2500 Hz, while the maximum equivalent sound level loss (LAeq) was 9.4 dB(A).
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A03.01 Building acoustics - General (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| A. Romero |
| C. Scrosati, Italy |
| T. Carrascal, Spain |
| C. Monteiro |
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Sound insulation properties of walls equipped with energy storage devices
by G. Baldinelli, S. Beozzo, M. Ricci, F. Scrucca, P. Sdringola, G. Murtaza.
Abstract:
The integration of electrical energy storage in buildings is a transformative solution for enhancing the efficiency and reliability of the power grid. By installing battery systems, households can store excess energy generated from renewable sources, such as solar panels, during periods of low demand. This stored energy can then be utilized during peak hours, reducing the strain on the grid and mitigating the risk of outages. Energy storage also promotes better utilization of renewable resources by addressing their intermittent nature, ensuring a more stable supply of green energy. A wall equipped with energy storage systems is proposed, to be installed in the external envelope; beyond structural and thermal properties analyses, not described in this research, the acoustic properties of the solution are evaluated, in comparison with an equivalent traditional light-weight wall. In more detail, the airborne sound insulation of these walls has been measured in coupled reverberating rooms, showing a certain improvement respect to light-weight walls, especially at low frequencies. A large space for improvement emerges also as one of the main results.
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A03.05 Structure -borne sound and noise from building services (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| U. Schanda, Germany |
| C. Hoeller |
| M. Garai, Italy |
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On-Site Application of Noise Reduction Technologies for Bathroom Drainage in Apartment Buildings
by G.-G. Song, J.-Y. Chung, A.-H. Jo.
Abstract:
In Korea, most apartment bathrooms use an under-slab-piping method, causing drainage to occur through the ceiling of the lower floor when the upper floor bathroom is used, inevitably leading to drainage noise issues. Especially in older apartment buildings, noise reduction measures have not been considered, resulting in significant harm to residents. This study aims to apply noise reduction technology to older apartment buildings vulnerable to bathroom drainage noise and verify its effectiveness. The target site is an apartment built in 1997, with a exclusive area of 84 m². The existing PVC drainage pipes, asbestos slate ceiling material, and wooden doors were replaced with low-noise PVC pipes, sound-absorbing ABS ceiling material, and ABS doors. The noise reduction performance was evaluated at maximum noise levels during toilet, sink, and bathtub drainage. Measurement results in the main bathroom showed a reduction of 22.9 dB(A) for toilet drainage noise and 16.6 dB(A) for sink drainage noise. In the family bathroom, reductions were 10.1 dB(A) for toilet drainage noise, 5.9 dB(A) for sink drainage noise, and 12.0 dB(A) for bathtub drainage noise. Applying this technology is expected to reduce living noise issues between neighbors in apartment buildings.
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A03.07 Acoustics of wooden buildings
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SC1-1 - EULER |
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| S. Schoenwald, Switzerland |
| M. Fuente |
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| 14:20 |
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| 14:40 |
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| 15:00 |
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| 15:20 |
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| 15:40 |
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| 16:20 |
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| 16:40 |
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| 17:00 |
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| 17:20 |
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| 17:40 |
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| 18:00 |
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| 18:20 |
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A03.07 Acoustics of wooden buildings (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| S. Schoenwald, Switzerland |
| M. Fuente |
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Initial Results of the Research Project Sound and Vibration Protection for Long Span Timber Floors
by M. Schneider, J. Ruf, M. Marxt, B. Zeitler.
Abstract:
Long-span timber ceilings are usually designed with regard to the permissible deflection and/or the position of the first natural frequency due to the required structural analysis. Acoustically, additional weighting of the construction is often required to ensure sufficient impact sound insulation. In the research project, acoustic tests are carried out on ceilings, both during construction (without floating floors) and after completion, to accompany the vibration tests. The focus is on the low-frequency airborne and impact sound transmission of the ceilings. In addition to classic building acoustics measurements, the influence of edge restraints on the eigenmodes is to be clarified with the help of modal analyses of the ceilings. The first results of the research project will be reported.
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A03.09 Acoustic and thermal retrofit of office building stock in EU (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| M. Rychtáriková, Slovakia |
| V. Chmelík, Slovakia |
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Rethinking material cycles: Combining mycelium and paper waste for the development of sound absorbers
by A. M. Kubiak, T. S. Gomez, C. Glorieux, M. D. L. A. Navacerrada, N. Vasileva Nicheva, D. Sanz Arauz.
Abstract:
Due to different environmental challenges, using sustainable materials has become increasingly important. Mycelium-based materials show promising potential in many applications within architecture, such as sustainable acoustic absorbers. Here we present results on the acoustic and thermal performance of mycelium panels that use paper waste as substrate for the growth of Pleurotus Ostreatus. Regarding the substrate choice, the potential application of the widely accessible residue material in combination with acoustic application was examined. Mycelium-based materials show a sustainable life cycle, which is amplified by using residual materials as a base. The panels were created using different growing times and mixtures of inoculated and non-inoculated substrate and dried in convection ovens to deactivate the fungi and remove the moisture excess. Samples were tested using an in-situ method with a PressureParticle velocity probe (PU probe). The acoustic absorption turns out to be highly dependent on the processing method, growing time and mixture use, though overall maximum absorption is found around 1kHz. The thermal conductivity was found to be around 0.07 W/(m.K).
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A03.10 Acoustic consultancy projects and BIM (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| C. C. Mastino, Italy |
| A. Díaz |
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Introduction of a Grasshopper workflow for the integration of the acoustic analysis in a multi-domain BIM model
by A. Gerbotto, L. Shtrepi, F. Favoino, A. Astolfi.
Abstract:
The growing demand for sustainable, energy-efficient buildings underscores the need for integrated modelling and simulation tools that support informed decision-making during early design stages. Among these, simulation of building physics performance, particularly acoustic analysis, has emerged as a critical focus area. Addressing multi-domain perspectives poses challenges, primarily due to interoperability issues and the varied data management approaches across specialized tools. This paper presents a workflow for integrating acoustic performance calculations within a BIM (Building Information Modeling) model. It details the development of an acoustic assessment tool in Grasshopper, utilising Rhino.Inside Revit, for preliminary evaluations of facade acoustic insulation. The tool supports the selection of transparent and opaque elements while accounting for potential conflicts with other performance criteria, such as thermal and lighting properties. Developed as part of the iclimabuilt project, this workflow aims to advance decision-making through seamless interoperability, enhancing efficiency, sustainability, and architectural performance outcomes.
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A05.01 Environmental acoustics - General
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SC1-2 - CHLADNI |
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| J. Picaut |
| M. Pawelczyk, Poland |
| M. Arana, Spain |
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| 14:20 |
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| 14:40 |
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| 15:00 |
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| 15:20 |
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| 15:40 |
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| 16:20 |
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| 16:40 |
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| 17:00 |
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| 17:20 |
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| 17:40 |
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| 18:20 |
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A05.01 Environmental acoustics - General (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| J. Picaut |
| M. Pawelczyk, Poland |
| M. Arana, Spain |
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Immision Directivity in the frequency domain
by J. Murovec, L. Čurović, A. Železnik, J. Prezelj.
Abstract:
The spatial domain has proven to be a crucial element in the measurement of environmental noise and allows for better identification and classification of noise sources. This paper presents spectral immission directivity, an extension of the concept of immission directivity into the frequency domain, which improves the spatial representation of noise at different frequencies. The proposed methodology combines spectral and spatial insights and provides a comprehensive view of the acoustic environment. Theoretical simulations were performed and validated by measurements in an anechoic chamber, confirming the reliability and precision of the approach. The integration of spectral immission directivity into existing noise measurement systems is seamless and requires no significant changes, and it improves their ability to localize and characterize noise sources. This advance reduces reliance on complex postprocessing algorithms and promotes more efficient, accurate and cost-effective noise monitoring strategies. By enriching environmental noise assessments with spectralspatial data, this research paves the way for innovative approaches to noise assessment and management.
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A05.04 Wind turbine noise (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| J. Picaut |
| M. Arana, Spain |
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Noise and vibration measurements emitted by wind towers
by G. Iannace, L. Fredianelli, A. Akbaba, G. Ciaburro, F. Artuso.
Abstract:
Wind turbines are a valid alternative to produce electricity in place of hydrocarbons, in this way it is possible to achieve the objectives set by the energy transition and limit the effects of greenhouse gas emissions. One of the problems that limit the spread of wind turbines are the effects of the impact on the environment. The problems identified are those of flicker shadow, noise and visual impact. The biggest problem is that due to noise. In fact, people who live near wind turbines complain about the negative effects of noise. This paper reports noise measurements carried out in proximity to wind turbines in different wind speed conditions.
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Wind turbine directional tonality
by M. Amatriain, M. Arana.
Abstract:
Knowledge of the emission patterns (directivity) of modern wind turbines improves the prediction of noise levels at receptors over medium and long distance. Tonality is usually attributed as a penalty or character correction factor in most regulations. In some of them, the penalty, up to 6 dB, is equivalent to quadrupling the power of the wind turbine. To predict the impact caused to residents near wind farms, it is desirable to know precisely both the directivity of the wind turbines and the potential tonality. The present work shows the results of the tonality around a wind turbine and not only for the downwind conditions of the IEC standard. It was carried out for different wind speeds. The aim of this work is to contribute to the improvement of the prediction of wind farm nuisance.
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A05.06 Recent advances in noise mitigation methods (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| P. Bellucci, Italy |
| G. Licitra |
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LCA approach to evaluate the sustainability of innovative low-height noise barriers
by M. Montesi, A. Tranzi, M. Fantozzi, M. Garai, C. Micheletti.
Abstract:
As part of the LIFE SILENT project—focused on developing innovative and eco-friendly solutions for noise mitigation in road and railway contexts - innovative materials and advanced technologies are being explored to design Low-Height Noise Barriers (LHNB) with enhanced acoustic properties and a significantly reduced environmental impact. For this scope a comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was conducted to evaluate the environmental impacts of different typologies of LHNBs. The LCA focused on the production phase (”from cradle to gate”) of three LHNB solutions, analysing their material composition and overall environmental performance. Solution 1, the STRAILastic barrier, incorporates recycled rubber, which significantly reduces its Global Warming Potential (GWP) compared to barriers made mainly of virgin materials. Solution 2, composed primarily of reinforced concrete and recycled rubber, and Solution 3, including steel, aluminum, and PET foam which both exhibit higher environmental impacts due to the predominant use of high-emission materials such as concrete and aluminium. The study highlights the crucial role of integrating recycled materials in reducing environmental impacts and underscores the need to optimize designs to minimize the use of high-impact components. This standardized LCA approach provides a comprehensive framework for assessing and fostering sustainable practices in noise mitigation infrastructure.
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LIFE SILENT: Implementation Of The Solutions Developed In The Pilot Site
by C. Relandini, M. Fantozzi, S. Relandini, L. Peruzzi.
Abstract:
This paper shows LIFE SILENT project – WP5, a European Community co-financed project which aims to find sustainable and eco-compatible solutions to reduce noise in complex urban situations, where different noise sources are present (especially roads and railways) in densely inhabited areas. The described activities are related to the project phase of developed solutions and to the following implementation in the test site which has been identified between the city of Rome and its international airport: a major highway and a primary railway are located very close to each other, and a hospital is just between them. The solutions which are been chosen are “at source” mitigation: a noise-reducing asphalt for the highway and a Low Height Noise Barrier (LHNB) for the railway. They will be further adapted to the specifics of the test site. Nowadays, a noise measurement campaign has been completed, in order to identify the current sound levels at various receivers.
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Environmental Noise Reduction Using Geometric Ground Shaping: Results from Scale Model Experiments
by T. Shaked, S. Fishkin, A. Hauptman, F. Nir.
Abstract:
Noise pollution is a significant environmental and public health challenge, particularly near urban infrastructure such as highways and airports. Traditional mitigation methods, such as vertical barriers, often disrupt landscapes and ecosystems. Ground shaping, an innovative approach that modifies terrain to reduce noise propagation, remains largely unexplored despite its promising potential. Building on prior research that simulated its effectiveness, this study empirically evaluates the noise reduction performance of specific ground shapes. Using a 1:500 scale model in a controlled acoustic environment, a robotic arm was used to create precise three-dimensional ground forms. These forms were positioned between a noise source emitting broadband noise (100–16,000 Hz) at 65 dB SPL and a miniature microphone at a scaled distance equivalent to 425 meters. Results demonstrate that ground shapes reduce noise to varying degrees, with specific geometries achieving an average reduction of over 2.5 dB and a maximum exceeding 7.5 dB. These findings highlight the potential of ground shaping as a sustainable alternative to traditional noise mitigation, offering empirical support for its integration into urban and environmental planning while enhancing public health and minimizing ecological disruption.
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A05.07 Outdoor sound propagation (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| L. Godinho |
| P. Amado Mendes, Portugal |
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Key Updates In ISO 9613-2:2024 – What’s New In Outdoor Noise Prediction Standards?
by O. Odeh, A. Khayyat, D. Kocsis.
Abstract:
ISO 9613-2:2024 standard, titled “Acoustics — Attenuation of sound during propagation outdoors — Part 2: Engineering method for the prediction of sound pressure levels outdoors”, which is a governing standard for outdoor sound propagation calculations, was recently revised with significant enhancements to improve the accuracy, consistency, and applicability of noise prediction models. The revision refines key parameters, such as meteorological corrections, ground effects, and source characterization, along with improved formulas for attenuation due to atmospheric absorption, updated guidance for terrain and obstacle modeling, and expanded methodologies for complex source configurations. The new features were evaluated in this paper by presenting examples from a commercial noise mapping software that has already adapted the new revision, assessing their impact on noise modeling practice compared to the previous version, ISO 9613-2:1996. The paper also highlights how the updates align with advancements in measurement technologies and software tools. By summarizing these amendments, it offers valuable insights for acousticians, engineers, and regulatory authorities integrating the revised standard.
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A05.10/A14.09 Advanced air mobility noise (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| A. Torija Martinez |
| M. J. B. Lotinga |
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UAS-NoiseCheck - A System Implementing the EASA Guidelines on Drone Noise Measurement
by M. Blass, S. Grebien, F. Graf.
Abstract:
Unmanned aerial systems (UAS) are on the rise and are about to transform civil aviation. As their proliferation grows, the social and legal acceptance of drones is becoming increasingly important, particularly with regard to noise pollution. So far, the lack of standardized methods and systems to measure in-flight noise emissions of UAS has hindered the creation of legal frameworks. To close this gap, the EASA introduced guidelines for UAS noise measurement in October 2022, for which feedback is currently being collected on their practical implementation and measurement results. In this work, we present UAS-NoiseCheck, a prototype system designed to implement these guidelines. It integrates acoustic, visual, GNSS and meteorological components to enable comprehensive, multisensory data acquisition and thus represents a novelty in the multimodal metrological description of UAS. Since our system not only contains a single microphone as a sound level meter but also features a hemispherical 32-microphone array, it can also facilitate the certification and regulation of noise emissions when used in the context of drone detection and localization. In initial field experiments, we analyze noise emissions of different multicopter UAS recorded with a ground-based and an inverted microphone setup as well as the microphone array.
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Noise Modeling of UAM around Vertiports by Sound Barrier
by S.-M. Lee, C. H. Haan.
Abstract:
The present study aims to propose practical solutions to control the noise issue, which is a key challenge for the commercialization of Urban Air Mobility (UAM). Noise levels around vertiports during UAM urban operations were predicted using the SoundPLAN program, and the noise reduction effects were assessed through simulation modeling when various height of noise barriers were applied at different distances and receiver heights. The comparison factors to confirm the noise reduction effect were set to Lden, Leq, and Lmax. The height of the sound barrier was investigated up to 27 m at 3 m intervals. In the present study, for noise prediction, two major vertiports on the K-UAM Grand Challenge phase 2-1 Ara Waterway demonstration route were targeted. As a result, it was found that significant noise reduction was observed at receiver points lower than the sound barrier. However, the noise reduction effect was minimal or absent at receiver points of similar or greater height than the sound barrier. This indicated that as the distance from the vertiport decreased, the noise reduction effect increased with the height of the sound barrier. Thus, It can be expected that the findings of this study could contribute to noise mitigation of UAM.
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A06.03 Loudspeakers and headphones (theory, measurement, applications, MEMS technology, etc.) (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| L. Rufer, France |
| F. Stoppel |
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Development of a omnidirectional cylindrical sound source with a Corona Discharge Transducer
by H. Lissek, T. Wang, R. Vesal.
Abstract:
The Corona Discharge Transducer (CDT) relies on the electroacoustic actuation of a ionized layer of air through an oscillatory electric field. This device allows sound generation without an intermediate mechanical radiator such as a membrane, making it an almost perfect particle velocity source, with ideal impulse response. Thanks to its membrane-less and construction and its continuous arrangement of uniform linear acoustic antennas, it also permits the development of ideal monopolar sources. This paper presents a cylindrical CDT concept, its design and optimization through numerical models (COMSOL), in a view to the realization of a future experimental prototype. The discussion on the acoustic performance obtained on the models will lead to concluding remarks on its applicability to acoustic metrology.
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A06.06 Acoustic-based sensors, actuators and microsystems for diverse applications (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| V. Ferrari, Italy |
| A. Carlosena |
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Comparative Study of the Frequency Response of Smartwatch Sensors for Human Movement Assessment
by M. Centeno-Cerrato, C. Polvorinos-Fernandez, G. De Arcas, L. Sigcha, I. Pavón.
Abstract:
Smartwatches are wearable devices designed for continuous and precise data collection, ensuring minimal disruption or discomfort for the user. Their ability to monitor movement makes them particularly effective for applications such as health monitoring or workplace risk evaluation. However, the inertial sensors embedded in these devices may exhibit inaccuracies in data acquisition, which could compromise the quality of the results. Therefore, thorough characterization is essential to understand their response under specific excitation conditions. This study evaluates the performance of accelerometers in four commercially available smartwatches, by assessing their frequency responses using two different calibration methods. Method 1, considered the reference method and involving individual sensor calibration, produced minimal deviations, validating the reliability of the devices within the tested ranges. In contrast, Method 2, intended for quicker calibration of multiple devices, showed greater deviations due to limitations in the calibration process. The results revealed discrepancies in performance based on the calibration method used, highlighting the importance of selecting an appropriate technique to ensure more reliable and accurate measurements, especially for critical human movement monitoring applications.
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A07.06 Modern experimental techniques in aeroacoustics (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| S. Jacob |
| M. Jacob, France |
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Application of atmospheric wind filter arrays for acoustic monitoring UAVs
by R. R. Subramanyam, C. Gerasch, S. Jacob.
Abstract:
The application of Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in low frequency acoustic measurements is, among other factors, limited by the disturbances induced by atmospheric wind noise. The infrasound sensor networks used in the seismic activity monitoring, consists of a wind filter array that filter the acoustic disturbances caused by the atmospheric turbulence. These arrays function as a spatial filter, eliminating the incoherent noises generated by the wind. In this study we design and test wind filter arrays for their application in a UAV based measurement platform. Different configuration of the wind filters such as the Rosette filter, porous circular pipes and several other derived configurations were studied. The frequency response function of the filters indicated a significant distortion from the acoustic resonance in the filter tube for some designs. Acoustic plane wave theory is used to tune these wind filter arrays for shifting these resonances beyond the frequency range of the measurement. In addition, an investigation is made by coupling arrays of varying dimension to increase the effective frequency range of the filter.
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A08.03 Advances in machinery noise and vibration control (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| E. A. Piana, Italy |
| J. Ramis-Soriano, Spain |
| S. Anda |
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Noise measurements performance guarantee on a Floating Liquified Natural Gas plant
by B. Crivelli, D. Vincent.
Abstract:
In the energy industry, noise impact is commonly evaluated during the engineering phase as part of the work process for new plant development. However, even if noise regulations shall be applied, a noise performance guarantee is generally not required, demonstrated or is limited to individual equipment. This situation is currently changing, and plant noise performance guarantee tends to become widespread in contracts. Its goal is to ensure compliance with local regulations, environmental and social impact assessment and/or clients’ standards. As a major energy industry engineering contractor, Technip Energies faces this challenge with the projects it executes. To deal with this emerging contractual requirement and due to the lack of acoustic measurements standards for offshore, Technip Energies has developed its own validation methodology for noise performance guarantee on a Floating Liquified Natural Gas (FLNG) facility. This paper presents the methodology developed by Technip Energies to validate the noise performance guarantee on a FLNG, the feedback on the noise measurements and a summary of the measurements results recorded on an operational facility.
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A08.04/A10.04 Materials and systems for noise and vibration reduction (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| F. Pompoli, Italy |
| J. Carbajo San Martín, Spain |
| J. Arenas |
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Measurements Of The Acoustic Properties Of Mycelium-Based Materials Using An Impedance Tube
by G. Wersényi, Z. Németh, A. Schweighardt.
Abstract:
Mycelium-based materials were tested for acoustic purposes. Different fungi were grown on substrates and formed to fit into the available impedance tube for transmission loss (TL) and absorption rate (AR) measurements. Results supported previous findings about mycelia being acoustically appropriate for sound insulation, especially in the spectral region of speech. Absorption rates between 0.1 and 0.6 were measured. Furthermore, thickness appears to be the most important factor. However, large-scale production, design, and lifespan are critical issues, and further experiments are needed to develop industry-level products.
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Recycled materials as absorbent layer in acoustic ceilings: non-woven polypropylene
by M. Galindo, E. Alberdie, M. A. Sánchez-Burgos, F. J. Nieves, I. Flores-Colen.
Abstract:
Polypropylene is widely used nowadays, generating an important volume of waste that, in general, has a very low recycling rate. This study proposes the use of non-woven polypropylene, discarded in hospital - sanitary uses and not reused for other uses, as an absorbent layer for acoustic ceilings. For this purpose, and in comparison with absorbent layers of mineral wool from international manufacturers commonly used in the construction sector, the combination of thickness and treatment of the waste is sought, which offers the most suitable acoustic absorption coefficient depending on the density for the usual thicknesses used by commercial houses. The results obtained are comparable to or better than those of mineral wool. The study is complemented by a comparative life cycle analysis of both materials, considering the optimal combination of density and treatment of polypropylene waste. This analysis shows an improvement for non-woven polypropylene over mineral wool in all impact categories.
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A08.05 NVH damage detection, condition monitoring, diagnostics of machinery (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| E. Mucchi, Italy |
| P. Poveda Martinez, Spain |
| M. Battarra, Italy |
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Tool Wear Prediction in CNC Turning Operations using Ultrasonic Microphone Arrays and CNNs
by J. Steckel, A. Aerts, E. Verreycken, D. Laurijssen, W. Daems.
Abstract:
This paper introduces a novel method for predicting tool wear in CNC turning operations, combining ultrasonic microphone arrays and convolutional neural networks (CNNs). High-frequency acoustic emissions between 1kHz and 60kHz are enhanced using beamforming techniques to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. The processed acoustic data is then analyzed by a CNN, which predicts the Remaining Useful Life (RUL) of cutting tools. Trained on data from 350 workpieces machined with a single carbide insert, the model can accurately predict the RUL of the carbide insert. Our results demonstrate the potential gained by integrating advanced ultrasonic sensors with deep learning for accurate predictive maintenance tasks in CNC machining.
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A09.03/A02.07 AI and machine learning in bioacoustics (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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Hardware acceleration of Convolutional Neural Network for Lung Ultrasound segmentation
by A. Rubio, M. Muñoz, G. Cosarinsky, J. F. Cruza.
Abstract:
Lung Ultrasound (LUS) imaging is a valuable diagnostic technique for lung condition evaluation, due to its non-ionizing and portable nature. However, its complex interpretation can be enhanced by Machine Learning (ML) tools, yet traditional solutions often fail to meet the speed demands of real-time applications. This paper presents a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)-based hardware solution for real-time segmentation of lung ultrasound images using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), achieving a throughput of 80 inferences per second.
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Cross-Domain Transfer Learning for Segmentation of Lung Ultrasound images
by M. Muñoz, A. Rubio, G. Cosarinsky, J. Camacho.
Abstract:
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing medical imaging, offering significant potential to enhance diagnostic accuracy and efficiency. Lung ultrasound, which provides real-time visualization of pulmonary lesions, plays a crucial role in diagnosing respiratory conditions. However, interpreting these images requires substantial expertise due to their complexity. This study investigates the use of transfer learning techniques for segmenting lung ultrasound images, leveraging pre-trained convolutional neural network (CNN) models to address challenges associated with limited annotated data. We compared the segmentation performance of a UNet-based model using different pre- trained CNN architectures, such as VGG16, ResNet50, and MobileNetV2, against a model trained from scratch. The methodology involved feature extraction and fine-tuning the pre- trained weights using annotated lung ultrasound datasets, applying consistent criteria across all architectures. Our findings demonstrate that transfer learning significantly improves segmentation accuracy, achieving up to a 30% increase in the DICE coefficient compared to models trained from scratch. This approach allows pre-trained models to adapt to the unique characteristics of lung ultrasound images, enhancing both accuracy and generalization. Additionally, transfer learning reduces the burden of data annotation and shortens training time, making it a practical and efficient solution for overcoming data scarcity in medical image segmentation tasks.
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A09.05/A08.07 Artificial intelligence for industrial applications (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| R. M. Alsina-Pagès, Spain |
| G. Licitra |
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Detection of Operational Regimerelated Faults in Air Compressor Systems Using Acoustic Analysis and Machine Learning
by A. Hvastja, J. Prezelj.
Abstract:
Compressed air systems are critical yet energy-intensive in industrial operations, making operational reliability essential for efficiency and safety. This study presents a novel approach using acoustic monitoring and machine learning to detect and classify operational regime-related faults in air compressor stations. Signal-processing and psychoacoustic features extracted from audio recordings enabled distinct regime identification through dimensionality reduction (autoencoders) and clustering (Gaussian Mixture Models). Regime duration analysis facilitated anomaly detection linked to operational inefficiencies. The proposed method effectively distinguished normal from abnormal patterns, highlighting regimes tied to compressed air consumption variability and equipment cycling, offering valuable improvements for predictive maintenance and reliability.
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Monitoring of Manufacturing process, using unsupervised Sound Event Classification with application of Sound Directivity
by J. Prezelj, A. Hvastja, T. Berlec.
Abstract:
This study explores the use of sound directionality (DOA) as a key feature for unsupervised classification of acoustic events in industrial environments. A novel methodology was developed, combining a custom microphone array with SubWindowing to extract directional, spectral, and statistical features from production noise. Acoustic events were clustered using the k-means algorithm, with the optimal number of clusters determined via the elbow and silhouette methods. Feature importance was evaluated using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), which consistently identified sound directionality as the most influential feature. The results showed that integrating DOA significantly improved clustering performance and enabled accurate identification of machine states. The detected clusters aligned well with manually recorded operational states, confirming the method’s effectiveness. This approach offers a robust and interpretable framework for real-time monitoring and fault detection in industrial settings. Future work will focus on extending this method to predictive maintenance systems and broader manufacturing environments.
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Fault Detection in C-EPS Bearings Based on Unsupervised Learning
by H. Jo, J. Park, I.-J. Cho, J. Seo, S.-S. Yoo, S. Lee, S.-J. Bang, J.-L. Oh, C.-H. Jung, S.-Z. Cho.
Abstract:
The Column Type Electric Power Steering (C-EPS) system consists of a motor, a reduction gear, and bearings that ensure structural stability and minimize friction. Noise in rotating systems mainly arises from motor noise, component defects, and frictional sounds caused by rotational dynamics. Operational noise defects are typically managed within regulatory thresholds. Recently, machine learning-based anomaly detection models have gained popularity, often relying on labeled datasets for training. However, this process demands substantial human and time resources for labeling, and distinguishing between noise types remains a significant challenge. In response to these challenges, this study introduces a method that preprocesses noise input data using Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT), utilizes unsupervised learning for data encoding, and applies clustering to generate labels. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated through a validation process. Mel-spectrogram and MFCC transformations are commonly used for AI noise input, but bearing noise often exhibits distinct high-frequency features. STFT was chosen to preserve high-frequency characteristics without attenuation. Various unsupervised learning techniques were utilized to encode the noise data effectively. As the goal was clustering rather than generation, and C-EPS noise shows limited temporal variation, experiments identified the Convolutional Autoencoder as the effective unsupervised learning method for mapping noise.
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Deep learning for ultrasound surface echo detection with matrix arrays
by M. Larrea, M. Muñoz, A. Rubio, J. F. Cruza, G. Cosarinsky.
Abstract:
In Non-Destructive Testing (NDT), imaging with array probes is frequently performed in a two propagation medium scenario, where the first acts as a coupling medium, and the second is the object under test. Therefore, the position and shape of the refracting interface between the two mediums must be known in order to compute the imaging focal laws. This geometrical information can be inferred from the arrival times of echoes reflected on the object’s surface, which must be identified within the signals. A common approach for detecting these surface echoes is the first-threshold crossing method; however, it is susceptible to outliers, and more robust alternatives are needed. In a recent work, we developed and trained a 3D Convolutional Neural Network (DeepEcho3D) using an 11x11 matrix array to accurately and reliably detect surface echoes. While effective, the model is tailored to the specific array used. In this study, we explore extending DeepEcho3D to other matrix arrays with varying shapes and frequencies. Our findings demonstrate that it is unnecessary to start from scratch for each new array; instead, we can leverage transfer learning from the initial model.
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A10.02 Acoustic, vibroacoustic and elastic metamaterials (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| M. Malléjac |
| M. Miniaci |
| D. Torrent |
| B. Van Damme, Switzerland |
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Initial Analytical Attempts to Handle the Sound Absorption using Segmented Oblique Perforations
by T. D'Orazio, D. Ramos, L. Godinho, C. Guattari, F. Asdrubali.
Abstract:
This research presents a novel geometric configuration for acoustic metamaterials designed to optimize sound absorption, particularly at low frequencies. The design introduces a segmented pathway composed of two sections, creating an effective acoustic path longer than the linear distance between the sound wave entry point and the cavity access. This configuration maximizes absorption while maintaining a constant overall thickness. The study explores various geometric configurations by adjusting the angles of the segmented pathway to enhance absorption at specific frequencies. The research integrates numerical simulations performed with the finite element method (FEM) using COMSOL Multiphysics and analytical analyses based on the transfer matrix method implemented in MATLAB. A prototype fabricated through 3D printing provides experimental validation of the findings. Preliminary results indicate that tuning the angles of the segmented pathway significantly improves acoustic absorption, offering new possibilities for applications in noise control and architectural acoustics.
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Transfer matrix modelling of folded quarter-wavelength resonators with 90° bends
by F. De Bie, H. Denayer, E. Deckers.
Abstract:
Acoustic metamaterials that consist of multiple folded quarter-wavelength resonators in parallel have the potential to realise high and broadband low-frequency sound absorption while maintaining a compact volume. In a previous study, it was shown that folding can alter the acoustic behaviour of a quarter-wavelength resonator significantly and a length correction factor was proposed to account for the effect of a single 90◦ bend in analytical models. In this paper, a transfer matrix approach to model quarter-wavelength resonators with multiple 90◦ bends is proposed. Firstly, the different steps of the transfer matrix method are discussed and the two-port matrix of a 90◦ bend is predicted as a function of the resonator width by applying a passive two-port characterisation technique to the result of numerical simulations. Then, the transfer matrix method is applied to determine the resonance frequency of a set of single-bend and two-bend quarterwavelength resonators. Lastly, these results are verified against other modelling approaches and finite element simulations in COMSOL Multiphysics.
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A10.08 Modeling acoustic wave propagation in viscothermal structures, including porous materials (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| T. Bravo, Spain |
| M. Nolan, Denmark |
| L. Jaouen |
| C. Maury, France |
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Multi-resonant material based on channels with contrasting tortuosity
by T. G. Zielinski, M.-A. Galland.
Abstract:
The paper presents theoretical and experimental studies on the original multi-resonant sound-absorbing material. A representative geometry of the material contains several channels (disjoint pore networks) of contrasting tortuosity. For the assumed material thickness, one can estimate the quarter-wavelength resonance frequency of each channel based on its tortuosity. The proposed estimate is sufficiently accurate or can be systematically adjusted to eliminate the predictable error. It can therefore be used to design a very effective sound-absorbing layer by tuning the resonance frequencies. This is because the sound absorption peaks for such a layer backed by a rigid wall occur at the resonant frequencies. The tuning is performed by tailoring the shape of the channels to obtain contrasting tortuosities that should distribute their corresponding resonant frequencies over the desired, wide frequency range. In this way, broadband absorption can be achieved. An additional goal of tailoring the channels is to fit them tightly inside the representative space of the material while maintaining their separation. In the proposed material design, all shapes and characteristic sizes are suitable for additive manufacturing, so a sample of the material was 3D printed. It was tested in an impedance tube for sound absorption to validate the theoretical results.
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A11.01 Musical acoustics - General (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| V. Chatziioannou |
| M. Ducceschi, Italy |
| V. Debut |
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A measurement system to capture the player’s control in the natural playing condition of single-reed musical instruments: Application to the performance log of a beginner player
by T. Shoji, Y. Wada, Y. Takahashi, K. Arimoto.
Abstract:
It is well known that the control by players (e.g. embouchure, tonguing, respiration, and so on) gives significant effects on the sound generation of wind instruments. However, it is hard to measure them in an actual playing condition due to the difficulty in putting sensors without disturbing the performance. This paper proposes new devices for measuring the control induced by players of single-reed musical instruments. These devices are capable of acquiring various aspects of the player’s control including blowing pressure, biting force, acoustic pressure inside a mouthpiece, abdominal motion, and chest wall motion. The devices are designed to minimize disturbance for players in order to realize measurements in a natural playing condition. A test measurement using the devices was conducted on a person who was completely new to playing the saxophone. The player was asked to engage in daily practice for three months under the supervision of an experienced player, while consistently measuring the control information. The analysis of the performance log reveals clear improvements in certain performance indicators such as loudness, spectral centroid, and respiratory motion.
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A11.02/A09.08 Artificial intelligence in musical acoustics (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| M. Pezzoli, Italy |
| R. Russo, Italy |
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Individual violin sound identification using audio features and machine learning
by H. Pauget Ballesteros, P. Lalitte, C. Fritz.
Abstract:
Identifying individual instruments of the same type from their recordings is a rarely addressed challenge. This paper explores violin sound identification using two datasets of recordings, featuring multiple violinists playing multiple violins. Several long-term audio features were compared, and their performance in violin classification was evaluated using classical machine learning algorithms. Among these features, long-term MFCCs demonstrated the ability to distinguish individual violins, even with player-induced variability, enabling reliable violin recognition. Additionally, the influence of key parameters—such as the number of violinists, recording duration, and choice of musical excerpts—on classification performance was analyzed. These findings offer guidelines for optimizing future data collection aimed at capturing a violin’s unique sound signature.
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A Data-Driven Transfer Matrix Model for the Design of Saxophone Mouthpieces
by G. Greco, X. Luan, A. Bernardini, F. Antonacci, A. Sarti.
Abstract:
This study presents a data-driven methodology to derive transfer matrices modeling saxophone mouthpieces based on their geometric parameters. More than 1000 unique mouthpiece geometries were generated using a novel parametric model. Key geometric features, such as chamber and throat cross-sections, shape radii, and baffle inclination angle, were varied to create the dataset. The training data were generated through Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations, from which transfer matrices were extracted and approximated using Chebyshev polynomials. Polynomial coefficients were then modeled using fully connected neural networks to enable efficient prediction. The results demonstrate the system’s ability to accurately predict transfer matrix coefficients, highlighting the potential of computational methods to enhance the customization and design of specific elements of musical instruments, such as mouthpieces.
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A11.03 Consistency of musical instrument making (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| L. Ausiello |
| J.-P. Dalmont, France |
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Reproducibility in the construction of traditional wooden and 3D-printed plastic soundboards for string instruments
by S. Labraña, V. Correa, A. Montoya, C. Espinoza.
Abstract:
This study aims to quantify the reproducibility of 3D-printed soundboards for string musical instruments by comparing the frequency responses of ukulele tops made of three materials: Engelmann spruce (traditional tonewood), Chilean laurel (local tonewood), and PLA+ (3D printing material). Traditional Latin American luthiers fabricated the soundboards and the PLA+ plates were produced using FDM printing. The frequency response of free soundboards and admittance measurements coupling the plates to printed bodies were performed. Pearson correlation coefficients assessed the similarity between free plates’ responses within each material. As expected, the results show notable variability in the wooden plates: correlations between laurel plates range from 0.19 to 0.50, and between spruce plates, from 0.36 to 0.65. In contrast, the PLA-printed plates show high consistency, with correlations close to 0.94. Similar trends were obtained comparing admittance measurements in plates coupled to printed soundboxes, although the correlation values decrease significantly when compared to those of the free plates. These findings suggest that 3D printing offers promising consistency for the construction of reproducible musical instruments, which may benefit not only the commercial manufacturing of instruments but also research based on them.
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Design, Construction, and Acoustic Characterization of a Fully Functional 3D-Printed Guitar
by C. Espinoza, C. Adasme, V. Correa, J. Baeza.
Abstract:
Crafting a guitar demands expertise and skill from the artisan in selecting the appropriate tonewood and working with it. Despite these efforts, the outcome remains highly unpredictable. The above is due to inherent variability in material properties and manufacturing procedures. In contrast, 3D printing, coupled with parametric modeling, enables precise control over structural characteristics, replicability, and quick prototyping. Furthermore, the printing process offers potential benefits, including reduced waste generation and the use of bio-based materials. In this work, an interdisciplinary team of luthiers, designers, and scientists designed, constructed, and characterized a scaled-down, fully functional guitar with a modular design, enabling its fabrication in desktop 3D printers. Acoustic measurements were conducted compared to a mass-produced guitar, highlighting the need to improve certain key aspects of the printed one, such as sustain and low-frequency response. Despite that, the results pave the way for future studies to optimize materials and techniques to enhance the acoustic quality of 3D-printed instruments.
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Perceptual Comparison Between a Low-Cost Guitar and a 3D-Printed Guitar
by C. Espinoza, T. Ibanez, C. Adasme, M. Denzer, C. Díaz, T. Moreno.
Abstract:
This study evaluates perceptual and acoustic differences in timbral characteristics between two guitars: (1) a wooden, mass-produced, low-cost guitar designed for beginners and (2) a 3D-printed guitar. Blind listening tests were conducted with seven students specializing in musical performance, composition, and music theory. An experienced performer played identical musical pieces on both instruments—strumming, arpeggios, open strings, and harmonics—under controlled recording conditions. Participants rated the perceived timbral characteristics in low, mid, and high-frequency ranges and sustain for each recording using a five-point Likert scale. Results showed considerable variability in participant responses, suggesting that the timbral differences between instruments were not easily distinguishable. The most significant difference was observed in the sustain rating, which was generally lower for the printed instrument. A preliminary acoustic analysis was conducted using the same evaluated recordings, and the results aligned with the perceptual findings. These results highlight the timbral characteristics of the 3D-printed guitar that require further development and demonstrate the potential of 3D printing in musical instrument manufacturing.
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Numerical design of a trumpet lead pipe: from the numerical model to the evaluation of the hardware prototype
by J.-F. Petiot, V. Fréour, K. Arimoto.
Abstract:
In a previous work, a machine learning model was trained using numerical simulations in order to predict intonation and playability descriptors of trumpets from the bore geometry [Petiot et al., Acusticum 2023]. Using this technology, a numerical design procedure was conducted where a new lead pipe geometry was proposed using a bi-objective optimization on the Equivalent Fundamental Pitch (EFP) and minimum blowing pressure (Pthres) computed over five regimes. This recommendation led to a lead pipe numerical prototype that was manufactured by Yamaha Corporation of Japan. In this paper we present recent investigations conducted on this hardware lead pipe prototype in order to compare the performances of the real instrument with the numerical expectations in the design phase. At first, impedance measurements and computation of the EFP and Pthres descriptors were performed from these measurements in order to compare the results with the numerical prototype. In a second step playing tests with musicians were conducted in order to assess perceived differences between the original and prototyped lead pipe. These results will be discussed in light of the potential sources of uncertainties through the whole procedure, from the model to the perception.
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A11.05 Instruments, hyperinstruments and beyond (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| A. M. Barbancho, Spain |
| S. Guillén, Spain |
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Enhancing Music Visualization with Haptic Feedback to Ease Perception for DHH Listeners
by N. Mauri, M. Sacchetto, P. Bagnus, C. Nicora, M. Zanoni, A. Bianco, C. Rottondi.
Abstract:
This paper introduces a novel integration of visual and haptic feedback to improve music perception for Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing (DHH) individuals. The proposed prototype leverages a touchscreen augmented with electroadhesion-based haptic technology, enabling dynamic overlay of tactile textures on visual content. The system processes pre-recorded audio tracks to extract spectral, harmonic, and rhythmic features, which are mapped to both visual and haptic representations. More in detail, key features such as chroma, Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs), and rhythmic figures, are translated into corresponding visual attributes (e.g., color, shape, and size) and tactile textures. Users can explore music in real-time through these multisensory outputs, which evolve synchronously with the audio playback. A preliminary user assessment demonstrates the system’s potential to enhance musical interaction by combining visual-haptic feedback.
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MeloPad, a portable device for music composition based on the Bela audio and interaction platform
by J. Thieme, L. Molina-Tanco.
Abstract:
For my bachelor thesis I created MeloPad: The prototype of a portable device for recording short musical annotations. The idea of being portable arises from the need to be able to make notes in any situation and place without the need for a power supply. It is possible to choose between different physically interchangeable covers that simulate instrument families. MeloPad detects the placed cover and offers different sounds of this instrument-family in a menu from which to select the desired one. To create a melody as close as possible to the idea in your mind, you can also select the frequency range. The selection of these options is done thanks to an OLED display and three buttons implemented in the prototype. The user can practice the melody and record it, check whether it has been successful and, if so, save it in the MeloPad’s memory. The stored recordings can be consulted when no cover is detected. This interaction and audio processing is done with Bela, an open source embedded computing platform for creating real-time interactive systems with audio and sensors. MeloPad is inspired by a MIDI-peripheral created by the French company Joué Play.
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Alfonso and Theresa: Merging Traditional Lutherie with Modern Electronics in the Design of an Expanded Lute and Contrabass
by C. Betancur Gutierrez, L. Valentin.
Abstract:
This paper details the parallel engineering and building processes for an electric and extended lute (Alfonso) and an electric and extended contrabass (Theresa). We illustrate how the fusion of craftsmanship, acoustic tradition, and modern electronic design can redefine the sonic possibilities of heritage instruments and traditional lutherie. We begin by discussing the initial concept and design phases, where musical and aesthetic considerations guided the instruments’ form, function, and ergonomics. This step also relied on acoustical measurements made on a traditional lute from the Stanford collection and a traditional European Contrabass. Next, we delve into the woodworking and carving techniques used to shape each instrument’s body, discussing the role of material choice in achieving desired tonal and structural properties, and the accessibility of such techniques for novice instruments makers. Finally, we examine our approach to integrating pickup systems of various types, real-time signal processing and onboard electronics. The instruments can produce a variety of signals that then can be remapped into control, audio or both, ultimately making them hyperinstruments.
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A12.01 Physical acoustics and ultrasound - General (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| N. Declercq |
| N. Jiménez, Spain |
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Preliminary Study On Theoretical Corrections To The Equation Of State In Single-Bubble Sonoluminescence And Extension Of The Minimum Radius Stage
by R. Fernández-Clement, P. Poveda Martinez, R. Gómez.
Abstract:
Single bubble sonoluminescence (SBSL) involves the emission of very short flashes of light by bubbles subjected to a periodic ultrasonic acoustic field in a liquid medium, which slowly expand and rapidly contract, emitting light at the minimum radius stage. Several theories have been proposed to model the behavior and thermodynamic conditions inside the bubble, and most of them treat the gas inside as an ideal gas. Nonetheless, the experimental results obtained to date show conditions that deviate from the range of applicability of the ideal gas equation. This paper proposes a first approach to the study of the SBSL phenomenon through the application of an equation of state corresponding to real gases, and even to plasmas, in order to obtain theoretical corrections to the dynamics and thermodynamic conditions (mainly pressure and temperature) inside the bubble. In addition, the possibility of prolonging the minimum radius stage of the bubble by modifying the applied acoustic field will be analyzed, in order to examine whether the thermodynamic conditions inside the bubble vary or not in this case, and whether these conditions are stable in time.
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A12.03 Biomedical ultrasound (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| O. Martinez-Graullera, Spain |
| G. Rus |
| J. Camacho |
| M. Pérez-Liva |
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Modular and flexible hardware architecture for real-time 3D ultrasound imaging
by J. F. Cruza, R. Mateos, R. G. Bueno, G. Montaldo, J. Camacho.
Abstract:
Ultrasound 3D imaging with arrays usually requires hardware systems with more active channels than for conventional 2D imaging, which increases systems complexity. Furthermore, it increases the beamforming difficulty, as more image lines have to be generated (3D volume) using more acquired raw signals (A-Scans). Typical approaches to this problem can be divided in hardware and software solutions. In the first, the beamforming process is carried out by a specialized hardware (FPGA, ASIC’s, etc.), with lower power consumption, but also with lower flexibility. On the other hand, software beamformers are very flexible in terms of programming, but they require a much larger bandwidth with the acquisition system. This work presents a modular and flexible hardware architecture for 2D and 3D ultrasound imaging, which combines hardware beamforming capabilities with high-speed links with a processing computer. This approach enables to work with both hardware and software beamformers, taking full advantage of each one of them. A description of the architecture is given, along with the expected performance in terms of hardware processing power and data transfer rate. Finally, application examples are given: Total Focusing Method imaging in non-destructive-testing, and functional ultrasound imaging in the brain for pre-clinical models.javascript:void(0); A12.7. Acousto-opticsjavascript:void(0);.
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Numerical Framework for Deep Learning Photoacoustics Image Reconstruction
by J. G. Muñoz, A. Ariza-Carrasco, J. F. Cruza, L. Elvira, J. Camacho, J. M. Udías, M. A. De Laciñana, J. Rodriguez-Pardo, P. Ibáñez García, M. Pérez-Liva.
Abstract:
Photoacoustic Imaging (PAI) combines optical excitation with ultrasound detection to produce high-quality molecular images of intact biological tissues. Conventional systems rely on Class IV [1] pulsed lasers, which limits clinical translation. This work explores the use of pulsed semiconductor diodes for their portability, versatility, and low-cost. However, their lower peak power decreases PAI signal amplitude. Implementing deep learning techniques trained with realistic synthetic data is a promising technique to increase PAI image quality [2]. Here we create a framework which simulates real scenarios taking into account acoustics and optical properties, ultrasound transducer characteristics and fiber bundles features, crucial to optimize reconstruction performance with a Neural Network. The simulated experimental setup included an array of optical fibers connected to semiconductor diodes parallel to a 128-element transducer array which registers the signal generated by the absorbed light. Optical properties were simulated in MCX Monte Carlo software using GPU parallelization. k-Wave software was used for acoustic simulations and Time-Reversal (TR) image reconstruction. Finally, a Neural Network model implemented using Tensorflow enhanced the reconstruction, recovering up to 3 cm depth and 200 µm of resolution, delivering exceptional vascular imaging quality.
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A14.04 Spatial hearing: modeling and applications (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| P. Majdak |
| A. Osses, Netherlands |
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Binaural Localization Model for Speech in Noise
by V. Tokala, E. Grinstein, R. Brooks, M. Brookes, S. Doclo, J. Jensen, P. A. Naylor.
Abstract:
Binaural acoustic source localization is important to human listeners for spatial awareness, communication and safety. In this paper, an end-to-end binaural localization model for speech in noise is presented. A lightweight convolutional recurrent network that localizes sound in the frontal azimuthal plane for noisy reverberant binaural signals is introduced. The model incorporates the additive internal ear noise to represent the frequency-dependant hearing threshold of a typical listener. The localization performance of the model is compared with the steered response power algorithm and the use of the model as a measure of interaural cue preservation for binaural speech enhancement methods is studied. A listening test was performed to compare the performance of the model with human localization of speech in noisy conditions.
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Spatial Audio Models’ Inventory To Cover The Attributes From The Spatial Audio Quality Inventory
by P. Lladó, A. Neidhardt, F. Brinkmann, E. De Sena.
Abstract:
The Spatial Audio Quality Inventory (SAQI, Lindau et al. 2014 [1]) defines a comprehensive list of attributes for quality assessment of spatial audio. These attributes are traditionally used in perceptual experiments. However, automatic evaluation is a common alternative to assess spatial audio algorithms by means of acoustic recordings and numerical methods. This study aims at bridging the gap between perceptual evaluation and automatic assessment methods. We performed a focused literature review on available auditory models and proposed a list to cover the attributes in SAQI based on self-imposed selection criteria, such as binaural compatibility. The selected models are publicly available and ready to be used in automatic assessment methods. This Spatial Audio Models’ Inventory (SAMI) could serve as relevant metrics to train and/or optimise machine-learning and deep-learning algorithms when the objective is to improve the perceived quality of reproduction in spatial audio applications. Moreover, SAMI composes a benchmark to challenge novel models.
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Spatial release from masking and listening effort: differences between binaural and free-field presentation
by N. La Magna, K. Poole, L. Picinali.
Abstract:
Speech intelligibility decreases in noisy environments, especially for individuals with hearing impairment. Spatial separation of speech and competing masking sounds improves understanding through spatial release from masking (SRM), though its cognitive demand remains understudied. Virtual Reality (VR) has been successfully employed in the past for testing and training auditory perception. This can be achieved using loudspeaker systems or headphones, in the latter case requiring Head-Related Transfer Functions (HRTFs). Individual HRTFs are known to improve speech-in-noise (SIN) understanding in horizontal and median planes, although benefits may diminish under informational masking conditions. This study investigates SRM performance and listening effort (LE) using the Coordinate Response Measure (CRM) corpus in a speech-on-speech task. Participants experience free-field loudspeaker rendering and binaural presentations (individual and non-individual HRTFs) in target-masker spatial configurations on horizontal and median planes. Performance is measured via identification accuracy and pupillometry. We hypothesize similar performance for free-field and both HRTF conditions in the horizontal plane due to the reliance on interaural differences. On the median plane, free-field is expected to outperform individual HRTFs, with non-individual HRTFs performing worse due to poor spectral cues representation that will induce increased effort. Understanding SRM and LE differences in free-field and binaural settings can advance our understanding of spatial hearing mechanisms in complex environment, and potentially speed up the adoption of virtual acoustics techniques in hearing research.
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A15.04/A24.06 Virtual reconstructions in archaeoacoustic research (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| B. F. G. Katz, France |
| F. Martellotta, Italy |
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Measurement and Auralization of Paleoacoustics landscapes in Chauvet Cave
by L. Valentin, J. Abel, J. Berger, C. Chafe, J. Chowning, C. Fritz, N. Farzaneh, M. Kolar, R. Michon, S. Martin, P. Svensson, M. Wright.
Abstract:
This paper introduces an ongoing study towards acoustic reconstruction and auralization of Chauvet Cave, a UNESCO World Heritage site known for its 36,000-year-old prehistoric art. We outline methodological challenges, measurement constraints, and future directions in the development of auralization frameworks, towards the ultimate goal of recreating aspects of Chauvet’s Paleolithic acoustics. A key limitation is the restricted measurement area, as recordings are constrained to modern walkways, leaving large parts of the cave acoustically undocumented. Additionally, geomorphological changes over thousands of years have altered the cave’s structure, affecting how sound propagates today compared to its prehistoric conditions. We discuss how these factors shape data collection and acoustical modeling, highlighting the need for predictive simulations to extend beyond direct acoustical measurements. We briefly analyze impulse responses recorded with omnidirectional and Ambisonic microphones, providing insights into reverberation, clarity, and spatial distribution of reflections. These data inform auralization models that integrate various hypothetical sound sources while acknowledging inherent uncertainties.
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From Measurement to Music: Reviving the Acoustic Heritage of St. Michael’s Church, Coventry, UK
by I. Ali-Maclachlan, H. Roberts, B. West, S. Hall, J. Savan.
Abstract:
This paper presents findings from the Aural Histories project, which explores how music was experienced in historical ecclesiastical spaces through acoustic modelling and auralisation. Focusing on St Michael’s Church, Coventry, UK, digital reconstructions of the building as it may have stood in 1451 and 1617 were created using archival and typological evidence, and analysed using Odeon software. Simulations suggest that architectural changes between these dates had only minor impact on acoustic conditions in the chancel, with reverberation and clarity metrics remaining consistent. To support auralisation, recordings of an eightvoice choir performing Tallis’s Why Fum’th in Fight were captured in both studio and anechoic settings. Spectral and cepstral analyses revealed minimal differences between the two, particularly in mid and high frequencies. Expert listening tests showed no statistically significant perceptual differences between auralisations using either source supporting the practical use of studio recordings in virtual acoustic reconstructions. Future work will explore additional repertoire and conduct further perceptual testing in immersive environments such as the Birmingham SoundLab® to assess the impact of recording choices on spatial perception and listener experience.
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Comparison Between the Acoustic Texture Obtained Through In Situ Measurements and That Calculated From Virtual Models of a Pre-Romanesque Church
by L. Carrero-Muriel, D. De La Prida, M. Larrosa-Navarro, A. Pedrero.
Abstract:
Acoustic Texture is a parameter related to the structure of early reflections, providing relevant information for the subjective perception of sound. Although its use is not widespread, Acoustic Texture could be a key aspect for calibrating virtual acoustic models.This article addresses its importance by comparing the Acoustic Texture calculated from impulse responses obtained through real measurements of the pre-Romanesque church of Sant Miquel, in Terrassa, Spain, with those obtained using a virtual acoustic model of the church.The objective is to evaluate how modeling parameters influence the Acoustic Texture by comparing it with data obtained from in situ measurements. Additionally, the study analyzes whether the processing of impulse responses (RIR) from the virtual model and the measurements allows identifying matches in early reflections, a key aspect for validating the model’s accuracy.The results aim to highlight the importance of Acoustic Texture as a relevant parameter in the perceptual evaluation of sound in historic architectural spaces. Also to offer a methodological framework that combines simulation and real measurement tools to optimize the acoustic modeling of spaces with high heritage value.
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Survey And Acoustic Correction Of The Boboli Amphitheater Using Of Audio-Visual Model
by L. Magnini, V. Amodeo, D. Masci, P. Ruggieri, S. Secchi, G. Verdiani.
Abstract:
The research is part of a renovation project for the Boboli amphitheater supported by the Uffizi Gallery, with analysis to correct the acoustics of a historic open-air theatre space. The acoustic correction starts with the design of a modular temporary stage and continues with the insertion of an electro-acoustic system proposed in various configurations, evaluated according to the scheduled performance. In parallel, the geometric survey of the area is developed with a laser scanner for auralisation and the creation of an audiovisual model.
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A16.03/A09.06 Machine learning for array processing (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| M. Cobos, Spain |
| T. Abhayapala, Australia |
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Complex-valued neural networks for the reproduction of linearly superposed sound fields
by I. Lambert, V. Paul, P. Nelson.
Abstract:
Previous numerical experiments have shown how a complex-valued neural network can be trained on a sampled recorded sound field to derive loudspeaker signals which reproduce the target sound field. Furthermore, some negative effects of spatial aliasing can be overcome by first training the network with a higher density of spatial samples than is used in the specification of the target sound field for reproduction. This amounts to increasing the size of the output layer of the network relative to the input. This work investigates whether such a neural network can also reproduce target sound fields consisting of the linear superposition of a number of plane waves. Numerical experiments are first carried out in which the neural network is trained on sound fields containing only single plane waves, and the reproduction of sound fields containing multiple plane waves is compared to the sum of reproductions of single plane waves. In a further numerical experiment, the neural network is trained using sound fields containing multiple plane waves. The reproductions produced by this network are again compared to the sum of reproductions of single plane waves. Finally, the effect of using different network structures on linear superposition is investigated.
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Interpolation of Modal Displacement in Thin Plates Using Physics-Informed Neural Networks
by R. Malvermi, F. Zese, M. Pezzoli, F. Antonacci, A. Sarti.
Abstract:
Predicting vibrational displacement fields and mode shapes in thin plates is crucial for various engineering applications, particularly in the acoustic characterization of musical instrument soundboards. Traditional methods are limited by high computational costs or dense measurement requirements e.g., Finite Element Analysis (FEA). This study introduces a Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN) approach to reconstruct displacement fields using sparse data. The PINN integrates the Kirchhoff plate equation into its training process, enabling accurate predictions even in data-sparse regions. The model was validated using COMSOL simulations of a thin rectangular plate, with material properties resembling a violin soundboard. Its performance was compared to Radial Basis Function (RBF) interpolation and data-driven neural networks. The PINN consistently outperformed the considered baselines, achieving robust results with minimal data, particularly for higher resonant frequencies where other methods fail.
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Enhancing the Geometrical Calibration of Microphones Arrays : Solutions and Experimental Validation
by M. Hartenstein, P. Luizard, H. Moingeon, C. Pinhède, M. Pachebat, C. Ollivon, F. Ollivier, F. Silva.
Abstract:
In acoustic imaging, the need for a high spatial resolution requires the deployment of arrays comprising a substantial number of microphones. The topographical report of each sensor constitutes a laborious process prone to imprecisions. Over the past two decades, there has been a surge of interest in geometrical calibration methods based on the estimation of acoustic time-of-flights (TOF). In 2019, Vanwynsberghe et al. presented numerical and experimental tests demonstrating the higher precision of their Robust MultiDimensional Unfolding (RMDU) algorithm compared to the state-of-the-art methods. However, they reported experimental root-mean-square errors (RMSE) of 2 cm, which limited the usable band of microphone arrays to frequencies below a few thousand Hertz. The present study shows that locally oversampling the cross-correlation functions enhances the precision of the TOF estimation. The framework is tested on a surrounding 3.6 m-diameter quasi-spherical array of 960 microphones built in an anechoic room. The comparison of a subset of estimated positions with high-precision optical reference measurements results in a RMSE of 0.75 cm. Numerical simulations in similar experimental conditions yield a maximum RMSE of 0.2 cm. This difference is partly explained by the discrepancy between the reported position of the microphones and the position of their acoustic center.
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A17.01 Soundscape, environmental quality, health and well-being - General (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| A. Fiebig |
| J. Vida Manzano, Spain |
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PEMS: People Experience of Mountain Soundscapes
by B. Di Donato, I. Mcgregor.
Abstract:
This study investigates the role of soundscapes in mountain environments, focusing on their contributions to safety, navigation, and environmental understanding. A survey of 219 participants from 21 countries, primarily experienced mountaineers with varying levels of experience in activities ranging from casual hiking to specialised mountaineering, revealed that natural sounds play a vital role in guiding navigation, enhancing safety, and fostering a deeper emotional connection to the environment. Most participants reported no hearing impairments and rated mountain soundscapes positively, (median score 4/5). Natural auditory cues, such as creaking ice, rockfalls, and shifting snow, were frequently used to assess risks and navigate in low-visibility conditions, while human-made sounds, including traffic noise and overcrowding, were perceived as disruptive and detrimental to the experience. Emotional responses to soundscapes were also significant, with participants reporting feelings of peace, awe, and excitement. These findings highlight the essential role of auditory cues in complementing visual information for navigation and safety in mountain settings. The study advocates further research into soundscape perception, particularly examining how individuals with varying sensory abilities engage with auditory cues, and suggests exploring the potential of technology in enhancing sound-based navigation tools to improve safety and environmental interaction in mountain environments. .
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A17.05 Indoor soundscapes (1)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: SC2-1 - VITRUVIUS |
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| S. Torresin, Italy |
| P. N. D. Yorukoglu |
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| 9:00 |
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| 9:20 |
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| 9:40 |
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| 10:00 |
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| 10:20 |
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A17.05 Indoor soundscapes (2)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: Auditorium |
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| S. Torresin, Italy |
| P. N. D. Yorukoglu |
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| 14:20 |
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| 14:40 |
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| 15:00 |
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| 15:20 |
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| 15:40 |
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A17.05 Indoor soundscapes (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| S. Torresin, Italy |
| P. N. D. Yorukoglu |
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Contribution to the measurement and assessment of indoor university soundscapes: a classroom experience
by J. Vida Manzano, R. García Quesada, J. A. Almagro Pastor.
Abstract:
The measurement and assessment of indoor soundscapes is an emerging discipline that grows together with the evaluation of outdoor soundscapes, pushed alike as research adds new knowledge and standardization brings harmonization on methods and analysis techniques. While traditional indoor acoustic assessments have focused on the characteristics of the construction and the quality of the environment in relation to the final use of rooms, little attention has been paid to the perception of the acoustic climate by the people who stay in those spaces, that is, the user’s own opinion in context. Following the development of ISO 12913 standard for urban soundscape assessments, great efforts are presently being made to find the best indoor soundscapes measurement and analysis method to determine the citizens´ perceived affective quality of the stays where they live and work. Taking into account users´ opinion on the construction and design of indoor spaces would contribute to the improvement of their own quality of live. Within educational and research environments, this would also contribute to better teaching and effectiveness in outcomes. In this work we present first results obtained from the exploration of these new techniques and proposals in a university classroom during a quarter.
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A18.01 Speech - General (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| L. Moro-Velázquez |
| E. San Segundo, Spain |
| N. Cummins |
| P. Aichinger |
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The effect of congruence of virtual image and reverberation-induced speech on speech intelligibility
by N. Hodoshima, K. Hamamoto, M. Mizumachi, K.-I. Sakakibara.
Abstract:
Public address announcements under reverberation are generally unintelligible, and reverberation-induced speech (reverberant version of Lombard speech) may offer a solution. Since the audio-visual information people receive in public spaces is not always consistent, this study investigates the role of audio-visual congruency in the intelligibility of reverberation-induced speech. Two virtual classroom images were created by Unity: Smaller room simulated a space with a reverberation time (RT)=1.5 s, and Larger room simulated a space with RT=12 s. A young adult recorded sentences under quiet condition (Q), congruent reverberation (R1: Larger room and RT=12 s), and incongruent reverberation (R2: Larger room and RT=1.5 s and R3: Smaller room and RT=12 s). Under R1- R3, the reverberant speech was fed back via headphones, and the images were displayed via a head-mounted display (HMD). Twenty young adults carried out word identification tests wearing headphones and HMD under reverberation. The results showed that R1 was significantly more intelligible under RT=12 s than Q and R3. However, no significant difference was found under RT=1.5 s between Q and R2, suggesting that audio, rather than visual information, contributes to the intelligibility of reverberation-induced speech when RT is relatively long.ng.
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A18.02 Forensic phonetics and acoustics
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 14:20 |
| Room: SM3 - BERANEK |
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| R. Hernández-Molina, Spain |
| R. Pérez Vargas |
| M. Ramírez Salado |
| V. M. Rodríguez-Montaño, Spain |
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| 14:20 |
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| 14:40 |
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| 15:00 |
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| 15:20 |
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| 15:40 |
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A18.02 Forensic phonetics and acoustics (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| R. Hernández-Molina, Spain |
| R. Pérez Vargas |
| M. Ramírez Salado |
| V. M. Rodríguez-Montaño, Spain |
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Perceptual evaluation of synthetic voice detection with dysphonic speakers
by J. J. Romero, A. López-Jareño, E. San Segundo, J. Delgado.
Abstract:
In the present work, we have designed a perceptual experiment comprising 80 stimuli: 40 samples of natural voices and 40 samples of their corresponding deepfakes. As for natural samples: 20 are from dysphonic patients and 20 are from a control group (half English and half Spanish for both groups). In the former group, we have 5 patients classified as mild-moderate and 5 as severe according to the CAPE-V scale for each language. The experiment involves listeners indicating, for each recording, whether it is a synthetic or human voice. Although some perceptual experiments have tested human performance in detecting synthetic voices, studies involving dysphonic voices are far less common. Our hypothesis is that dysphonic voices are more likely to be perceived as human voices than as deepfakes. In the same way that human faces are characterized by imperfections (e.g. wrinkles) and this allows distinguishing real images from visual deepfakes, human voices are often characterized by dysprosodic and dysphonic phenomena. The aim of this paper is therefore to shed light on new possible predictors of listener performance in perceptual experiments involving audio deepfake detection.
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A18.03 Speech production pathologies (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| J.A. Gómez-García, Spain |
| Z. Yue |
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Discriminating Parkinson’s Disease from Normophonic Voices Using a SincNet model
by J.A. Gómez-García, H. Fandiño-Toro, D. Torricelli.
Abstract:
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that often manifests vocal symptoms, making voice and speech analysis a valuable tool for noninvasive monitoring and diagnosis. This paper investigates the use of a deep learning model, comprising a SincNet front-end coupled with an EfficientNetV2-L backbone, to discriminate between pathological voices of individuals with PD and normophonic voices in Spanish-speaking individuals in the Neurovoz database. Using an 11-fold stratified group cross-validation methodology, our model achieved a mean accuracy of 76. 08% to discriminate between PD patients and healthy controls (HC). The results demonstrate the capabilities of the Sinc network for the characterization of voice pathologies using custom filterbanks.
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Explainable Feature Selection for Dementia Recognition from Acoustic and Linguistic Cues
by A. Gallardo-Antolín, I. Oiza-Zapata, J. Ferreiros-López, F. Fernández-Martínez, R. San-Segundo.
Abstract:
Dementia represents a substantial health challenge, with early detection being critical to enable timely interventions and mitigate its progression. Speech analysis, integrated with Machine Learning (ML) techniques, has gained prominence as a promising approach for the automatic detection of dementia, as vocal and linguistic biomarkers serve as valuable indicators of cognitive impairment that can be effectively exploited by ML algorithms. Explainability is a critical requisite for the practical application of ML-based systems in clinical settings. In this study, we address this challenge by feeding the system with a reduced set of acoustic and linguistic features easily understood by humans. These features are determined utilizing SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) values, an Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) method. This way, SHAP helps to identify the most impactful features on the predictions, which allows not only to explain the model decisions, but also to select the characteristics according to their global relevance, thus optimizing the model and enhancing its explainability. The proposed framework is firstly applied independently to the acoustic and text (transcriptions) modalities and secondly, to the multimodal system. Experiments on the ADReSS dataset demonstrate its feasi bility and highlight the potential of explainable feature selection to bridge ML techniques with clinically meaningful insights.
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A18.04 Speech perception pathologies (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| I. López-Espejo |
| G. Encina Llamas |
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Audio-Visual Feature Synchronization for Robust Speech Enhancement in Hearing Aids
by N. Saleem, M. Gogate, K. Dashtipour, A. Hussain, U. Anwar, A. Adetomi, A. Tughrul, A. Hussain.
Abstract:
Audio-visual feature synchronization for real-time speech enhancement in hearing aids represents a progressive approach to improving speech intelligibility and user experience, particularly in strong noisy backgrounds. This approach integrates auditory signals with visual cues, utilizing the complementary description of these modalities to improve speech intelligibility. Audio-visual feature synchronization for real-time SE in hearing aids can be further optimized using an efficient feature alignment module. In this study, a lightweight cross-attentional model learns robust audio-visual representations by exploiting large-scale data and simple architecture. By incorporating the lightweight cross-attentional model in an AVSE framework, the neural system dynamically emphasizes critical features across audio and visual modalities, enabling defined synchronization and improved speech intelligibility. The proposed AVSE model not only ensures high performance in noise suppression and feature alignment but also achieves real-time processing with minimal latency (36ms) and energy consumption. Evaluations on the AVSEC3 dataset show the efficiency of the model, achieving significant gains over baselines in perceptual quality (PESQ:↑0.52), intelligibility (STOI:↑19%), and fidelity (SI-SDR:↑10.10dB).
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Assessing Speech Processing HA/CI Advancements for Naturalistic Field Testing: Advancements with the CCi-MOBILE Research Platform
by J. H.L. Hansen, J. N. Saba, H. A.F. Younis, T. Lawson, S. O. Okei, H.-T. Chiang.
Abstract:
Advancements for hearing assistive technologies for hearing aids (HA) and cochlear implants (CI) have advanced significantly in the past two decades, with new emerging machine learning (ML) approaches used in speech technology applications (e.g., speech enhancement, recognition, diarization, etc.). However, advanced computing resources and real-time operation needs can limit realizing viable solutions in real-world settings for CI/HA based processors. In this study, we present a high level overview of the design, development, clinical evaluation, and applications of CCi-MOBILE, a powerful signal processing platform built for researchers in the CI/HA hearing impaired field. Advanced research platforms are necessary to advance CI/HA solutions in real-world field evaluations. We consider a range of past and current speech enhancement methods proposed for front-end noise and reverberation suppression, and address trade-offs for real-world naturalistic field testing for CI/HA scenarios. Here, a recently formulated deep complex convolution transformer with frequency transformation is evaluated with CI subjects using CCi-MOBILE. A proposed framework for extended day-long field testing with CCi-MOBILE research platform is also presented. This effort aims to create new research opportunities for scientists and researchers to investigate viable real-world human subject testing of emerging speech enhancement solutions that leverage ML concepts in complex acoustic scenarios.
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A18.05 Speech technologies: diarization, emotion, enhancement (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| L. Moro-Velázquez |
| T. Thebaud |
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Temporal Segmentation Strategy to Improve Speech-Based Anger Detection using YAMNet
by F. Zhu-Zhou, R. Gil-Pita, D. Tejera Berengué, G. Corral García, M. Zurera-Rosa, M. Utrilla-Manso.
Abstract:
Anger detection in speech is a critical task in affective computing, especially in real-world environments where acoustic conditions are often suboptimal. This paper presents a robust anger detection system based on transfer learning using YAMNet, a convolutional neural network pre-trained on large audio datasets. Two key parameters are analyzed: the number of layers retained from the pre-trained model and the number of temporal segments per utterance introduced to capture temporally distributed emotional cues. The system is evaluated on the emoDB dataset under a leave-one-speaker-out cross-validation scheme. Audio samples are augmented with noise and reverberation to simulate realistic acoustic conditions. The results show that increasing the number of temporal segments per utterance leads to significant performance improvements, with configurations using four or more segments achieving up to 60% relative reduction in the probability of false positives and significantly higher F1 scores. Moderate network depths provide a good trade-off between complexity and accuracy. These results highlight the effectiveness of segment-wise processing and architectural optimization in improving speech-based emotion recognition. The proposed system demonstrates high robustness and generalizability, making it suitable for use in practical human-machine interaction scenarios.
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Towards Interpretable Emotion Recognition: Identifying Key Features with Machine Learning
by Y. Kaloga, I. Kodrasi.
Abstract:
Unsupervised methods, such as wav2vec2 and HuBERT, have achieved state-of-the-art performance in audio tasks, leading to a shift away from research on interpretable features. However, the lack of interpretability in these methods limits their applicability in critical domains like medicine, where understanding feature relevance is crucial. To better understand the features of unsupervised models, it remains critical to identify the interpretable features relevant to a given task. In this work, we focus on emotion recognition and use machine learning algorithms to identify and generalize the most important interpretable features for this task. While previous studies have explored feature relevance in emotion recognition, they are often constrained by narrow contexts and present inconsistent findings. Our approach aims to overcome these limitations, providing a broader and more robust framework for identifying the most important interpretable features.
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Developing a novel multimodal speech enhancement intelligibility evaluation metric: Addressing the limitation of traditional objective measures
by A. Hussain, M. Gogate, K. Dashtipour, N. Saleem, A. Goman, A. Tughrul, A. Sheikh, A. Hussain.
Abstract:
The evaluation of speech intelligibility is crucial for optimising speech-based systems. Existing objective metrics primarily focus on acoustic analysis, often neglecting the audiovisual (AV) nature of speech. To address this limitation, this study proposes AVIntell, a deep learning-based model that integrates subjective intelligibility AV data for intelligibility prediction. In addition, we introduce NAPEAV, a novel dataset specifically designed for the assessment of AV intelligibility. The model uses the complementary strengths of convolutional neural network (CNN) and long short term memory (LSTM) to predict speech intelligibility by comparing processed audio with reference speech. Experimental results demonstrate a strong correlation with human perceptual scores, surpassing the stateof-the-art speech intelligibility metrics including STOI and MOSA Net+ across all evaluation metrics. These findings confirm the advantages of integrating AV intelligibility data collected for a more accurate and robust assessment of speech intelligibility.
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A19.01 Numerical, computational and theoretical acoustics - General (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| M. Hornikx, Netherlands |
| J.-D. Chazot |
| M. Maeder, Germany |
| E.A. Sea |
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Machine learning for modelling band structure properties
by A. Furmanová, V. Hruška, A. Bajicová.
Abstract:
Although there are various analytical approaches and numerical methods for solving sonic crystal problems, analytical expressions for modelling the band structure properties are limited to a few special cases. The access to a numerical model offers a solid foundation for data-driven discovery. In our approach, we employed the Webster equation for the unit cell and Floquet-Bloch theory for periodic structures, with the waveguide parametrized by cubic splines. To extract analytical formulae linking the waveguide geometry to the corresponding dispersion relation, we applied methods of physics-informed machine learning, such as coordinate transformation and symbolic regression. These results provide a deeper understanding of the underlying principles and serve as an efficient alternative to computationally demanding numerical optimization. Moving toward a Schrodinger-like equation and ¨ parametrization by Gaussian curvature allows for a more multiphysical approach, yet it also presents challenges related to the feasibility limits of the geometry.
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A19.05/A10.06 Numerical methods for acoustic materials and metamaterials (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| L. Godinho, Portugal |
| O. Dazel |
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Investigation of Stop Band Behavior in complex finite Vibroacoustic Metamaterial Structures using a Power-based Method
by H. Atzrodt, A. Maniam, N. Kleinfeller, S. Rieß.
Abstract:
The Structural intensity (STI ) is a powerful tool for identifying energy sources and sinks and analysing the transmission paths of vibrational energy within structures. Vibroacoustic metamaterials (VAMMs), which utilize local resonance effects to create stop bands, inhibit free wave propagation within specific frequency ranges. This study introduces an approach that uses active structural intensity to quantitatively assess the stop band behavior in complex, curved, finite VAMM plate-like structures. The proposed power-based method offers a robust framework for evaluating stop band characteristics by analyzing active power flow and quantifying the energy loss due to the VAMM’s resonators. Furthermore, damping plays a crucial role in the application of the power-based method, and it is necessary to distinguish between the influences of the structural damping and metamaterials. The effectiveness of this approach is confirmed by comparing the predicted stop band with the frequency response function (FRF) of the structure, demonstrating its accuracy in capturing the stop band behavior. In this work, the effect of uncertainty of the resonator parameters on the stop band width is explored to assess the sensitivity of the power-based method in predicting the stop band behavior under varying parameters.
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A19.08/A10.10 Numerical methods for wave propagation in complex media (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| A. Prieto, Spain |
| P. Amado Mendes, Portugal |
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On the Acoustic Investigation of Complex Buildings materials by Physics Informed Neural Networks (PINN)
by S. Ryehan, I. Z. Soma, J. Naumann.
Abstract:
Architects always use a range of aesthetic elements, including fractionally graded materials (FGMs), at a high acoustic and thermal demand level. Numerous partial differential equations, especially wave equations, have previously been the focus of extensive analytical or numerical approaches. However, the application of Neural Networks guided by physics raises the standard for acoustic results. Using the novel paradigm outlined in that paper, metal-ceramic composites, for instance, demonstrate extremely effective wave behavior to demonstrate changes in stiffness and density, including radiation, scattering, and noise transmission. Several kinds of PINN can help precisely define the error when comparing square error, absolute error, and mean square error compared to finite element simulations. The MATLAB NEURAL simulation for neural network toolboxes were used to view the simulation in this research. The research revealed that the results were extremely accurate, with a maximum inaccuracy of 2.6%. Intending to improve the acoustic management of homogenous materials, this study correspondingly examines the impact of material gradient on reflection and sound insulation properties. This suggested strategy offers a highly motivated basis for resolving wave propagation, opening the door to far better soundproofing outcomes, noise management, and more effective building material design.
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A20.05 Railway noise and vibration
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:20 |
| Room: SM1 - BÉKÉSY |
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| R. Arcos |
| E. Latorre Iglesias, Spain |
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| 9:20 |
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| 9:40 |
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| 10:00 |
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| 10:20 |
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| 11:00 |
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BIM-Based Noise Protection Planning in Railway Infrastructure
by J. Bartnitzek, L. Höhle, J. Egeler, A. Schlesinger, M. Liepert, C. Huth, C. Ende, D. J. Meyer, T. Koch, B. Schlüter, R. Böhme.
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| 11:20 |
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| 11:40 |
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| 12:00 |
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A20.06 Noise barriers and mitigation techniques for road traffic and railway (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| M. Garai, Italy |
| P. Bellucci, Italy |
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The ECODRIVE Project: Traffic Management and Control Measures to Mitigate Road Traffic Noise
by T. Onorato, P. Bellucci.
Abstract:
In the last decades, huge investments in road infrastructures and the spread of private cars have been necessary to meet the mobility needs of the population, whose well-being, work and personal needs have led to an ever-increasing travel demand. This ever more prevalent use of private road transport, in addition to its benefits, has also given rise to well-known consequences, including congestion, accidents, pollution and, notably, traffic noise. Over the years, different solutions have been proposed to reduce the effects of long exposure in areas close to road infrastructures, involving cars technology and road pavements characteristics. The ECODRIVE Project tries to address these issues, providing traffic management and control schemes and combining different policies affecting flow variables and traffic dynamics, with the aim of reducing the environmental impact of road transport. Even though the project, based on a simulative approach, is focused on the simultaneous reduction of atmospheric and acoustic emissions, it produced significant and interesting results in terms of noise reduction. In this paper a summary of the main aspects and the most interesting outcomes of the ECODRIVE project is provided. .
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A20.07 Aircraft noise (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| P. Rodríguez Garcia |
| R. Merino-Martinez, Netherlands |
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Exploring Acoustic Signatures of Different Aircraft Types and Operations Using Advanced Data Analysis
by I. Besnea, A. Amiri-Simkooei, I. Dedoussi, M. Snellen.
Abstract:
Understanding acoustic characteristics of aircraft is critical for designing optimal fleet compositions in terms of noise and improved airport operations. This study investigates acoustic signatures across different aircraft types, engine designs, and operational conditions. A dataset consisting of 457 field acoustic measurements of commercial turbofan aircraft landing and taking-off from Amsterdam Airport Schiphol was used. To unveil meaningful patterns, we focused on dimensionality reduction techniques—Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and tdistributed Stochastic Neighbour Embedding (t-SNE)— to analyse this high-dimensional acoustic data. These methods are complemented by clustering algorithms and supervised machine learning models, such as K-Means, random forests for feature importance, and multilayer perceptrons (MLP) to classify aircraft types, engine configurations, and operations. Results reveal a strong loudness axis in the first principal component, overshadowing subtle spectral and timebased differences across aircraft families, especially for takeoffs. Nonetheless, focusing on higher-order components and alternative embeddings (t-SNE) highlights additional spectral and temporal markers. Operation classification (landing vs. takeoff) achieves 98% accuracy, but aircraft and engine family classification remain challenging, with accuracy capped below 50% using these feature sets. These findings suggest that advanced feature selection and dimensionality reduction while considering amplitude characteristics are essential for disentangling nuanced design-based acoustic traits.
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A21.02 Applied sound-driven design (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| N. Misdariis, France |
| S. Spagnol, Italy |
| S. Lenzi |
| E. Özcan |
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From Research to Practice: A Collaborative Approach to Tackling Alarm Fatigue in ICUs
by I. Bostan, R. Van Egmond, D. Gommers, E. Özcan.
Abstract:
Alarm fatigue describes the desensitization, reduced alarm response, and negative emotions experienced by ICU nurses due to the excessive number of alarms generated by patient monitoring systems. Although alarms are intended to prompt action, high numbers of non-actionable alarms undermine nurse responsiveness and pose risks to patient safety. This study builds on previous research of the authors exploring the characteristics of ICU nurses as users of the system, system features of patient monitors, and alarm load across different ICU types. In this study, we synthesized previous findings into research insights. We conducted a multi-disciplinary workshop using a sound-driven design approach with diverse stakeholders, including ICU nurses, doctors, industry experts, designers, and researchers. Previous research insights were used to stimulate discussion and develop design directions aimed at mitigating alarm fatigue and supporting ICU nurse needs. The outcomes of this workshop produced actionable solution bundles that consolidate previous insights and introduce novel approaches, offering a holistic and collaborative perspective to mitigating alarm fatigue.
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Experimental Evidence Shows that Auditory Icon Clinical Alerts Work Better than Tones
by J. Edworthy.
Abstract:
Tonal and other abstract medical alarm signals were used historically because the technology used to produce the sounds was limited. Their use significantly compromises the ability of the hearer to recognise, differentiate between, and localize the source of the alarm. Better technology makes it possible to produce much richer alarm sounds which do not present the same problems. There is considerable experimental evidence to show that auditory icon alarms - sounds which proivide metaphors for their meanings - can outperform tonal alarms against almost all meaningful criteria. This paper presents two studies which show the superiority of auditory icons. In the first, the ability of a listener to identify both the meaning and the priority or two alarms presented simulteneously is significantly better for auditory icons. The second shows that when people are asked to identify alarms presented in realistic clinical sequences, they perform significantly better when the alarms are auditory icons rather than tonal alarms. It also shows that this effect persists when two different alarm naming protocols are used. These two experiments add to the growing body of evidence supporting the use of auditory icons as alarms, which is now recommended in the global medical device safety standard. .
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A21.03 Listening experience in sound-driven design (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| S. Pauletto |
| G. Marektakis |
| D. Del Palú |
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A Design Guideline For Gamified Intervention For Managing Hyperacusis: Insights From Expert Interview
by Q. Liu, T. Wang, H. Yang, E. Özcan.
Abstract:
Sounds can evoke various emotional reactions based not only on their acoustic properties but also on their perceived meanings. Hyperacusis is a condition in which individuals experience heightened sensitivity to everyday sounds, often resulting in anxiety, fear, and avoidance behaviors. The concept of soundscape—an individual’s subjective experience of the acoustic environment, combined with the appraisal theory provides insights for understanding the emotional roots of these behaviors. To support behavioral transformation, persuasive gamification offers a promising approach for designing effective and engaging interventions. By incorporating soundscapes into game world, such interventions can help individuals gradually acclimate to distressing sounds in a controlled and interactive way. This study aims to develop a design guideline for persuasive gamified interventions targeting hyperacusis listeners. We first integrated insights from literature and map hyperacusis behavior patterns based on appraisal processes. Semi-structured interviews with seven domain experts then inform six key design considerations: understanding hyperacusis listeners, entry points into the game world, the use of soundscapes as game elements, in-game coping strategies, the transfer effect to real-world behaviors, and ethical concerns.
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A21.04 Methodologies for sound-driven design and education (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 13:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| S. Delle Monache |
| P. Susini |
| R. Sanz Segura |
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Acoustic Design Case Studies Of Educational Spaces For Neurodivergent Individuals
by F. Bettarello, M. Di Prisco, G. Scavuzzo, M. Caniato.
Abstract:
The design of inclusive spaces is of primary importance, especially in public spaces characterised by sensory overstimulation (e.g. visual, olfactory and acoustic). Understanding what drives the perception of the environmental discomfort of people who are temporarily or permanently uncomfortable becomes a priority for designers of such spaces. For neurodivergent people, for example, the acoustic comfort of a space is related to the lesser or greater ability to tolerate unexpected acoustic events or the persistence of stressful noisy situations. This article provides examples of acoustic design of spaces in learning contexts (schools, museum spaces, etc.) adapting to different types of perceived environmental qualities, so that the environment itself can become a natural regulator of the perceived stress level.
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A22.04 Traffic ship noises (2)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 16:40 |
| Room: SM1 - BÉKÉSY |
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| P. Diviacco |
| F. L. Rosa González, Spain |
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| 16:40 |
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| 17:00 |
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| 17:20 |
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| 17:40 |
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| 18:00 |
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| 18:20 |
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A24.01 Virtual acoustics - General (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| B. F. G. Katz, France |
| A. Reyes-Lecuona, Spain |
| J. J. López, Spain |
| S. Ramallo |
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Spatial localisation and level accuracy in the detection of a moving source using a delay-and-sum beamformer
by A. Osses, B. Ackermans, H. Nuijens, R. Sweep, M. Hornikx.
Abstract:
Delay-and-sum is one of the most fundamental signal processing techniques to estimate the direction of a sound source based on measurements from an array of microphones. However, the estimation of distance and/or sound pressure level of the source cannot be accurately retrieved if we do not take into account the properties of the acoustic environment, the sound field, where the measurements take place. In this contribution, we show the performance of a delay-and-sum beamformer in the spatial localisation of a source emitting a sound of constant overall level. The source is gradually moved in an area of 230 m2 with source-receiver distances up to ∼35 m. Results are shown before and after applying a level correction based on the inverse distance law and a transfer function estimate obtained empirically. This transfer function represents a pragmatic simplification for the acoustic environment, which otherwise can be complex to measure due to the more or less influence of absorption, reflection, diffraction, refraction, and diffusion phenomena. Our evaluation is focused on the estimated source location obtained from the maxima of the imaging results and on the estimated sound pressure levels.
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VR-PTOLEMAIC: A Virtual Environment for the Perceptual Testing of Spatial Audio Algorithms
by P. Ostan, F. Del Gaudio, F. Miotello, M. Pezzoli, F. Antonacci.
Abstract:
The perceptual evaluation of spatial audio algorithms is an important step in the development of immersive audio applications, as it ensures that synthesized sound fields meet quality standards in terms of listening experience, spatial perception and auditory realism. To support these evaluations, virtual reality can offer a powerful platform by providing immersive and interactive testing environments. In this paper, we present VR-PTOLEMAIC, a virtual reality evaluation system designed for assessing spatial audio algorithms. The system implements the MUSHRA (MUltiStimulus test with Hidden Reference and Anchor) evaluation methodology into a virtual environment. In particular, users can position themselves in each of the 25 simulated listening positions of a virtually recreated seminar room and evaluate simulated acoustic responses with respect to the actually recorded second-order ambisonic room impulse responses, all convolved with various source signals. We evaluated the usability of the proposed framework through an extensive testing campaign in which assessors were asked to compare the reconstruction capabilities of various sound field reconstruction algorithms. Results show that the VR platform effectively supports the assessment of spatial audio algorithms, with generally positive feedback on user experience and immersivity.
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Trends in the use of Virtual Reality for acoustic investigation of the built environment
by T. Vovk, R. Prislan.
Abstract:
Virtual Reality (VR) in combination with auralization methods has emerged as a powerful tool for assessment and optimization of acoustics within the built environment by enabling instant design modifications, accelerated testing, and flexibility in comparing design variations. The technology allows the integration of visual stimuli, when participants explore soundscapes and evaluate different acoustic properties, such as reverberation, noise levels, and speech intelligibility. This paper investigates the various applications of VR in this domain, drawing upon literature from the past 10 years. The technology is demonstrating its maturity, with numerous studies already validating the methodological approach using VR. Its most common applications in acoustics research are in 1) design and evaluation of acoustic environments, including simulating different acoustic treatments and evaluating the impact of design changes, and 2) investigating human perception and response to sound, such as assessing the impact of various acoustic environments on the user’s experience. This paper highlights the growing potential of VR as a tool for investigating acoustic comfort and functionality of the built environment.
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Presenting the 'Diamonds Room'
by J. Grassi, M. Pellegatti, N. Prodi, C. Visentin, G. Tampone, A. Bertelli, L. Tebaldi.
Abstract:
The “Diamonds’ Room (DR)” (Camera dei Diamanti) is a new virtual reality test bench at the University of Ferrara. The present work describes how at first a commercial chamber designed for audiometric testing was fitted with further sound absorbing material and equipped with an audio system consisting of 41 loudspeakers (32 passive, 8 active and a subwoofer). Later a virtual reality headset was included and finally audio and video were merged. The final configuration allows the creation of realistic virtual AV scenarios: the audio playback is achieved by means of HOA (higher order Ambisonics), while the video reproduction is managed by Unity software. An objective methodology, based on multichannel microphones, has been developed specifically to evaluate the performance of sound spatialization. The results in DR are encouragingly positive because the reproduction error for the minimum audible angle (MMA), which was evaluated for both real and virtual single sources, is mostly in the range 1°-4°. These values are not far from to the human ability to distinguish two sounds coming from different directions under optimal conditions. Thanks to its performance the DR can be employed in a wide range of applications, spanning from medicine and psychology to industry.
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A24.05/A14.08 Virtual acoustics and binaural AR in hearing research: challenges of a new paradigm (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| N. Mayer-Kahlen |
| A. Reyes-Lecuona, Spain |
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Enhancing Photogrammetry Reconstruction for HRTF Synthesis via a Graph Neural Network
by L. Pirard, K. Poole, L. Picinali.
Abstract:
Traditional Head-Related Transfer Functions (HRTFs) acquisition methods rely on specialised equipment and acoustic expertise, posing accessibility challenges. Alternatively, high-resolution 3D modelling offers a pathway to numerically synthesise HRTFs using Boundary Elements Methods and others. However, the high cost and limited availability of advanced 3D scanners restrict their applicability. Photogrammetry has been proposed as a solution for generating 3D head meshes, though its resolution limitations restrict its application for HRTF synthesis. To address these limitations, this study investigates the feasibility of using Graph Neural Networks (GNN) using neural subdivision techniques for upsampling low-resolution Photogrammetry-Reconstructed (PR) meshes into highresolution meshes, which can then be employed to synthesise individual HRTFs. Photogrammetry data from the SONICOM dataset are processed using Apple Photogrammetry API to reconstruct low-resolution head meshes. The dataset of paired low- and high-resolution meshes is then used to train a GNN to upscale low-resolution inputs to high-resolution outputs, using a Hausdorff Distancebased loss function. The GNN’s performance on unseen photogrammetry data is validated geometrically and through synthesised HRTFs generated via Mesh2HRTF. Synthesised HRTFs are evaluated against those computed from high-resolution 3D scans, to acoustically measured HRTFs, and to the KEMAR HRTF using perceptuallyrelevant numerical analyses as well as behavioural experiments, including localisation and Spatial Release from Masking (SRM) tasks.
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A24.07/A11.06 Networked music performances and virtual environments (poster)
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: Poster room |
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| J. Sastre |
| S. Willemsen, Netherlands |
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Artificial IRs in Dynamic Virtual Acoustics for Music Experimentation
by L. Valentin, C. Betancur Gutierrez.
Abstract:
This paper presents a novel method for generating highly customizable artificial impulse responses (IRs) made for the CAVIAR (Cave of Augmented Virtual and Interactive Audio Realities) system. These synthetic IRs power a real-time live convolution engine, enabling on-the-fly manipulation of virtual acoustic environments. The approach paves the way for innovative musical experimentation and performance and adapts seamlessly to the requirements of both the virtual acoustics system and the performer.Customizing virtual acoustics environments allows musicians to perform in entirely artificial yet sonically rich and responsive spaces. This freedom allows them to experiment with unconventional acoustical parameters in real time, examining how shifts in reverberation characteristics and spatial cues influence their performance and creative process. Audiences are simultaneously and similarly immersed in the listening environment, perceiving the music as unfolding within a dynamically evolving acoustic space.From two complementary perspectives—technical/acoustical and creative/artistic—this paper explores our system’s capabilities through two case studies conducted at CCRMA, Stanford University. These studies illustrate how adaptive, synthetic IRs can transform both the performer’s and the audience’s experience, offering new frontiers for interactive and expressive musical performance.
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A24.09/A24.13 Motion and rendering
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 16:00 |
| Room: SM2 - MORSE |
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| A. Neidhardt |
| F. Brinkmann, Germany |
| J. Segura-García, Spain |
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| 16:00 |
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| 16:20 |
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| 16:40 |
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| 17:00 |
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Train Passing Synthesis in Environments Based on Geospatial Data
by M. Liepert, A. Schlesinger, J. Egeler, C. Huth, C. Ende, D. J. Meyer, T. Koch, L. Höhle, J. Bartnitzek, B. Schlüter, R. Böhme.
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| 17:20 |
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| 17:40 |
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| 18:00 |
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| 18:20 |
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A24.13 Motion and rendering
| Wednesday 25 June 2025 - 16:00 |
| Room: SM2 - MORSE |
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| A. Neidhardt |
| F. Brinkmann, Germany |
| J. Segura-García, Spain |
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| Please refer to session A24.09/A24.13 Motion and rendering
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Thursday 26 June 2025
A02.01 Bio-acoustics - General (2)
| Thursday 26 June 2025 - 12:00 |
| Room: SM3 - BERANEK |
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| B. Davies |
| D. Waddington |
| H. Whitehead |
| E. Vidaña-Vila, Spain |
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| 12:00 |
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A Review On The Potential Interaction Of Vibroacoustic And Electrostatic Plant-Pollinator Communication
by I. Sili, A. R. Mohapatra, A. Simona, C. Nerse, D. Navarro-Payá, F. Barbero, G. Pizzio, J. Echeverria, L. Bianco, L. P. Casacci, M. R. Tucci, T. M. José, S. Oberst.
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A04.02 Online resources and simulations for teaching and learning acoustics
| Thursday 26 June 2025 - 10:40 |
| Room: SM1 - BÉKÉSY |
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| A. Ernoult, France |
| M. Pàmies-Vilà, Austria |
| L. Aspöck, Germany |
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| 10:40 |
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| 11:00 |
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| 11:20 |
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Open Educational Resources For Acoustics And Audio Signal Processing Using Jupyter Notebooks And Pyfar
by F. Brinkmann, M. Berzborn, A. Heimes, A. Hoyer, X. Karakonstantis, S. Kersten, T. Lübeck, P. Palenda, C. Andrade, J. M. Arend, N. Hahn, T. Jüterbock, N. Meyer-Kahlen, A. Paskiewicz, S. J. Schlecht, F. Schultz, S. Weinzierl.
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| 11:40 |
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A17.05 Indoor soundscapes (3)
| Thursday 26 June 2025 - 10:40 |
| Room: SC2-1 - VITRUVIUS |
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| S. Torresin, Italy |
| P. N. D. Yorukoglu |
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| 10:40 |
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| 11:00 |
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| 11:20 |
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| 11:40 |
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| 12:00 |
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A18.01 Speech - General
| Thursday 26 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: SC1-3 - RAYLEIGH |
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| L. Moro-Velázquez |
| E. San Segundo, Spain |
| N. Cummins |
| P. Aichinger |
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A20.07 Aircraft noise
| Thursday 26 June 2025 - 9:00 |
| Room: SM4 - ZWICKER |
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| P. Rodríguez Garcia |
| R. Merino-Martinez, Netherlands |
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| 9:00 |
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| 9:20 |
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| 9:40 |
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| 10:00 |
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| 10:20 |
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| 11:00 |
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| 11:20 |
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| 11:40 |
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| 12:00 |
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A23.01 Vibroacoustics
| Thursday 26 June 2025 - 10:40 |
| Room: SM5 - SCHROEDER |
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| O. Guasch, Spain |
| R. Arcos |
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| 10:40 |
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| 11:00 |
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| 11:20 |
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| 11:40 |
|
| 12:00 |
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SEARCH
Search for (): found paper(s) from database (total of 971 papers).
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